FISHERIES IN INDIA

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 ABSTRACT

FRESH WATER AND FISHERIES:

Freshwater aquaculture production in 2011 was 44.3 million tons or 29% of world
fisheries production.Roughly95%of this production was from Asia-China was the leading country. Ponds
are the common culture system ,but raceways, cages, net pens, and water re-use systems are important.
Seed stock for grow out is produced in hatcheries from farm-reared brood stock. Fertilizers, feeds and
mechanical aeration increasing production in ponds. Competition with agriculture for land and water,
wetland destruction, water pollution, and lack of fish meal and oil for use in feeds could limit aquaculture.
There is an effort to avoid these impacts.
Freshwater fisheries are the harvesting of fish from freshwater bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. There
are a vital source of food and income for millions of people around the world.

Freshwater fisheries are important for a number of reasons. They provide a source of protein that is essential
for human nutrition. They also provide jobs and livelihoods for millions of people. In addition, freshwater
fisheries can play a role in poverty alleviation and food security.

However, freshwater fisheries are under increasing pressure from a number of threats, including pollution,
habitat loss, and overfishing. These threats have led to a decline in fish stocks in many parts of the world.

There are a number of things that can be done to conserve freshwater fisheries and ensure their long-term
sustainability. These include:

• Reducing pollution from industrial and agricultural sources.

• Protecting and restoring freshwater habitats.
• Managing fishing practices to ensure that fish stocks are not overfished.
• Developing sustainable aquaculture practices.

By taking these steps, we can help to ensure that freshwater fisheries continue to be a valuable source of food
and income for millions of people around the world.

environment,[Link]
incorporated into the sequencing batch reactor for re-circulating aquaculture systems. Despite the
disparities in size and volume of marine and freshwater realms, a strikingly similar number of
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species is found in each-with 15 150 Action fishes in fresh water and 14 740 in the marine realm
.Their ecological and societal values are widely recognized yet many marine and freshwater fishes
increasingly risk local, regional or global extinction. The prevailing threats in aquatic systems are
habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, pollution, over-exploitation and climate change.
Unpredictable synergies with climate change greatly complicate the impacts of other stressors that
there are many and
[Link]
small, specialized freshwater and marine fishes, whereas overfishing is by far the greatest threat to
larger freshwater species. Species that migrate within or between freshwater and may face high
catch ability in predictable migration bottlenecks, and degradation of breeding habitat, feeding
habitat or the intervening migration corridors.

PICS

fig-2freshwaterforfishes

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Introduction
Fishery can mean either then tera price of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more
commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place (A.K.A. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries
include wild fisheries and fish farms, both In freshwater water bodies (about10%ofallcatch)and the
oceans (about90%) .

World -wide are economically dependent on fisheries.171 million to ones of fish were produced
in 2016, but over fishing is an increasing problem -causing declines in some populations.

India is also a major exporter of fish and seafood products. In 2021-22, India exported over 1.3 million
tonnes of fish and seafood products, worth over US$7.7 billion. The major export markets for India's fish
and seafood products are the United States, European Union, Japan, China, and South Korea.

India is one of the world's leading fish producers, with a long and rich tradition of fisheries. The country
has a coastline of over 7,500 kilometers and a vast network of rivers, lakes, and ponds, which provide a
rich habitate for a wide variety of fish species.

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 challenges are further complicated by the changes in the ocean caused by climate
change, which may extend the range of some fisheries while dramatically reducing the
sustainabilityof other fisheries.

Definitions:-
According to the FAQ,a fishery is an activity leading to harvesting of fish. It may involve capture of
wild fish or raising of fish through aquaculture. It is typically defined in terms of the "people involved ,
species or type offish, area of water or seabed, method class of boats, purpose of the activities or a
combination of the foreg0ingfeatures".

