Vidyanidhi PU College

DPP - EVOLUTION
Biology
Time: 1h:00m Total Questions: 60 Marks: 60

1. Tendency of population to remain in genetic equilibrium may be disturbed by

(1) Lack of random mating (2) Random mating (3) Lack of migration (4) Lack of mutation
Answer: 1
According to Hardy-Weirberg principle, allele frequencies in a population are stable and is
constant from generation to generation allele frequencies in a population will remain
constant over generations only if the following condition are met
(i) There is no mutation no gene flow and all mating is random.
(ii) All genotypes reproduce equally well (i.e., no natural selection).
But, all there conditions rarely met in nature.

2. The factor that leads to Founder effect in population is:

(1) Natural selection (2) Genetic recombination (3) Mutation (4) Genetic drift
Answer: 4
Founder effect and bottleneck effect are two types of genetic drift. In a small isolated
population change in gene frequency occurs by chance, it is called genetic drift. Sometimes
the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they
become a different species. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect
is called founder effect.

3. In a population of 1000 individuals 360 belong to genotype AA, 480 to Aa and the remaining
160 to aa. Based on this data, the frequency of allele A in the population is :-
(1) 0.04 (2) 0.5 (3) 0.6 (4) 0.7
Answer: 3
According to Hardy-Weinberg principle (p+q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
where, p = The frequency of allele 'A'
q = The frequency of allele 'a'
p2 = The frequency of individual 'AA'
q2 = The frequency of individual 'aa'
2pq = The frequency of individual Aa (AA) P2 360 out of 1000 individual. or p2=36 out of 100.
q2 = 160 out of 1000 or q2 = 16 out of 100.
−−−
−
So, q = √0.16 = 0.4

As p + q = 1 So, p is 0.6
4. Genetic variation in a population arises due to
(1) recombination only (2) mutation as well as recombination
(3) reproductive isolation and selection (4) mutations only.
Answer: 2
The genetic variations exist due to reshuffling of genes caused by recombinations or by
mutations. The recombinations are produced by the routine reshuffling of genes during
independent assortment of chromosomes, reciprocal crossing of genes during crossing over
and random fertilization of gametes. Mutation is the sudden ! inheritable discontinuous
variation which appears in an organism due to permanent changes in its genotype.
Mutation can occur at any stage during the development. , Mutations are heritable changes,
that is, if they appear in ! somatic cells they are inherited to daughter cells by mitosis but if
they appear in gamete cells they are inherited to the offsprings. The former are known as
somatic mutations i and latter as germ mutations. They bring about a change | in the
genetic message and cause variation.

5. In the case of peppered moth (Biston betularia) the black-coloured form became dominant
over the light-coloured form in England during industrial revolution. This is an example of
(1) appearance of the darker coloured individuals due to very poor sunlight
(2) protective mimicry
(3) inheritance pf darker colour character acquired due to the darker environment
(4) natural selection whereby the darker forms were selected
Answer: 4
During post industrialisation period the tree trunk became dark due to industrial smoke
and soots. White winged moths did not survive due to predators and dark winged moths
survived because they were less easily seen by them against a dark background. Thus
industrial melanism supports evolution by natural selection that favours the establishment
of one particular advantageous mutation within a population.
6. Adaptive radiation refers to
(1) Evolution of different species from a common ancestor
(2) Migration of members of a species to different geographical areas
(3) Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environments
(4) Adaptation due to geographical isolation
Answer: 1
Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution) is the evolution from one species of animals or
plants of a number of different forms. As the original population increases in size it spreads
out from its centre of origin to exploit new habitats and food sources. In time this results in
a number of populations each adapted to its particular habitat: eventually these
populations will differ from each other sufficiently to become new species. A good example
of this process is the evolution of the Australian marsupials into species adapted as
carnivores, herbivores, burrowers, fliers, etc. On a smaller scale, the adaptive radiation of
the Galapagos finches provided Darwin with crucial evidence for his theory of evolution.

