🦠 Bacterial Diseases
Rice bacterial blight
Causal agent: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
Symptoms: Kresek (seedling wilt), yellowing, leaf tip drying.
Management: Resistant varieties, clean seed, field sanitation, avoid high N,
copper fungicides.
Bacterial wilt (tomato, eggplant, tobacco)
Causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum
Symptoms: Sudden wilting without yellowing; vascular browning.
Management: Resistant varieties, crop rotation, soil solarization, avoid
infected seedlings.
Crown gall
Causal agent: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Symptoms: Tumor-like swellings at crown/root.
Management: Use clean seedlings, avoid wounds, resistant rootstocks.
Bacterial soft rot
Causal agent: Pectobacterium carotovorum
Symptoms: Soft, mushy, foul-smelling tissues.
Management: Proper storage, sanitation, avoid injury, drainage.
🍄 Fungal Diseases
Rice blast
Causal agent: Pyricularia oryzae
Symptoms: Diamond-shaped lesions with gray center.
Management: Resistant varieties, balanced fertilization, avoid late planting,
fungicides.
Sheath blight (rice)
Causal agent: Rhizoctonia solani
Symptoms: Irregular lesions on leaf sheath near waterline.
Management: Reduce plant density, field sanitation, fungicide seed
treatment.
Downy mildew (corn)
Causal agent: Peronosclerospora philippinensis
Symptoms: Chlorotic streaks, white downy growth on underside.
Management: Resistant varieties, crop rotation, seed treatment (metalaxyl).
Corn leaf rust
Causal agent: Puccinia sorghi
Symptoms: Reddish-brown pustules on leaves.
Management: Resistant varieties, fungicides if severe.
Fusarium wilt (banana = Panama disease)
Causal agent: Fusarium oxysporum [Link]. cubense
Symptoms: Yellowing, wilting, vascular streaks.
Management: Resistant cultivars, crop rotation, sanitation, avoid infected
suckers.
Late blight (potato/tomato)
Causal agent: Phytophthora infestans
Symptoms: Water-soaked lesions, rapid blighting.
Management: Resistant varieties, fungicides (mancozeb, metalaxyl),
sanitation.
🧬 Viral Diseases
Rice tungro
Causal agent: Tungro virus complex (transmitted by GLH)
Symptoms: Yellow-orange stunting.
Management: Resistant varieties, control GLH, synchronized planting.
Banana bunchy top
Causal agent: Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)
Symptoms: “Morse code” streaks, rosette bunchy leaves.
Management: Rogue infected plants, control banana aphid, use virus-free
planting material.
Abaca mosaic
Causal agent: Abaca mosaic virus
Symptoms: Vein clearing, mottling, bunchy growth.
Management: Use clean planting material, roguing, vector control.
🪱 Nematode Diseases
Root-knot nematode
Causal agent: Meloidogyne incognita
Symptoms: Root galls, stunting, wilting.
Management: Resistant varieties, soil solarization, nematicides, crop
rotation.
Reniform nematode
Causal agent: Rotylenchulus reniformis
Symptoms: Yellowing, stunting, reduced yield.
Management: Resistant varieties, crop rotation, organic amendments.
Citrus nematode
Causal agent: Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Symptoms: Slow decline of citrus, weak trees.
Management: Resistant rootstocks, sanitation, nematicides.
🐛 Insect Pests (with Mouthparts & Management)
Rice
White stemborer – Scirpophaga innotata
Symptom: Deadhearts, whiteheads.
Mouthpart: Chewing (larva).
Management: Light traps, resistant varieties, stubble destruction.
Brown planthopper – Nilaparvata lugens
Symptom: Hopperburn, virus transmission.
Mouthpart: Piercing-sucking.
Management: Resistant varieties, avoid excessive N, conservation of
predators.
Green leafhopper – Nephotettix virescens
Symptom: Vector of tungro virus.
Mouthpart: Piercing-sucking.
Management: Resistant varieties, synchronous planting, insecticides if
needed.
Corn
Corn borer – Ostrinia furnacalis
Symptom: Stem tunneling, broken stalks.
Mouthpart: Chewing.
Management: Destruction of stubbles, biological control (Trichogramma),
resistant varieties.
Cutworm – Agrotis ipsilon
Symptom: Seedling cut at ground level.
Mouthpart: Chewing.
Management: Clean cultivation, light traps, insecticide bait.
Corn earworm – Helicoverpa armigera
Symptom: Silk and ear damage.
Mouthpart: Chewing.
Management: Insecticide sprays, natural enemies, resistant varieties.
Stored Grains
Rice weevil – Sitophilus oryzae
Symptom: Boreholes in grains.
Mouthpart: Chewing.
Management: Sanitation, airtight storage, fumigation.
Angoumois grain moth – Sitotroga cerealella
Symptom: Powdery grains, larvae inside kernels.
Mouthpart: Chewing (larva).
Management: Sanitation, early harvesting, fumigation.
🌿 Weeds (Major Groups & Management)
Barnyard grass – Echinochloa crus-galli (Grass)
Competes heavily in rice.
Control: Flooding, hand weeding, herbicides (butachlor).
Purple nutsedge – Cyperus rotundus (Sedge)
Underground tubers, hard to eradicate.
Control: Repeated tillage, herbicides (glyphosate).
Spiny amaranth – Amaranthus spinosus (Broadleaf)
Fast-growing annual.
Control: Hand weeding, herbicides (2,4-D).
Water hyacinth – Eichhornia crassipes (Aquatic)
Floating weed, blocks waterways.
Control: Mechanical removal, biological (weevils), herbicides.