Thedefinition oftenincludesacombinationofmammaland fishfishersin aregion, thelatterfishing for

similar species withsimilar gear types. Some governmentand private organizations,especially those
focusing onrecreationalfishingincludeintheirdefinitions notonlythefishers, but thefishand habitats upon
which the fish [Link] termfish:

➔ lnbiology- thete1mfish is most strictly used to describe any aquaticvertebratethat

hasgillsthroughout life and haslimbs,ifany, in theshape [Link] types of aquatic
animals commonly referred to as"fish" are not fishing this strict sense; examples
includeshellfish,cuttlefish,starfish,crayfishandjellyfish. Inearlier times, evenbiologistsdid
not make a distinction-sixteenth centurynatural historiansclassified
alsoseals,whales,amphibians,crocodilcs,evenhippopotamuses, as well as a host of marine
invertebrates, as fish.
➔ In fisheries-the termfish is used collective term, and
includesmollusks,crustaceans and anyaquatic animal which is harvested.

➔ Truefish-The strict biological definition of a fish, above, issometimes called a truefish. True
fisharea l s o referred to asfinfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life
harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

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 FRESH WATER FOR FISHERIES
Freshwater systems are vital for fisheries, providing critical habitat for fish and other aquatic life They also
play an important role in water quality, flood control, and recreation.

The health of freshwater systems is threatened by a number of factors, including pollution, habitat loss, and
climate change. Pollution from agriculture, industry, and urban areas can contaminate water and harm fish
populations. Habitat loss can occur when rivers are dammed, wetlands are drained, or forests are cleared.
Climate change can lead to changes in water temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea level, which can
all harm freshwater ecosystems.

There are a number of things that can be done to protect and restore freshwater systems. These include:

Reducing pollution by implementing stricter environmental regulations and investing in clean water
technologies.
o Protecting and restoring habitat by conserving wetlands, planting trees, and restoring
natural river channels.
o Mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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By taking these steps, we can ensure that freshwater systems continue to provide the many benefits they offer
to fish, people, and the planet.

Additional benefits of freshwater systems for fisheries:

Freshwater systems provide spawning grounds, nurseries, and feeding grounds for many fish species.
o They also provide habitat for other aquatic organisms that are important for the food chain,
such as insects, crustaceans, and amphibians.
o Freshwater systems help to regulate water temperature, which is important for fish
reproduction and survival.
o They also help to filter pollutants from water, which improves water quality for fish
and other aquatic life.
o Freshwater systems provide opportunities for recreation, such as fishing, boating, and
swimming.

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 MARINEFISHESOFINDIA
CuttleFish:
Name: Cuttle Fish

LatinName:Sepiaspp

French: Seche

Availability: West and East coast of India Palk

Bay, Gulf of Manner and coasts of Mabarastra
and Kerala

Indiandogshark:
Name: Indiandog shark

LatinName:Scoliodonlaticaudus

French: Requin

Availability: West andSouth-East coasts of India Gujarat and

Maharashtra coasts

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Whitecheekedshark:

Name:Whitecheekedshark

Latin Name: Carcharhius

dussumieri

French:Requin

Availability: West and South-East coasts of India Gujarat and

Maharashtra coasts

Blacktipshark:

Name: Blacktipshark

LatinName:Eulamiaspal1anzaru

French: Requin

Availability:West and East coasts of

India Coasts of Kerala ,
Maharashtra and gujarat

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 Hammerheadshark:
Name: Hammer head shark

Latin Name: Sphyrna zygaena

French:Requin-marteau Availability: South-East coast of India PortNovo(TamilNaducoast)

Guitarfish:
Name:Guitarfish

Latin Name: Rhincobatus

French:Guitare

Availability:South-Eastcoastof

India Tamil Nadu coast

Whiptailstingray:
Name:Whiptailstingray

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LatinName:Himantura bleekeri

French:Raie

Availability: East coast of India Gulf of

Mannar

Javanesecowray:

Name:Javanesecowray

LatinName:RhinopteraJavani

ca French: Raie

Availability:South-

EastcoastofIndia Cape

comorin (Tamil Nadu coast)

