ENG REVIEWER a.

Physical Needs – affects well-

being. Communication plays a
COMMUNICATION
crucial role in maintaining
• It is derived from the Latin words con physical and mental health.
(with), munus (a business), b. Instrumental Needs – helps us
communis (common), communico achieve long-term and short-term
(to confer or relate with one another). goals. Instrumental
• It also originates from the Latin word communication helps us meet
"communicare" which means to practical needs and accomplish
share, impart, or make common. tasks. These needs can be short-
• It encompasses both verbal and non- term, such as ordering food at a
verbal forms and plays a crucial role in restaurant, or long-term, like
human interaction, facilitating applying for a job.
understanding, cooperation, and the c. Relational Needs - maintains
transmission of knowledge and social bonds and interpersonal
emotions. relationships. Human
• It is the process of accomplishing a relationships are built and
goal, “with a business to confer or maintained through
relate with one another. communication.
d. Identity Needs - allows us to
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION present ourselves in a distinct
1. Utilitarian. Communication has its manner. Through communication,
practical use. we present ourselves to others
and develop our sense of identity.
2. Aesthetic. Communication is artistic and 3. Communication is guided by
relates to good taste. culture and context. O’Neil (2006)
3. Therapeutic. Communication is also defines culture is a full range of
curative and serves to maintain good health. learned human behavioral patterns
which includes knowledge, belief, art,
ASPECT OF COMMUNICATIONS law, morals, customs, capabilities,
1. Communication is integrated in all and habits acquired by man as a
parts of our lives. Communication is member of the society. Conversely,
valued in the real world, and it is context is the circumstances that
integrated in all episodes of our lives. form the setting for an event,
statement, or idea, and in terms of
Our lives consist of four domains: which it can be fully understood
a. Academic - Communication skills are (Oxford Dictionary, 2018).
tied to academic success.  Culture and context also influence
b. Professional - Desired how we perceive and define
communication skills vary from one communication. Cultures vary in
career to another. terms of having a more individualistic
c. Personal- or more collectivistic cultural
d. Civic- There is a connection between orientation.
communication and a person’s civic 4. Communication is learned. Humans
engagement. are born with the capacity to learn a
2. Communication meets needs. language and the ability to
Communication helps us achieve communicate. Communication is
certain physical and instrumental learned rather than innate.
needs, and feeds into our identities 5. Communication has ethical
and relationships. implications. Communication is
 more concerned with the decisions  Artifacts (Objects and Symbols) –
people make about what is right and using objects to convey messages.
wrong. Communication ethics deals
with the process of negotiating and
reflecting on our actions and LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
communication regarding what we
1. Intrapersonal Communication
believe to be right and wrong.
Intrapersonal communication describes
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
communication patterns that originate from
[Link] Communication – a form of or are influenced by an individual's self. Some
transmitting messages using word symbols intrapersonal communication techniques can
representing ideas and objects. It comes in mimic talking to oneself.
two forms:
2. Interpersonal Communication
 Oral Communication - includes face-
Interpersonal communication focuses on the
to-face interaction, speaking to
exchange of messages between two people.
someone on the phone, participating
in meetings, delivering speeches in 3. Organizational Communication
programs, giving lectures or
Organizational communication refers to the
discussions.
communication that takes place between
 Written Communication - uses
people who are working towards common
symbols that are hand- written or
goals within an organization
printed with an electronic device.
4. Mass Communication
2. Non-Verbal Communication - a form of
communication which refers to the sending of Mass communication is the communication
messages to another person using methods or of information from a person, small group of
means other than the spoken language. people, or an organization to a large group of
Basically, it is communication without the use heterogeneous and anonymous people.
of words. Common communication channels in mass
communication include television, radio,
 Facial Expressions – communicating
social media, and print media.
emotions through facial movements.
 Gestures – using hands, arms, or body 5. Cross-Cultural Communication
movements to convey messages.
Cross-cultural communication is interacting
 Body Language (Posture &
with people of another culture with an
Movement) – expressing attitudes and
awareness of what might or might not be
emotions through body positioning.
appropriate to do, say, or even wear. It arises
 Eye Contact – establishing
due to differences shaped by deeply rooted
connections and regulating
customs, including language (both verbal and
interactions.
nonverbal), religion, economic status, and
 Touch (Haptics) – conveying
gender roles.
messages through physical contact.
 Tone of Voice (Paralanguage) – how ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
something is said rather than the
actual words. • Sender - a person, group, or
 Proxemics (Use of Space) – managing organization who initiates the
personal and social distance. communication. The sender may also
 Appearance and Clothing – be called the source, encoder,
expressing identity, status, or speaker, writer, or communicator.
emotions through attire. • Message - an element transmitted in
communication consists of the idea,
 opinion, information, feeling, or
attitude of the sender.
• Channel - a pathway or medium
through which the message travels to
reach its destination.
 Oral – more effective when an
immediate feedback is needed
 Written – more effective when the
message must be delivered to
many people
 Visual/Electronic – used for
distant communication
• Receiver - a person who receives,
analyzes, understands, and interprets
the message. The receiver can also be
called the decoder, reader, or listener
• Feedback - the receiver’s response
that provides information to the
sender.
• Adjustment - done if the message is
distorted or is not clearly understood
by the receiver
• Noise - a form of distortion, barrier, or
obstacle that occurs in any of the
phases of oral communication
process ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION

 Content - refers to the information

and experiences that are provided to
the receiver of the communication
process. It is what the receiver derives
value from. It is expressed in a
medium like speech, writing, or
visuals which may be delivered in
various media.
 Process - refers to the way the
message is presented or delivered.
The content of the message should
not contradict with the non-verbal
cues
 Context - is the situation or
environment in which your message is
delivered. It is when and where
communication happens.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

[Link] of Clarity - the information or

message should be coded or worded clearly.
[Link] of Attention - the receiver’s  Respect – Valuing others' opinions,
attention should be drawn to the message to cultures, and beliefs.
make the communication effective.  Transparency – Providing complete
and accurate information.
[Link] of Feedback - there should be
 Responsibility – Being accountable
feedback information from the receiver to
for the impact of one’s
know whether s/he understood the message
communication.
in the same sense in which the sender has
 Fairness – Ensuring that messages
meant it.
are not biased or misleading.
[Link] of Informality - informal
Unethical Communication - causes threats
communication may prove effective in
to the quality of communication by spreading
situations when formal communication may
misinformation, creating misunderstandings,
not achieve its desired results.
and leading to conflict. It often involves
[Link] of Consistency - consistency dishonesty, manipulation, or disregard for
avoids conflict in an organization; ethical considerations.
inconsistency leads to confusion.
Key Characteristics of Unethical
[Link] of Timeliness - communication Communication:
should be done in real time so that it helps,
and it is relevant in implementing plans; • Deception – Intentionally misleading
delayed communication may not serve any or lying to others.
purpose. • Manipulation – Using persuasive
techniques to control or deceive.
[Link] of Adequacy - information should
• Discrimination – Excluding or
be complete; is essential to take proper
marginalizing certain individuals or
decisions and make action plans; inadequate
groups.
information may delay action and create
• Defamation – Spreading false
confusion.
information to harm someone's
COMMUNICATION ETHICS reputation.

