Atoms
Atoms : -
·
It is the fundamental building block of matter
having a confined tive charged nucleus at the
centre ,
surrounded by ive
charged electrons.
· It is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that
chemical Element
forms a .
Structure of Atom :-
->
->
. J Thomson
5
.
Model Rutherford Model Bohr's Model
· Theist model of atom was proposed by JJ Thomson (1898) called .
.
plum pudding model of atom Later , Rutherford worked on it and .
named this model as Rutherford's
planetary model of atom (1911).
In 1913 Neil Bohr's worked on the model & named as Bohr's
,
model of H-Atom .
↓ Particles Scattering Experiment by Rutherford : -
In this
·
experiment ,
H .
Geiger
and E .
Marsden took Bi as a
source for X-Partide
.
·
A Collimated beam of X-Particles
of energy 5 5 MeV
.
was allowed
to fall on 2 1X10 im thick Gold
.
foil .
O
The X-Particles were observed
from Rotating device .e
i. Microscope .
InS screen and
consisting of
microscope & it was found that
X particles scattered
got .
·
These scattered X-particles produced Bright flashes or scintillations on InS
counted at different
screen
. Now , these scintillations were
angles from
the direction of incident beam .
Thus ,
relation between the orbit radius and electron velocity : -
v =
-
2
4 aComv2
K E .
.
of electron : -
Potential Energy of e :
-
ke=
+musor V = -
z
4 SOL
C: Give sign
electrostatic
Nature)
indicates that
force is attractive in
Total Energy of electron in H-Atom : -
z k+ u
-
= =
sor
Note : Total
Energy of e- is
negative means
,
e is bound to nucleus
that .
If will not follow a closed orbit around the
*
t is Give , then e
nucleus and it would leave the atom
.
Drackbacks of Rutherford's Model : -
Regarding Stability of Atom :-
Acc to Classical E-M theory e-'s radiate energy
,
in the form of Electromagnetic wave
.
Due to continuous loss of energy elections ,
the
radii of their orbits should be continuously
decreasing and
ultimately electrons should fall
in nucleus
. Thus atom cannot remain stable
.
Regarding Explanation of Line Spectra : -
Acc .
to Rutherford electrons can revolve in any circular orbit and
form continuous Spectrum . But He
,
cannot explain about the Discrete
Spectrum of atom -
Bohr's Model of H-Atom
He combined classical and and
early quantum concepts gave
his
theory the form of postulates
-
in :
Postulate
First
·
electron revolve
can in certain
only
stable orbits. These orbit have fixed
and these called Energy
energy are
level or Stationary State .
·
While revolving electron do not emits
radiation.
any
Second Postulate :-
Electrons revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which
angular momentum is
integral multiple of 1
.
2x
2a
or
mur= ,
n=
any
1 ,
2, 3
tive
,
integr
----
Third Postulate : -
I states that electron might make a transition from one of its
non
radiating orbit to another of lower energy.
When it does so is emitted
photon having energ Y equal to the
,
energy difference between the initial and final states .
nu =
Ei-Efi Ei>Ef .
HEL_ LEL (Emit]
LEL Es HEL (Absorb]
Bohr's Radius of H-Atom :-
Acc to Bohr's ,
electron revolves around the nucleus in
stationary orbits .
In these orbits electron does not radiate Energy . V
-
↓fe
we know that : -
If we put all
mur = -Q
values in eq : -
2n
v = 0 .
53 ⑳
:
Ff =
fc 2
For H-atom z = 1
F
Fe=
,
eve,
53
j
v = 0 . = a
After putingfe fc above :
and -
Bohr's Radius
we know that ,
P E
. .
- eq
and , we
put in
U=
v
mu munah"So
22
2
mazez=a 91 = -
e and
q = + ze
Now eg02- eqO 2
y = ze
O
Y
v=
ze
#
- -
2heon
If we put vinabove
Velocity of -inuth
or bit
=-
-
put all values in
:
we v - so so
o ③
v =
?
nmze
v = 2
18x106Zm/
me
.
U =-
Radius athorbit
of .
We know that , K Ei-
.
2
otal Energy of electron : -
kE=
tm/son& [
[ mr= OJ
fu Tt =
-
PE + KE
·. PE =-2kt=2TE
= he n
TC =
1
⑤
Hydrogen Spectrum or Line Spectra of H-Atom :-
Hydrogen Spectrum consist of discrete
bright lines in a dark background
and it is
specifically known as
Hydrogen Emission Spectrum .
There is one more type of H-Spectrum
that exists where we get dark lines
on
bright background , it is known as
Absorption Spectrum .
When e-jumps from excited state
an
to ground state in Hydrogen atom it generates
Electromagnetic radiation
,
known as
Hydrogen spectrum or Line Spectra of H-Atom
. It is known as
Emission Spectrum of H-Atom .
Balmar was ist who found emission spectrum of H-Atom in visible
region
known as Balmar Series
· and other
spectra discovered later
.
. Lyman
eg Series , Paschan Series Brackett and
, P-fund series
·
Drawback of Bohr's Model :-
i) It stands onlyFor H-Atom and H Like atom (Single electron species) .
ii) It cannot explain Spectrum of Multielection Species .
iii) It Violates Heisenberg's uncertainty principle .
iv) It cannot explain splitting of Spectral lines of Electric field and magnetic
field i. e. StarkEffect and Zeeman Effect .
de-Broglie's comment on Bohr's 2nd Postulate : -
Acc to.
de-Broglic
stationary orbit is
,
a that which contains an
integral number
of de-Broglie standing waves associated with the revolving electron .
For electron th circular orbit of radius Un
an
revolving in :
Total distance covered =
Circumference of the orbit
= Laun
: For the permissible orbit ,
2avn = ny
Acc to.
de-Broglie wavelength : -
x = 1
mUn
where , In is speed of electron
revolving in th orbit :-
29Wn=
mun
MunUn==n
i. e
.
Angular momentum of electron revolving in th orbit must be
integral multiple of ,
which is the
quantum condition proposed
by Bohr's in his second postulate .