Research Paper / Report
What is a Research Paper
• Research presents information gathered from
interviews, reference books, websites, or other
sources.
• It is a careful, systematic, and scientific study
and
investigation in some field of knowledge.
• It is a product of a careful or diligent inquiry
into a
certain subject for the purpose of discovering and
interpreting facts and then presenting them
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Qualitative Research is a type of social
science research that collects and works
with non-numerical data that seeks to
interpret meaning and analyze the meaning
of the data gathered to understand social
life through the study of targeted
participants
• Quantitative Research is the process of
collecting and analyzing numerical data. It
can be used to find patterns and averages,
make predictions, test causal relationships,
and generalize results to wider
populations.
1. Independent 2. Dependent
Variable / Variable /
5 PARTS TOPIC SAMPLES
OF 3. Locale / 4. Research
Setting Goal / Result
RESEARCH
TITLE 5.
Methodology
Independent Variable (IV)
• It refers to the TOPIC or the
Types of PROBLEM the study aims to solve.
Further, it affects the dependent
variable
Research Dependent Variable(DV)
variables • It receives the effect of the IV or it
is affected by the IV. Furthermore,
it refers to the SAMPLES or
respondents of the study
RESEARCH LOCALE
• It refers to the place
where the research
study was conducted.
RESEARCH GOAL
End Results to be identified in the study
RESEARCH PAPER/REPORT (QUANTITATIVE)
• Research title must contain Key Words
• Scope of the study
• refers to what the study will cover,
• What will it talk about,
• What will you investigate, and
• How will you show that in your title
Research Variables (Quantitative)
Example: How many
Senior students
Person
enrolled in Davao City
National High School
Research Variables (Quantitative)
Example: Which are the
most affected barangays
Place in Davao City with the
biggest number of
Covid19 cases
Research Variables (Quantitative)
Example: What
material incentives
Thing mostly motivate
employees to perform
better?
Research Variables (Quantitative)
Example: How
many civil wars
Phenomenon
are recorded in
the Philippines
Quantitative Variables
Response
Height Weight Age
time
Subjective
rating of Temperature Score
pain
Types of Quantitative Variables
Independent Variable (IV)
• Varies and can be manipulated
• Predictor or treatment
• Cause change
Dependent Variable (DV)
• The outcome
• The effect
• The response
Effect of Room Temperature to the English
Examination Score of DCNHS Students
Effect of Room Temperature
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
English Examination Score
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A QUANTITAVE
RESEARCH TITLE
Core Concern Respondents Research Site Intervention
Core Concern
Primary Research Problem
Intervention
• Is a strategy or and innovation implemented to resolve
the research problem
Respondents The source of your
data or relevant
information, the
most affected by the
research problem
Where the study will
Research be conducted
Site
Intervention It is a strategy or
innovation that the
(for quasi- researcher can apply
experimental to solve a problem
strategy)
Effect of Room Temperature to the English
Examination Score of DCNHS Students
CORE RESEARCH
CONCERN SITE
RESPONDENT
Sample Title
• An Analysis of errors made by
DCNHS Senior High School students
in writing academic texts
• Reading Difficulties of DCNHS Grade
7 Students
• Vlogging and Students’ Speaking
Competence
IMRAD FORMAT
What is an IMRaD report?
“IMRaD” format refers to a paper that is
structured by four main sections:
Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Discussion. This format is often used for lab
reports as well as for reporting any planned,
systematic research in the social sciences,
natural sciences, or engineering and
computer sciences.
INTRODUCTION
•The introduction explains why this
research is important or necessary or
important.
1. Begin by describing the problem or
situation that motivates the research.
INTRODUCTION
•The introduction explains why this
research is important or necessary or
important.
2. Move to discussing the current state of
research in the field; then reveal a “gap”
or problem in the field.
INTRODUCTION
•The introduction explains why this
research is important or necessary or
important.
3. Finally, explain how the present research
is a solution to that problem or gap. If
the study has hypotheses, they are
presented at the end of the introduction.
INTRODUCTION
•The introduction to a quantitative study is
usually written in the present tense and
from the third person point of view.
•It presents information from global,
national, and local settings.
INTRODUCTION in a Quantitative Study
[Link] the research problem -- as
with any academic study, you must
state clearly and concisely the research
problem being investigated.
INTRODUCTION in a Quantitative Study
[Link] the literature -- review on the
topic, synthesizing key themes and, if
necessary, noting studies that have
used similar methods of inquiry and
analysis. Note where key gaps exist and
how your study helps to fill these gaps
or clarifies existing knowledge.
INTRODUCTION in a Quantitative Study
3. Describes the theoretical framework -- provide
an outline of the theory or hypothesis
supporting your study. If necessary, define
unfamiliar or complex terms, concepts, or ideas
and provide the appropriate background
information to place the research problem in
proper context [e.g., historical, cultural,
economic, etc.].
Methodology – What did you do?
The methods section tells readers how you conducted
your study. It includes information about your
population, sample, methods, and equipment. The
“gold standard” of the methods section is that it should
enable readers to duplicate your study. Methods sections
typically use subheadings; they are written in past tense,
and they use a lot of passive voice. This is typically the
least read section of an IMRaD report.
METHODOLOGY In a Quantitative Study
1. Study population and sampling -- where
did the data come from and note the
procedures used for their selection;
METHODOLOGY In a Quantitative Study
2. Data collection – describe the tools and
methods used to collect information and
identify the variables being measured;
describe the methods used to obtain the
data; and, note if the data was pre-existing
[i.e., government data] or you gathered it
yourself. If you gathered it yourself, describe
what type of instrument you used and why.
METHODOLOGY In a Quantitative Study
3. Data analysis -- describe the procedures
for processing and analyzing the data. If
appropriate, describe the specific
instruments of analysis used to study
each research objective, including
mathematical techniques and the type of
computer software used to manipulate
the data.
Results – What did you find?
• In this section, you present your findings.
Typically, the Results section contains only the
findings, not any explanation of or commentary
on the findings. Results sections are usually
written in the past tense. Make sure all tables and
figures are labeled and numbered separately.
Captions go above tables and beneath figures.
Discussion – What does it mean?
In this section, you summarize your main findings,
comment on those findings and connect them to
another research. You also discuss limitations of
your study, and use these limitations as reasons to
suggest additional, future research. This should be
presented in the present tense.
CONCLUSION
• End your study by to summarizing the topic and provide a final
comment and assessment of the study.
• Summary of findings – synthesize the answers to your research
questions. Do not report any statistical data here; just provide a
narrative summary of the key findings and describe what was learned
that you did not know before conducting the study.
• Recommendations – if appropriate to the aim of the assignment, tie
key findings with policy recommendations or actions to be taken in
practice.
• Future research – note the need for future research linked to your
study’s limitations or to any remaining gaps in the literature that were
not addressed in your study.
Abstract – Summarize the entire study
The abstract for the report comes at the beginning
of the paper, but you should write it after you have
drafted the full report. The abstract provides a very
short overview of the entire paper, including a
sentence or two about the report’s purpose and
importance, a sentence or two about your methods, a
few sentences that present the main findings, and a
sentence or two about the implications of your findings.