7. Dinosaurs dominated the world in which of the following geological eras?

(1) Cenozoic (2) Jurassic (3) Mesozoic (4) Devonian
Answer: 3
Dinosaurs dominated in Jurassic period of mesozoic era and were extinct by cretaceous
period.

8. Given below are four statements (A − D) each with one or two blanks. Select the option
which correctly fills up the blanks in two statements
(A) Wings of butterfly and birds look alike and are the results of (i) evolution
(B) Miller showed that CH4 , H2 , N H3 and (i) when exposed to electric discharge in a flask
resulted in formation of (ii)
(C) Vermiform appendix is a (i) organ and an (ii) evidence of evolution
(D) According to Darwin, evolution took place due to (i) and (ii) of the fittest
(1) (A) -(i) convergent; (D) -(i) small variations, (ii) survival
(2) (A) -(i) convergent; (B) -(i) oxygen, (ii) nucleosides
(3) (B) -(i) water vapour, (ii) amino acids; (C) -(i) homologous, (ii) anatomical

(4) (C) -(i) vestigial, (ii) anatomical; (D) -(i) mutations, (ii) multiplication

Answer: 1
(D) - (i) small variations, (ii) survival, (A) - (i) convergent

9. In a species, the weight of newborn ranges from 2 to 5 kg 97% of the newborn with an
average weight between 3 to 3.3 kg survive whereas 99% of the infants born with weights
from 2 to 2.5 kg or 1.5 to 5 kg die Which type of selection process is taking place ?
(1) Disruptive Selection(2) Cyclical Selection(3) Directional Selection(4) Stabilizing Selection
Answer: 4
The given data shows stabilising selection as most of the newborn having average weight
between 3 to 3.3 kg survive and babies with less and more weight have low survival rate.
10. In a random mating population in equilibrium, which one of the following brings about a
change in gene frequency in a non-directional manner ?
(1) Mutations (2) Random drift (3) Selection (4) Migration
Answer: 2
In a random mating population in equilibrium, random drift brings about a change in gene
frequency ( in a non-directional manner. Random drift is a non- directional factor. In actual
practice, the gene frequencies due to random drift may approach to limits, i.e. 0 and 1. This
would be possible only when new population arises due to a very small sample leading to
the fixation of one allele at the cost of other. In this manner the changes in the gene
frequency can be brought about without the existence of any directional force i.e. mutation,
selection and migration and this ; change in gene frequency has been called random genetic
drift.

11. Which one of the following options gives one correct example each of convergent evolution
and divergent evolution?
Convergent evolution Divergent evolution
(a) Eyes of octopus and mammals Bones of forelimbs of
vertebrates
(b) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Wings of butterfly and birds
Cucurbita
(c) Bones of forelimbs of vertebrates Wings of butterfly and birds
(d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Eyes of octopus and
Cucurbita mammals
(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) d
Answer: 1
Development of similar adaptive functional structures in unrelated groups of organisms is
called convergent evolution. It shows analogy. Examples are wings of butterfly and birds,
eyes of octopus and mammals, flippers of penguins and dolphins, etc. On the other hand,
divergent evolution involves the modification of organs to perform different functions as
an adaptation to different environments. For example forelimbs of vertebrates (whales, bat,
cheetah, human). Though these perform different functions, they have similar anatomical
structure.
12. Match List-I with List-II:
List I List II
A Gene pool I Stable within a generation
B Genetic drift II Change in gene frequency by chance
C Gene flow III Transfer of genes into or out of population
D Gene frequency IV Total number of genes and their alleles
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV (2) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(3) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (4) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Answer: 2
List I List II
A Gene pool IV Total number of genes and their alleles
B Genetic drift II When change in gene frequency occurs by chance
C Gene flow III When gene migration/transfer of genes into or out of
population occurs multiple times.
D Gene I According to Hardy Weinberg principle, gene
frequency frequency remains stable within generations.