It deals with the behavior of an individual or a

• Plagiarism – Presenting someone
else’s work or ideas as one’s own.
group which is governed by their morals and in
turn affects communication. Ethical CREDO FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
communication is a fundamental aspect of
The National Communication Association
building trust, fostering respect, and
promoting a positive exchange of ideas in both (NCA)'s Credo for Ethical Communication
personal and professional settings. It adheres emphasizes the importance of ethical
to moral principles, ensuring honesty, considerations in all forms of communication,
fairness, and transparency. whether in personal, professional, or public
settings. Ethical communication is crucial
Ethical Communication - enhances human because it fosters responsible thinking,
worth and dignity by promoting respect, promotes meaningful relationships, and
honesty, and fairness in conversations. It ensures that diverse perspectives are
ensures that messages are clear, truthful, and respected.
considerate of others' perspectives.
Ethical communication extends beyond
Key Characteristics of Ethical simply being truthful; it also involves
Communication: principles such as fairness, respect, integrity,
and responsibility. The NCA’s Credo highlights
 Honesty – Communicating truthfully
that ethical communication is essential in
without deception or manipulation.
various contexts (e.g., interpersonal,
organizational, media, and intercultural
communication) and across different including role relationships, the
channels (e.g., face-to-face, written, digital, shared information of the participants,
and social media). and the communicative purpose of
their interaction
Key principles of ethical communication
3. DISCOURSE COMPETENCE - the
include:
ability to interpret individual message
 Truthfulness and Honesty – elements in terms of their
Communicators should avoid interconnectedness and of how
deception, distortion, or omission of meaning is represented in relationship
key information. to the entire discourse
 Freedom of Expression and Diversity 4. STRATEGIC COMPETENCE - the
of Perspectives – Ethical coping strategies that communicators
communication supports open employ to initiate, terminate, maintain,
dialogue and the exchange of ideas, repair and redirect communication
even when opinions differ.
EXPECTED SKILLS FOR COLLEGE
 Understanding and Respect –
GRADUATES (National Communication
Effective communication involves
Association)
being mindful of cultural, social, and
individual differences. 1. State ideas clearly.
 Accountability and Responsibility – 2. Communicate ethically.
Communicators should take 3. Recognize when it is appropriate to
responsibility for the consequences of communicate.
their words and actions. 4. Identify their communication goals.
 Respect for Others’ Rights – Ethical 5. Select the most appropriate and
communication values privacy, effective medium for communicating.
confidentiality, and the rights of 6. Demonstrate credibility.
individuals and communities.
7. Identify and manage
CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND misunderstandings.
GLOBALIZATION 8. Manage conflict.
9. Be open-minded about another’s
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE- - the
point of view.
ability to function in a truly communicative
10. Listen attentively
setting
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE deals with:
Knowledge. The ability to use. The ability to COMPETENCE - the ability of individuals that
adapt to various contexts relates effectively to self and others in daily
life.
COMPETENCE - refers to the conscious and
unconscious knowledge of an individual COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE - an
about language and about other aspects of innate individual trait that is not related to
language use personal intellect or education, thus, is an
internal ability that is enhanced and
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE
luminated through the promotion of empathy
COMPETENCE
in the process of socialization
1. GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE - the
In the global communication context,
domain of grammatical and lexical
competence further requires individuals to be
capacity
equipped with the ability to acknowledge,
2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE -
respect, tolerate and integrate cultural
an understanding of the social context
differences to be qualified for enlightened
in which communication takes place,
global citizenship
MODEL OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION GLOBALIZATION Definitions of Globalization:
COMPETENCE This enables individuals to 1. Globalization is associated with
search for the vision, shared understanding, deterritorialization
and sense of multiple identities that lead to
2. Globalization is linked to the growth of
the unlocking of human potential in the
social interconnectedness across existing
development of intelligence, knowledge, and
geographical and political boundaries.
creativity for a peaceful and productive
society 3. Globalization must also include a reference
to the speed or velocity of social activity
FOUR DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
COMPETENCE Chen (2005) defines 4. Globalization should be conceived as a
communication competence as an innate relatively long-term process
individual trait that is not related to personal
intellect or education. Thus, he developed a
“model of global communication
competence” that enables individuals to
FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
search for the vision, shared understanding,
and sense of multiple identities that lead to 1. The emergence of transnational
the unlocking of human potential in the communication conglomerates as key
development of intelligence, knowledge, and players in the global system.
creativity for a peaceful and productive 2. The social impact of new technologies,