Silverpomfret:

Name:Silverpomfret

LatinName:Pampus argenteus

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 French:Castagnole

Availability: No1th, Middle-West and North coasts

of India Maharashtra, Gujarat and Orissa coasts

Chinesepomfret:
Name:Chinesepomfret

LatinName:Pampuschinensis

French:Castagnole

Availability: Eastand West coastsof

India Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts

Blackpomfret:
Name:Blackpomfret

LatinName:Parastromateusniger

French Castagnole

Availability West and East coastsof

IndiaMaharashtraandGujaratcoasts

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Indian mackerel:
Name:Indian mackerel

LatinName:RastrelligerKa

nagurta French

Maquereau Du pacifique

Availability:South,Middle-Westand
South-East coasts of India Karnataka and Kerala coasts

Seerfish(Spanish-mackerel):

Name:Seerfish(Spanish
mackerel) Latin Name:
Scomberomorus commerson

French:Thazard

Availability :West and East coasts

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Our pics
Fig-5:fillingpondwithfreshwater

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Our pics

Fig-6:freshwaterpond

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 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF FISH

Physiology:

Freshwater fish differ physiologically from salt water fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to
diffuse dissolve gases while keeping the salts in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion
through the
skin: freshwater fish that have lost too many scales will die. They also have well developed kidneys to reclaim
salts from body fluids before excretion.

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 :
Migrating fish:

Sturgeon are found both in an adromous and fresh water stationary forms

Many species of fish do reproduce in freshwater, but spend most of their adult lives in the sea. These
are known as an adromousfish, and include, for instance ,salmon,trout, sea lamprey and three
spanned Some other kinds of fish are, on the contrary, born in salt water, but live most of or parts
of their adult lives in fresh water; for instance theeels. These are known ascatadromous fish.

Species migrating between marine and fresh waters need adaptations for both environments; when in salt
water they

need to keep the bodily salt concentration on a level lower than the surroundings, and vice versa. Many
species solve

this problem by associating different habitats with different stages of life. Both eels, anadromous
salmoniform fish and

the sea lamprey have different tolerances in salinity in different stages of their lives.

Classification in the United States:

Among fishers in the United States, freshwater fish species are usually classified by the water temperature in
which they survive. The water temperature affects the amount of oxygen available as cold water contains
more oxygen than warm water.

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Coldwater:
Coldwater fish species survive in the coldest temperatures, preferring a water temperature of 50 to 60 °F
(10–16 °C).

In North America, air temperatures that result in sufficiently cold water temperatures are found in the
northern United

States, Canada, and in the southern United States at high elevation. Common coldwater fish include brook
trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout.

Cool water:

Cool water fish species prefer water temperature between the coldwater and the long warm water species,
around 60 to 80 °F (16–27 °C). They are found throughout North America except for the southern portions of
the United States.

Common cool water species include muskellunge ,northern pike, walleye, and yellow perch.

Warm water:
Warm water fish species can survive in a wide range of conditions, preferring a water temperature around 80 °F
(27 °C). Warm water fish can survive cold winter temperatures in northern climates, but thrive in warmer water.
Common warm

water fish include catfish ,largemouth bass ,bluegill ,crappies, and many other species from the family Centrarchidae.

Freshwater aquaculture:
Freshwater aquaculture accounts for nearly 55% of the total fish production in India and Second Largest
Producer of Inland fish in the world. Aquaculture resources in India include 2.36 million hectares of ponds
and tanks, 1.07 million hectares of beels , jheels and derelict waters plus in addition 0.12 million kilometers
of canals, 3.15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0.72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised
for aquaculture purposes. Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India.
However, less than 10 percent of India's natural potential is used for aquaculture currently. For bringing
more areas under scientific fisheries and aquaculture, the Indian government and premier fisheries research
institutes are trying hard to sensitize the fish farmers and entrepreneurs regarding the package of practices
and prospects of the highly promising ‘culture-based fisheries technology (CBF)’ in inland waters.
Utilization of untapped inland waters through CBF is one of the foremost strategies for achieving blue
[Link] is generally practiced in inland waters having areas between 100 and 1000 ha (lakes,

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wet lands and small reservoirs) and cautiously in 1000–5000 ha (medium-sized reservoirs). The fish with the
shortest lifespan is known to be the killifish, which only lives about a year, but many fish live Upwards of
10 to 15 years, with the average being about 7. Following is the average lifespan of common aquariumfish
based on a variety of sources.