13. From his experiments. [Link] produced amino acids by mixing the following in a closed
flask
(1) CH4 , H2 , N H3 and water vapor at 800∘ C
(2) CH3 , H2 , N H4 and water vapor at 800∘ C
(3) CH4 , H2 , N H3 and water vapor at 600∘ C
(4) CH3 , H2 , N H3 and water vapor at 600∘ C
Answer: 1
Miller produced amino acids by mixing C H4 , N H3 , H2 and water vapour at 800∘ C .

14. Study of fossils is

(1) Palaeontology (2) Herpetology (3) Saurology (4) Organic evolution.
Answer: 1
Palaeontology is the study of extinct organisms, including their structure, environment,
evolution, and distribution, as revealed by their fossil remains. Herpetology is the study of
reptiles and amphibians. Saurology is the study of snakes. Organic evolution deals with
study of origin of life and origin of new species.
15. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in walking; forelimbs of whale used in swimming and
forelimbs of bats used in flying are an example of :-
(1) Analogous organs(2) Adaptive radiation(3) Homologous organs(4) Convergent evolution
Answer: 3
Homologous organs, are those organs which have a common fundamental anatomical plan
and similar embryonic origin but perform varied, functions. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in
walking, forelimbs of whale used in swimming and forelimbs of bats used in flying are the
example for homologous organs. All are the modified forelimbs, with the same type of
bones. They have become different due to the adaptations to different habitat.

16. What is the correct order (old to recent) of periods in Paleozoic era?
(1) Silurian, Devonian, Permian, Carboniferous
(2) Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
(3) Permian, Devonian, Silurian, Carboniferous
(4) Silurian, Carboniferous, Permian, Devonian
Answer: 2
The correct answer is option (2) as the correct order (from old to recent) of periods in
Paleozoic era is Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
• Option (1) is incorrect because Permian, is mentioned before (carboniferous).
• Option (3) is incorrect because it is mentioned that Permian is the oldest period of
Paleozoic era.
• Option (4) is incorrect because it is mentioned that Devonian is the recent period of
Paleozoic era.

17. Industrial melanism is an example of

(1) Drug resistance (2) Protective resemblance with the surrounding
(3) Darkening of skin due to industries (4) Defensive adaption of skin against UV radiations
Answer: 2
Industrial melanism is an adaptation where the moths living in the industrial areas
developed melanin pigments to match their body to the soot-covered surroundings. These
melanic forms are mainly distributed in and around large industrial cities, where the
environment has been altered by the pollution of the atmosphere; and is manifested by the
appearance : of dark colour of lichen-covered tree trunks, on which the moths rest during
the day time. The peppered moth exists in two strains (forms): light coloured (white) and
melanic (black). In the past, bark of trees was covered by whitish lichens, so white moths
escaped unnoticed from predatory birds. After industrialization barks got covered by
smoke, so the white moths were selectively picked up by birds. But black moths escaped
unnoticed so they managed to survive resulting in more population of black moths and less
population of white moths.
18. Which one of the following phenomena supports Darwin's concept of natural selection in
organic evolution?
(1) Development of transgenic animals (2) Production of 'Dolly', the sheep by cloning
(3) Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects
(4) Development of organs from 'stem cells' for organ transplantation
Answer: 3
Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects supports natural selection theory, e.g., DDT was
thought to be an effective insecticide against household pests (like mosquitoes, houseflies,
body lice, etc.) in 1945 . But, within 2 to 3 years of its introduction, new DDT resistant
mosquitoes appeared in the population. These mutant strains, soon became well
established in the population by natural selection and thus replaced the original DDT -
sensitive mosquitoes

19. Which evolutionary phenomenon is depicted by

the sketch given in figure?
(1) Artificial selection (2) Genetic drift
(3) Convergent evolution (4) Adaptive radiation
Answer: 4
The correct answer is option (4), because the evolutionary phenomenon depicted in the
sketch is adaptive radiation as from the original seed-eating features, many other forms of
finches with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian
finches.
Option (1) is incorrect because artificial selection is anthropogenic, where man breeds
selected plants and animals for different uses.
Option (2) is incorrect because genetic drift is change in gene frequency by chance.
Option (3) is incorrect because convergent evolution is when different structures, with
different origins evolve for the same function due to same habitat and hence have
similarity. Darwin's finches are the example of divergent evolution.

20. Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo de Vries, are:

(1) small and directional (2) small and directionless (3) random and directional
(4) random and directionless
Answer: 4
Hugo de Vries (1901) put forward the theory of evolution called mutation theory. He
believed that mutation causes evolution. Mutations are discontinuous variations that are
random and directionless.
21. Evolutionary convergence is characterised by
(1) development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related groups
(2) development of a. common set of characteristics in groups of different ancestry
(3) development of characteristics by random mating
(4) replacement of common characteristics in different groups
Answer: 2
Development of similar adaptive functional structures in unrelated groups of organisms is
called convergent evolution. Example : Wings of insect, bird and bat. Thus analogous
organs show convergent evolution (adaptive convergence).

22. Which is the most common mechanism of genetic variation in the population of a sexually
reproducing organism?
(1) Genetic drift (2) Recombination (3) Transduction (4) Chromosomal aberrations
Answer: 2
The genetic variations exist due to reshuffling of genes caused by recombinations or by
mutations. The recombinations are produced by the routine reshuffling of genes during
independent assortment of chromosomes, reciprocal crossing of genes during crossing over
and random fertilization of gametes.

23. At a particular locus, frequency of allele A is 0.6 and that of allele a is 0.4. What would be
the frequency of heterozygotes in a random mating population at equilibrium?
(1) 0.36 (2) 0.16 (3) 0.24 (4) 0.48
Answer: 4
In a stable population, for a gene with two alleles, 'A' (dominant) and 'a' (recessive), if the
frequency of 'A' is p and the frequency of 'a' is q, then the frequencies of the three possible
genotypes (AA, Aa and aa) can be expressed by the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
2 2
p + 2pq + q = 1

where p = Frequency of AA (homozygous dominant) individuals

2

= Frequency of aa (homozygous recessive) individuals

2
q

2pq = Frequency of Aa (heterozygous) individuals

so, p = 0.6 and q = 0.4 (given)

∴ 2pq (frequency of heterozygote) = 2 × 0.6 × 0.4

= 0.48
24. An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is the occurrence of-
(1) Homologous and analogous organs (2) Homologous and vestigial organs
(3) Analogous and vestigial organs (4) Homologous organs only
Answer: 2
Presence of homologous and vestigial organs are important evidences in favour of organic
evolution. They show divergent evolution. Vestigial organs are non-functional in related
animals and were functional in the ancestors. Homologous organs have the same
embryonic origin and basic structures though they may or may not perform the same
function. Analogous organs are different in basic structure and origin but appear similar
and perform similar functions.

25. What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related with chimpanzee than
with other hominoid apes?
(1) evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes only
(2) comparison of chromosomes morphology only
(3) evidence from fossil remains, and the fossil mitochondrial DNA alone
(4) evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes, autosomes & mitochondria
Answer: 4
Apes are the members of the hominoidea superfamily of primates, which includes humans.
Under the current classification system there are two families of hominoids: - The family
hylobatidae consists of 4 genera and 13 species of gibbons, including the Lar Gibbon and
"the Siamang, collectively known as the ""lesser apes""" - The family hominidae consisting
of orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans, collectively "known as the ""great
apes""." Within the superfamily Hominoidea, gibbons are the outgroup: this means that the
rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than any of them are to
gibbons. Investigation showed orangutans to be the outgroup, but comparing humans to all
three other hominid genera showed that African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and
humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to orangutans.
However, DNA comparisons from sex chromosomes and autosomes provide convincing
evidence that within the subfamily homininae, gorillas are the outgroup. This suggests that
chimpanzees should be in hominini along with humans.
26. Eye of Octopus and eye of Cat show different patterns of structure. Yet they perform similar
function. This is an example of
(1) Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution
(2) Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution
(3) Homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution
(4) Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution
Answer: 4
The analogous organs are not anatomically similar structures through they perform similar
functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution different
structures evolving for the same function and hence, having similarity. Homologous organs
developed along different direction due to adaptations to different needs. This is divergent
evolution and the structures are homologous.

