Sampling Methods in Statistics: Probability and Non Probability
Approaches
In research, it is often impractical to collect data from every member of a population due to
constraints of time, cost, and accessibility. Sampling methods provide systematic
procedures to select a subset of individuals or items (the sample) from a much larger
population. This allows researchers to make inferences about the population without
examining every member, while reducing resources and avoiding unnecessary procedures
in fields such as healthcare and ultrasound imaging (Elfil & Negida, 2017; Taherdoost,
2016).
Sampling methods fall broadly into two categories: probability and non probability
sampling. In probability sampling, every member of the population has a known, non zero
chance of being selected, allowing for statistical inference and measurable sampling error
(Lohr, 2022). In non probability sampling, selection is not random; although often quicker
and more practical, it limits generalisability and the ability to estimate sampling error
(Taherdoost, 2016). This paper integrates detailed explanations of both approaches using
examples relevant to ultrasound research, and draws upon the definitions and
strengths/weaknesses outlined in Taherdoost (2016). It also incorporates insights from
recent clinical research reviews to enhance applicability (Suresh et al., 2012; Elfil & Negida,
2017).
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