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2 pics

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Long Life spans:

Goldfish are on the other end of the lifespan spectrum. There are many documented cases of goldfish
living a quarter of a century. They are perhaps the best example of how poor habitat and care shortens
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the lifespan of aquarium fish. The majority of goldfish are not properly cared for and as a result, live
only a few years. Other fish that live longer include loaches, such as the clown loach and weather
loach, which often live 10 to 15 years .Silver dollars and pacus also live 10 years or more, and the
ever-popular convict cichlid can live for more than 10 years as well. The life spans of common
aquarium fish species span a broad gamut, as you can see. Here are typical life spans of some well-
known fish species, from the Adolfo cory to the zebra danio.

FISH LIFE CYCLE

Like all animals, fish need to survive and grow large enough to reproduce. Fish that make it to adulthood and
to
spawning time use a range of strategies to ensure successful reproduction. This lesson looks at the factors that
go into keeping a fish species alive while examining the life cycle of Great Lakes fish.
Grade level: 4-8 grades

Performance Expectations:
▪ 3-LS1.1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes. Develop models to describe that
organisms have unique and diverse life cycles, but all have birth, growth, reproduction and death in
common.

For alignment, see :Fish Life Cycle NGSS Summary

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LESSON OBJECTIVES:

▪ Name stages of the fish life cycle.

▪ Describe two general animal reproductive strategies.

▪ Contrast the reproductive strategies of at least two Great Lakes fish.

▪ Diagram progression from egg, larval fish, fry, juvenile, adult.

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ACKGROUND:

Each fish species has a unique reproductive strategy and favors certain habitats for spawning and for
early development of their newly hatched young. Many Great Lakes fish can be found in shallow water
during part of their life cycle. Many species use shallow waters of lakes or rivers as spawning habitat
either in the spring or [Link], such as northern pike, prefer wetlands with aquatic vegetation. Others
such as lake white fish prefer shallow reefs, which provide rich areas for food and rocky structure to protect
the eggs and later the fry. Fish life cycles vary among species. In general, however, fish progress through
the following life cycle stages:

Eggs: Fertilized eggs develop into fish. Most eggs do not survive to maturity even under the best conditions.
Threats to eggs include changes in water temperature and oxygen levels, flooding or sedimentation, predators
and disease.

Larval: Larval fish live off a yolk sac attached to their bodies. When the yolk sac is fully absorbed, the
young fish are called fry.

Fry: Fry are ready to start eating on their own. Fry undergo several more developmental stages, which vary
by species ,as they mature into adults. Young fish are generally considered fry during their first few months
(during their first few months to just less than one year in some species).

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Juvenile: The time fish spend developing from fry into reproductively mature adults varies among species.
Most fish do not survive to become adults. Threats to survival include fluctuations in water temperature,
changes in oxygen levels, competition for habitat and predators.

Adult: When fish are able to reproduce, they are considered adults. The time it takes to reach maturity
varies among species and individual fish. Fish with shorter life spans reach maturity faster. For example,
female round gobies mature in approximately one year and live for two to three years. Lake sturgeon can
live from 80-150 years, but females don’t reach maturity until they are approximately 25 years old.

Spawning: Female fish release eggs into the water (either into the water column or into a nest) and male
fish fertilize eggs by releasing milt. Not all eggs are fertilized. Some fish spawn each year after reaching
maturity, others spawn at intervals (every four years, for example), while others spawn only once and then
die.