27. A population will not exist in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if

(1) there is no migration (2) the population is large (3) individuals mate selectively
(4) there arc no mutations.
Answer: 3
Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain
constant from generation to generation when there is random and non-selective mating. In
case of lack of random mating, genetic equilibrium may be disturbed.

28. The effects of genetic drift are more marked in

(1) larger populations (2) Mendelian populations (3) island populations
(4) smaller populations
Answer: 4
The random changes in gene frequencies in a population occurring by chance alone rather
than by natural selection are called genetic drift or Sewall Wright effect. The effects of
genetic drift are most marked in very small isolated population, although it occurs in all
populations

29. The extinct human who lived 1,00,000 to 40,000 years ago, in Europe, Asia and parts of
Africa, with short stature, heavy eye brows, retreating fore heads, large jaws with heavy
teeth, stocky bodies, a lumbering gait and stooped posture was
(1) Homo habilis (2) Neanderthal human (3) Cro-magnon human (4) Ramapithecus
Answer: 2
Neanderthal man with a brain size of 1400 cc lived in near East and Central Asia, Europe
and North Africa between 10, 00, 00 to 40, 000 years back. It had slightly prognathus face,
sloping forehead, eyebrow ridges, smaller or no chin, large receding jaws, thick-boned skull
and high domed head.
30. Basic principles of embryonic development were pronounced by
(1) von Baer (2) Weismann (3) Haeckel (4) Morgan.
Answer: 1
von Baer

31. Common origin of man and chimpanzee is best shown by

(1) binocular vision (2) chromosome number (3) dental formula (4) cranial capacity.
Answer: 4
A close relationship of apes with man is revealed by their relatively larger brain and cranial
capacity, efficient memory. Cranial capacity of apes is under 650 cc. Cranial capacity of man
is 1350 to 1600 cc.

32. Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins are examples of:

(1) Adaptive radiation (2) Convergent evolution (3) Industrial melanism (4) Natural selection
Answer: 2
Flippers of penguins and dolphins are examples of analogous organs or convergent
evolution.

33. Match List-I with List-II with respect to convergent evolution:

List-I List-II
A Lemur I Flying phalanger
B Bobcat II Numbat
C Anteater III Spotted cuscus
D Flying squirrels IV Tasmanian tiger cat
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I (2) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(3) А-IV, В-ІІІ, C-II, D-I (4) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
Answer: 1
The correct answer is option (1), because
• Lemur is a placental mammal, shows convergent evolution with spotted cuscus which is
an Australian marsupial.
• Bobcat is a placental mammal, shows convergent evolution with Tasmanian tiger cat
which is an Australian marsupial.
• Anteater is a placental mammal, shows convergent evolution with Numbat which is an
Australian marsupial.
• Flying squirrel is a placental mammal, shows convergent evolution flying Phalanger
which is Australian marsupial.
34. Which one of the following is not a living fossil-
(1) Peripatus (2) king crab (3) Sphenodon (4) Archaeopteryx
Answer: 4
Living fossil is a term for any living species (or clade) of organism which closely resembles
species otherwise only known from fossils and has no close living relatives. These species
have all survived major extinction events, and generally retain low taxonomic diversities.
Some examples of living fossils in animals are - coelocanth, coral (polyp), crocodylia
(crocodiles, gavials and alligators), horseshoe crab (.Limulus polyphemus), monotremes
(Platypus and Echidna), snout-nosed frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis). Archaeopteryx is
the earliest and most primitive known bird to date. It lived in the Jurassic Period around
150-155 million years ago. It has feathers and wings but it also had teeth and a skeleton
similar to a small carnivorous dinosaur, therefore, it had both bird and theropod dinosour
features. Archaeopteryx is a powerful piece of evidence that shows that birds have evolved
from dinosaurs.