society. especially those associated with
satellite communication
1. GLOBAL MINDSET - is a psychological
process that represents patterns of an 3. The asymmetric flow of information
individual or group thinking. It is a fixed and communication products within
mental attitude that leads people to the global system
see things and events from a specific 4. The variations and inequalities in
lens through perception and terms of access to the global networks
reasoning. of communication
2. UNFOLDING THE SELF - the ability to MAJOR TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION
look for shared communication
symbols and project the self into 1. Technology development has made
another person’s mind by thinking the globalization inevitable and irreversible.
same thoughts, feelings, and 2. Economic transformation has led to a new
emotions as the person. landscape of economic world.
3. MAPPING THE CULTURE - ability to
contrast cultural differences that may THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
motivate us to prefer alternative styles Globalization requires the development of a
of cultural expressions and engender person’s language ability. The ability to use
in us a desire to retool so that we can language accurately and appropriately is a
better function with the demands of requirement of a globalizing society. In a
global environment and cope with the social interaction, a person demonstrates the
changing environment rapidly. ability to respond appropriately to the
formality level of the situation, can use a
4. ALIGNING THE INTERACTION -
variety of sentence structures, and can handle
requires individuals to foster the
expanded inventory of concrete, idiomatic
ability of cultural adroitness by which
and conceptual language.
they can function effectively and
appropriately without violating their 1. VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS.
counterpart’s norms and rules to Globalization has introduced virtual
reach a global civic society.
 communication and collaboration as integration in the globalizing society; a
a major part of workplace dynamics. person utilizing technology (digital
2. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN SPEECH. citizen)
The need for cultural awareness is a  DIGITAL COMPETENCE - confidence
major impact of globalization on the and critical use of information
required skillset of effective technology
communicators.  DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS - adults who
3. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BODY adapt to their environment as they
LANGUAGE. Awareness of cultural retain their language; born before the
differences in body language can be widespread of technology
just as important as the nuances of  DIGITAL NATIVES - young people who
speech. are native speakers of the digital
4. TIME DIFFERENCES. The advent of language of computers; born on the
global collaboration introduces era of technology
another new dynamic to  DIGITAL SKILLS - ability to evaluate a
communication skills— the need to variety of technological solutions;
communicate and share information more than just knowing how to use a
with people across several time zones. specific technology well
 EMOJI - the creation of a new
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN GLOBALIZATION
alphabet; pictograph
COMMUNICATION MEDIA - plays a  EMOTICON - words without letters
significant role in constructing and conveying emotional responses
representing the phenomenon of globalization  ETHNOSCAPE - landscape of persons
and subsequently changing educational and who form the shifting world where we
learning processes. live
 HYPERPERSONAL
ROLES OF MEDIA:
COMMUNICATION - computer
1. It enables communication to take mediated communication that is more
place in real time over great distances. socially desirable than face-to-face
2. It advances the 21st century into what communication
we speak as the globalization of  IDEOSCAPE - the movement of
communication. ideologies
3. The emergence of electronic media  MEDIASCAPE - pertains to the
and the digital media has brought electronic and print media in global
about a radical change on how we see cultural flows
education.  MEDIAMORPHOSIS - transformation
of communication media
LANGUAGE AND GLOBALIZATION 21ST
 OMG - Oh My God!
CENTURY LANGUAGE has become the
 SELFIE - an ego-manical madness;
language that exists in the global world. Here
gives focus on an individual
are some of the terminologies in the
 STREAMING MULTIMEDIA - live audio
globalizing society:
and video available on a website
 CHAT ROOM - internet feature that  TECHNOSCAPE - movement of
allows people to communicate in real technology
time  TELEMATIC NETWORK - convergence
 COMPUTER LITERACY - internet of telecommunications and
literacy; ability to use computers information processing
 CYBERSPACE - world wide web  VIRTUAL COMMUNITY - community
 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP - the creation that exists in the world of electronic
of conscious critical forms of
 communication rather than in the in a conversation. The accuracy of the
physical world message should always be upheld. It
 VIRTUAL REALITY - the use of should not go beyond what is true nor
computer to simulate an experience in deduced in its essence.
a way that is obscure from reality 4. MAXIM OF MANNER - the manner of
saying a word is more regarded than
CHAPTER 3: LOCAL AND GLOBAL
its content.
COMMUNICATION IN A MULTICULTURAL
SETTING MODES OF COMMUNICATION Words and
gestures are used in a region or country to give
▪ CULTURE - is manifested in our
meaning to certain ideas. Words are primary
actions and affects how we tell the
in communication, but gestures would even
world who we are and what we believe
make a meaningful communication. Below
in. It is the basis for how we behave in
are the modes of communication in
a certain communication context.
intercultural communication.