Tracking the longevity of fish can be a little tricky as owners rarely know the birthday of their fish. The
majority of common tropical fish live for an average of three to five years, while goldfish are among those
living the longest, potentially up to 20 years.

Here are some tips for maintaining your freshwater tank:

• For a smaller tank, change out 10%-15% of the water each week.
• For a larger tank, change 20% of the water each week.
• If you use tap water, allow it to sit for three days.

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Use a dechlorinator before pouring fresh tap water into your tank. Test the water quality daily to ensure
balanced pH levels. Unplug your equipment. Don’t damage your tank filter or other systems by leaving them
on while you change the water.

Gather your supplies. This should include:

• Sponges
• Gravel or sand siphon
• Two clean buckets (for saltwater fish)
• Saltwater mixture (for saltwater fish)

PRODUCTION

Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990-2030 -

Further information

Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent was
utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to relatively stable capture fisheries production, reduced
wastage and continued aquaculture growth. This production resulted in a record-high per capita consumption
of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as
population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit
growth is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.

FAO predicted in 2018 the following major trends for the period up to 2030

• World fish production, consumption and trade are expected to increase, but with a growth rate that will
slow over time.
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• Despite reduced capture fisheries production in China, world capture fisheries production is projected to
increase
slightly through increased production in other areas if resources are properly managed. Expanding world
aquaculture production, although growing more slowly than in the past, is anticipated to fill the supply–
demand gap.
• Prices will all increase in nominal terms while declining in real terms, although remaining high.
• Food fish supply will increase in all regions, while per capita fish consumption is expected to decline in
Africa, which raises concerns in terms of food security.
• Trade in fish and fish products is expected to increase more slowly than in the past decade, but the share
of fish production that is exported is projected to remain stable.

MANAGEMENT

The goal of fisheries management is to produce sustainable biological, environmental and socioeconomic
benefits from renewable aquatic resources .Wild fisheries are classified as renewable when the organisms of
interest (e.g., fish, shellfish, amphibians ,reptiles and marine mammals) produce an annual biological surplus
that with judicious management can be harvested without educing future productivity. Fishery management
employs activities that protect fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible, drawing on fisheries
science and possibly including the precautionary principle. Modern fisheries management is often referred to
as a governmental system of appropriate environmental management rules based on defined objectives
and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of monitoring
control and surveillance. A popular approach is the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. According
to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), there are "no clear and generally
accepted definitions of fisheries management ".However, the working definition used by the FAO and much
cited else where is:

The integrated process of information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation
of resources and formulation and implementation, with necessary law enforcementto ensure environmental
compliance, of regulations or rules which govern fisheries activities in order to ensure the continued
productivity of the resources and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives.

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Global goals
International attention to these issues has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14"Life Below
Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving coastal ecosystems and supporting
more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities, including in their fishery and aquaculture
practices.

Law
Fisheries law is an emerging and specialized area of law. Fisheries law is the study and analysis of different
fisheries management approaches such as catch shares e.g . Individual Transferable Quotas; TURFs; and
others. The study of fisheries law is important in order to craft policy guidelines that maximize sustainability
and legal enforcement. This specific legal area is rarely taught at law schools around the world, which leaves
a vacuum of advocacy and research. Fisheries law also takes into and industrynorms in order to analyze
fisheries management regulations. In addition, fisheries law includes access to justice for small scale fisheries
and coastal and aboriginal communities and labor issues such as child labor laws, employment law, and
family law. Another important area of research covered in fisheries law is seafood safety. Each country, or
region, around the world has a varying degree of seafood safety standards and regulations. These
regulations can contain a large diversity of fisheries management schemes including quota or catch share
systems. It is important to study seafood safety regulations around the world in order to craft policy
guidelines from ountries who have implemented effective schemes. Also, this body of research can identify
areas of improve- ment for countries who have not yet been able to master efficient and effective seafood
safety regulations. Fisheries law also includes the study of aquaculturelaws and regulations. Aquaculture,
also known as aqua farming, is the farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants. This
body of research also encompasses animal feed regulations and requirements.