35. Which of the following refer to correct example(s) of organisms which have evolved due to
changes in environment brought about by anthropogenic action ?
(a) Darwin’s Finches of Galapagos islands.
(b) Herbicide resistant weeds.
(c) Drug resistant eukaryotes.
(d) Man-created breeds of domesticated animals like dogs.
(1) only (a) (2) (a) and (c) (3) (b),(c) and (d) (4) only (d)
Answer: 3
Examples of evolution due to anthropogenic action (due to human activities) are as follows:
(a) Herbicide resistant weeds
(b) Drug resistant eukaryotes
(c) Pesticide resistant insects
(d) Creation of new breeds of drugs

36. Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by

(1) Karl Ernst von Baer (2) Alfred Wallace (3) Charles Darwin (4) Oparin
Answer: 1
Embryological support for evolution was proposed by Ernst Haeckel.
• Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by Karl Ernst von Baer.
37. Genetic drift operates in :-
(1) Small isolated population (2) Large isolated population (3) Fast reproductive population
(4) Slow reproductive population
Answer: 1
The random changes in gene frequencies in a population occurring by chance alone rather
than by natural selection are called genetic drift or Sewall wright effect. The effects of
genetic drift are most marked in very small isolated population, although it occurs in all
populations.

38. Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that:-

(1) Melanism is a pollution-generated feature
(2) The true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation
(3) The melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial
area
(4) The lighter-form the moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area
or non-polluted area
Answer: 2
Industrial melanism is a term used to describe the evolutionary process in which darker
individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution as
a result of natural selection. In 1848 a black form of the moth was recorded in Manchester
and by 1895, 98% of the peppered moth population in Manchester was black. This black
"melanic" form arose by a recurring random mutation, but its phenotypic appearance had a
strong selective advantage in industrial areas.

39. The diversity in the type of beaks of finches adapted to different feeding habits on the
Galapagos Islands, as observed by Darwin, provides evidence for
(1) intraspecific competition (2) interspecific competition
(3) origin of species by natural selection (4) origin of species by mutation
Answer: 3
Darwin during his famous voyage, observed that finches from various islands of Galapagos
had beaks of different sizes and shapes. He observed that this was due to adaptation to
different available food types. He concluded that the ancestral finches on reaching different
islands occupied all empty ecological niches in absence of competition and evolved into
different species. This provides evidences for origin of species by natural selection

40. Which of the following had the smallest brain capacity?

(1) Homo neanderthalensis (2) Homo habilis (3) Homo erectus (4) Homo sapiens
Answer: 2
The brain capacity gradually increased from early human ancestors to modern man. Homo
habilis had 650 - 800cc brain capacity which increased around 900cc in Homo erectus. The
Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) had 1400cc brain capacity which evolved to
around 1450cc in Homo sapiens.
41. Correct order is
(1) palaeozoic > archaeozoic > coenozoic (2) archaeozoic > palaeozoic > proterozoic
(3) palaeozoic > mesozoic > coenozoic (4) mesozoic > archaeozoic > proterozoic.
Answer: 3
The first geological time scale was developed by Giovanni Avduina, Italian scientist in 1760.
The history of the earth has been divided into a number of major divisions called eras. The
eras are sub-divided into periods. The modern periods are further divided into epochs.
There are four eras. The correct sequence is Precambrian Palaeozoic (era of ancient life) '>
Mesozoic (era of medieval life) >> Coenozoic (era of modem life).

42. 'Origin of Species' was written by

(1) Oparin (2) Weismann (3) Lamarck (4) Darwin.
Answer: 4
Darwin published his observations and conclusions regarding evolution in the book 'Origin
of Species' in 1859. Darwin's this book became very popular and changed people's thinking
about organic evolution.

43. Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita are examples of

(1) Vestigial organs (2) Analogous organs (3) Retrogressive evolution (4) Homologous organs
Answer: 4
The organs which have the same fundamental structure but are different in function are
called homologous organs. Thom of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both arises in
the axillary position, but have different functions.

44. In Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of heterozygous individual is represented by

(1) p2 (2) 2pq (3) pq (4) q2
Answer: 2
Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the allele frequencies in a population are stable and
remain constant from generation to generation.
This can be expressed by the equation
or (p + q)2 = 1
2 2
p + 2pq + q = 1

where, p 1 represents frequency of homozygous dominant genotype, 2pq represents the

frequency of heterozygous genotype and q 2 represents the frequency of homozygous
recessive genotype.
45. The chronological order of human evolution from early to the recent is
(1) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus
(2) Ramapithecus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus
(3) Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Australopithecus → Homo erectus
(4) Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Ramapithecus → Homo erectus
Answer: 2
Ramapithecus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus

46. Sweet potato is homologous to

(1) potato (2) Colocasia (3) ginger (4) turnip
Answer: 4
Sweet potato is homologous to turnip as both are having same origin i.e., both are root but
modified for different functions. Sweet potato is a modified root for storage and vegetative
propagation while turnip is modified for storage only. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a
tuberous root ; (modification of adventitious root). Turnip is an example of napiform root
which is modified tap root for food storage. Ginger is a rhizome (underground modified
stem) and Colocasia is a corm (underground modified stem).

47. In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals have evolved to share many similar
characteristics. This type of evolution may be referred to as :
(1) Adaptive Radiation (2) Divergent Evolution (3) Cyclical Evolution
(4) Convergent Evolution
Answer: 4
The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical habitat starting from a
point and radiating to other geographical areas (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.
When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have performed in an isolated
geographical area that is representing different habitats, is known as convergent evolution.
48. Match List - 1 with List - II.
List I List II
a Adaptive radiation i Selection of resistant varieties due to
excessive use of herbicides and pesticides
b Convergent evolution ii Bones of forelimbs in Man and Whale
c Divergent evolution iii Wings of Butterfly and Birds
d Evolution by iv Darwin Finches
anthropo-genic action

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(1) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i) (2) (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv)
(3) (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii) (4) (a) - (i), (b) - (iv), (c) - (iii), (d) - (ii)
Answer: 1
Adaptive Radiation - Darwin Finches
Convergent evolution -Wings of Butterfly and Bird
Divergent evolution Bone of forelimbs in Man and Whale
Evolution by anthropogenic action-Selection of resistant varieties due to excessive use of
herbicides and pesticides

49. In a population of plants, some were extremely tall and the remaining were extremely
dwarf. No plants of the population showed intermediated height. The type of operation of
natural selection in the above cases is
(1) Stabilizing (2) Disruptive (3) Balancing (4) Directional
Answer: 2
In the population of plants, tall and dwarf are the extreme phenotypes and medium height
is the intermediate phenotype. When nature selects the extreme phenotypes, the
population is said to be disruptive. Here most of the members with intermediate height will
be eliminated. If the intermediate phenotype is chosen then the population is said to be
stabilizing. The directional selection is also called balancing selection. If either of the
extreme phenotypes is selected by nature then the population is directional. This means
that in this type of selection, nature can favor tall or dwarf individuals and more
individuals of that type will be present in the next generation.

50. Identify the plants that are dominant during Jurassic period.
(1) Angiosperms and Bryophytes(2) Sphenopsida and Ginkgos(3) Ferns, Conifers and Cycads
(4) Monocotyledons and Arborescent lycopods
Answer: 3
Ferns, Conifers and Cycads were dominant during the Jurassic period.
51. By the statement "Survival of the Fittest" Darwin meant that...............
(1) The strongest of all species survives (2) The most intelligent of the species survives
(3) The cleverest of the species survives
(4) The most adaptable of the species to changes survives
Answer: 4
The organisms which are provided with favourable variations would survive, because they
are the fittest to face their surroundings, while the unfit are eliminated. Originally it was an
idea of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) who used the phrase 'the survival of the fittest' first
time. While Darwin named it as natural selection.