▪ CONTEXT - brings a better
understanding about culture in • LANGUAGE - Words, greetings and
general and our own culture. It refers expressions that are based on culture
to anything that refers to the stimuli, and context
environment, or ambience • BODY LANGUAGE - is a form of non-
surrounding an event (Edward T. Hall) verbal communication in which
▪ LOCAL COMMUNICATION - is highly movements of the body communicate
grounded on the cultural context. This messages, either in place of, or in
context of communication reflects the conjunction with speech.
culture of people who are creating
their self-identity and community. THE ABC’S OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
▪ GLOBAL COMMUNICATION - has
turned to be a modifying factor of local • Communication is complex because
communication. It attempts to bring of the cultural and contextual factors
changes that affect communication embedded in it.
conventions.
• It is also challenging due to the many
▪ INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ways in which communication can
- a discipline that focuses on how vary between cultures as well as
culture affects communication. It is individuals plus the requirements
the ability to understand and value
needed by an individual to satisfy the
cultural differences. conversational conventions
▪ LANGUAGE - is a component that is
• Although effective communication is
linked to intercultural understanding.
hard to achieve because of these
GRICE’S PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATIVE considerations, good communication
CONVERSATION is attainable.
• Lewis (2008) provided the following
1. MAXIM OF RELATION - every
ABC’s of intercultural communication.
interlocutor should be relevant in a
conversation, requiring them to
respond based on cultural and
 ACKNOWLEDGE Differences in
contextual requirements.
communication style should be
2. MAXIM OF QUANTITY - every
acknowledged.
interlocutor should observe a “fair-
 BI-LEVEL Communication does not
share-talk of time.”
only uphold speaking and listening but
3. MAXIM OF QUALITY - the truth value
also requires a holistic process that
of a message should be held primary
 includes verbal and nonverbal 4. Observe eye messages
channels. Non-verbal communication 5. Encourage accurate feedback
is critical in the communication 6. Check frequently for comprehension
process due to its cultural nuances. It 7. Accept blame
may vary from one culture to another. 8. Listen without interrupting
 CLARIFY If you are doubtful of your 9. Smile when appropriate
understanding about what is being 10. Follow up in writing
communicated, ask for clarification.
DEVELOPING WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
Devote a little extra time to verify
TO MULTICULTURAL AUDIENCES
understanding so that you can save
time and avoid frustration. 1. Consider local styles
2. Observe titles and status
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
3. Use short sentences and paragraphs
BARRIERS - give difficulty in understanding 4. Avoid ambiguous expressions
people, whose language is different, and 5. Strive for clarity
evidently challenge people who are trying to 6. Use correct grammar
work harmoniously with others of a different 7. Cite numbers carefully
background. 8. Accommodate the reader in
organization, tone, and style
• LANGUAGE BARRIER - It is evidently
the primary barrier of communication
in second and foreign language
AMBIGUOUS EXPRESSIONS
contexts. Because of its complexity,
communication between people Idioms and figurative clichés - This form of
speaking different languages is language uses words and expressions with a
difficult. meaning that is different from the literal
• HOSTILE STEREOTYPES - interpretation.
Stereotypes are generalizations or
• beat the clock — to do something
assumptions people make about the
before the deadline
characteristics of members of a group,
• do the dirty work—to do the
based on an image about what people
disagreeable, illegal, dishonest things
in that group are like.
• labor of love — a work that brings you
• BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES -
great pleasure
Difference of behavior between
different cultures can cause • go with the flow — to do what people
misunderstandings. Every culture has do and accept things as they are
its norm about what is regarded as • bend the law or bend the rules — to
appropriate behavior. cheat a little bit without breaking the
• EMOTIONAL DISPLAY - Different law
cultures have varying regard on Slang - It is a shortcut or highly colloquial word
emotional display. What is considered that suggests excessive informality and lack of
appropriate display of emotion in one appreciation in the workplace setting
culture may not be appropriate in
another culture. • gonna — going
• wanna — want to
ENHANCING ORAL COMMUNICATION IN
• Cover your ass. — Protect yourself
MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
from possible criticism.
1. Learn foreign phrases • What you see is what you get. — There
2. Use simple English is nothing hidden.
3. Speak slowly and enunciate clearly • Okay — all right
Acronym - It is formed from the initial letters
of other words and pronounced as a word.

• LAM — leave a message

• IMO — in my opinion
• AKA — also known as
• AWOL — absent without leave
• ASAP — as soon as possible

Abbreviation - It is a short form of a lengthy

expression.

• Acct – account
• recd – received
• w/o – without
• fwd – forward ad – advertisement

Jargon - It is a type of language that is used in

an occupation. Often, words are meaningless
outside a certain context.

• bang for the buck — a business jargon

for getting the most for your money
• helicopter view — an overview of a job
or a project
• desk job — a job that is typically
confined to duties from a desk
• end-user perspective — what the
customer thinks about a product or
service
• cubicle farm — a section of the office
that contains worker’s cubicles