QUESTIONS ASKED TO THE PEOPLE WHO WILL GROWS THE FISHES

1. Types of Fish Farmed

A. A wide variety of fish species are farmed around the world, including:

Salmon, Tilapia, Carp, Catfish ,Trout

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2. Feeding Farmed Fish

A. The diet of farmed fish varies depending on the species. However, most farmed fish are fed a diet of
pellets that are high in protein and other nutrients. The pellets are typically made from a variety of
ingredients, such as fish meal, soy meal, and corn.

3. Keeping Farmed Fish Healthy

A. Fish farmers take a number of steps to keep their fish healthy, Monitoring water quality, Preventing
disease, Controlling predators Challenges of Fish Farming

4. Fish farming is a complex industry that faces a number of challenges, including:

A. Disease outbreaks, Competition from wild-caught fish,

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Our pics 3

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 DETAILS OF THE ABOVE PHOTOS

[Link] NAME ADDRESS OCCUPAION NUMBER

1. [Link] Tenali,ithanagar Aqua Farmer 9234647187

2. [Link] Tenali,ithanagar Aqua Farmer 9392537725

3. [Link] Tenali,ithanagar Aqua Farmer 7680828703

4. [Link] Tenali,ithanagar Aqua Farmer 9059565579

5. [Link] Tenali,ithanagar Aqua Farmer 8179913945

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 Conclusion:

Fisheries play an important role as a major source of food for millions of people in Asia and the Pacific since
time immemorial. Inland capture fisheries and freshwater aquaculture provide food security to people in rural
are as while those along the coasts harvest marine fish, shellfish and seaweeds to supply nearby markets.

1. Significant Economic Contribution: The fisheries sector contributes significantly to India's economy,
generating substantial employment opportunities and revenue. It is estimated to contribute around 1.75 trillion
INR in gross value added annually.

2. Food Security and Nutrition: Fish is a vital source of protein and essential nutrients for millions of
Indians, particularly in coastal and rural areas. The fisheries sector plays a crucial role in ensuring food
security and improving nutritional status.

3. Livelihood Source: The fisheries sector provides direct and indirect livelihoods to over 20 million
people, including fishermen, fish farmers, and those involved in processing, marketing, and transportation of
fish products.

4. Export Earnings: India is a major exporter of fish and seafood products, earning valuable foreign
exchange. The sector contributes significantly to the country's trade balance.

5. Sustainable Management Challenges: Despite its significant contributions, the fisheries sector in India
faces challenges such as overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change. Sustainable management
practices are essential to ensure the long-term viability of the sector.

6. Technological Advancement and Innovation: Technological advancements and innovations in

aquaculture and fisheries management can enhance productivity, reduce post-harvest losses, and improve the
overall sustainability of the sector.

7. Empowering Fishermen and Fish Farmers: Empowering fishermen and fish farmers through capacity
building, access to finance, and market linkages can improve their livelihoods and strengthen the sector's
resilience.

8. Policy and Regulatory Framework: Effective policy and regulatory frameworks are crucial for
promoting sustainable fisheries practices, ensuring fair trade, and protecting the interests of fishers and fish
farmers.

9. International Collaboration: Collaboration with international organizations and other countries can
facilitate knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and best practices in fisheries management and aquaculture
development.

10. Sustainable Future: The future of India's fisheries sector depends on a holistic approach that balances
economic growth with environmental sustainability and social equity. Sustainable practices, technological
advancements, and empowering the fishing community will be key to ensuring the sector's continued success.

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 6. Activity Log For Six Weeks And Week Report

Person in
Brief description of the Learning
Week charge
weekly activity Outcome
signature

week-1 Topic of this week is fisheries

The raw information for the

week-2
survey?

week-3 Overview Of the Community?

week-4 What are the marine fishes of

india?8

What is the information collected

week-5
about the fresh water fishes

week-6
Have you gain knowledge about
this survey?

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