52. The formation of two species from one ancestral species is known as
(1) convergent evolution (2) phyletic evolution (3) allopatry (4) divergent evolution
Answer: 4
Divergent evolution is evolution of different species from one species due to adaptations to
different needs. It indicates common ancestory.

53. Which one of the following is the identifiable character of Neanderthal man?
(1) brain capacity 650 cc-800 cc (2) developed pre-historic cave art
(3) lived before 2 million years ago (4) burried their dead.
Answer: 4
Evidence suggests that the Neanderthals were the first human species to practice burial
behavior and intentionally bury their dead, doing so in shallow graves along with stone
tools and animal bones.

54. The Hardy-Weinberg principle cannot operate if

(1) Frequent mutations occur in population
(2) Population has no chance of interaction with other populations
(3) Free interbreeding occurs among all membersof the population
(4) The population is very large.
Answer: 1
The Hardy-Weinberg principle says that allele frequencies in a population are stable and
constant from generation to generation as long as
- the population is large enough and changes in allele frequencies due to chance or accident
are insignificant,
-mating occurs at random.
- mutation does not occur or if it does occur it must reach a state o f equilibrium.
-all the members o f the population survive and have equal reproductive rates.
Hardy and Weinberg, through this law, have been able to explain why a population as a
whole with all its variations and genotype frequencies continue to remain unchanged for
many generations.
55. Which among the following was the biggest land dinosaur?
(1) Protoceratops (2) Triceratops (3) Stegosaurus (4) Tyrannosaurus rex
Answer: 4
Among the following, Tyrannosaurus rex was the biggest land dinosaur. One of the largest
fossils of this species measures up to 42 feet with a weight of about 14 − 15 metric tons.
Stegosaurus was a herbivorous dinosaur that measured around 23 − 40 feet in length and
weighed around 5 − 7 metric tons.
Triceratops were also herbivorous dinosaurs that measured around 26 to 30 feet in length
and weighed around 6 − 12 metric tons.

56. The ancestors of modern day Frogs and Salamanders are

(1) Icthyophis (2) Jawless fish (3) Amphioxus (4) Coelocanth
Answer: 4
: In 1938, fish caught in South Africa happened to be a Coelacanth which was thought to be
extinct. These animals evolved into the first amphibians that lived on land and water. These
were ancestors of modem day frogs and salamanders.

57. According to Darwin, evolution is_______

(1) a slow, gradual and continuous process (2) a sudden but discontinuous process
(3) a slow and discontinuous process. (4) a slow, sudden and discontinuous process
Answer: 1
Darwin believed that evolution is a slow, gradual and continuous process which occurs due
to the variations that get accumulated and are heritable. Whereas, according to de Vries,
evolution is a jerky and discontinous process, de Vries believed mutation or discontinous
variation is the raw material of evolution. Unlike Darwin’s continuous variations, mutation
appear all of a sudden and become operational immediately.

58. Which of these is NOT an example for Adaptive radiation?

(1) Placental mammals(2) Darwin's finches(3) Long-necked Giraffe(4) Australian marsupials
Answer: 3

59. The brain capacity of Homo habilis

(1) 1400 cc (2) 900 cc (3) between 650 cc - 800 cc (4) 1800 cc
Answer: 3
60. Read the following statements
Statement I : All vertebrates develop a row of vestigial gill slits during embryonic stage
Statement II : Embryos always pass through the adult stages of other animals. Which of the
following options is correct with reference to these statements.?
(1) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect.
(2) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct. (3) Both Statements I and II are correct.
(4) Both Statements I and II are incorrect.
Answer: 1