*onesh
chemistry
2. solutions
complete chapter
[Link]?
*
New
NEW INDIAN ERA
INSTAGRAM :
@prashant_t9
[Link]
hmu
solution :
-
mixture of two or more pure substances
The solution is homogenous
.
: . solute + solvent =
solution
solid
[Link]#-
⑧
properties of solution Depends upon
nature [Link] # liquid
of solute and solvent
goes
of solution dissolve solute
capacity to
we know that solution is combination of solute + solvent
-
a .
we add more and more solute to solvent to make solution .
If continue the addition of solute , The dissolution stops
-
we .
The solution at this point becomes saturated
saturated solution
-
contains maximum amount of solute
dissolved in a
given amount of
solvent .
solubility : -
"
of a solute is its amount per unit volume of saturated solution at
The solubility
specific Temperature ?
unit → '
MOY, OR MOLE
Factors Affecting
solubility
"
like dissolves like
"
nature of solute
and solvent
%ffeotdof\Pressure
effect of
on
⑨ pressure has no effect
temperature solubility of
-
on
similar
on
solubility solubility solid/liquid beans
substance having
-
There is no Direct
intermolecular force are
correlation between they are incompressible .
likely to be soluble in each
solubility and exothermiaity @
solubiby ofgases P with
other .
OR endo thermo sci by
increase in tempts
-
polar solute dissolve in polar ⑨
Temp P by adding Heat to
¥1:* system solubility P
solvent and non poles
→
HE
nonpolar solvent and in exothermic law
•
solute in Temp •
Reaction → to
solubility gap -
Henry's
5- KHP
?⃝
vapour pressure of solutions of liquids in liquids
consider
liquids Ai and Ae
.
solution of two volatile
Binary
Raoulbs law g-
"
It partial vapour pressure of any
states that the
volatile components of a solution is equal to
vapour pressure of the pure components
multiplied
by its mole fraction in solution
"
.
- ①
•B
••
NEW INDIAN ERA
INSTAGRAM :
*
@prashant_t9
Ideal and non Ideal solution
of vopouoe
agar Relative lowering pressure
-350dg
-
:p-TFBOIzApEf←o-
: oafs
•
vapour pressure lowering
"
when
liquid enclosed in container is in equilibrium with
with it
vapours, the pressure exerted by the
vapour on the
liquid
"
is its
vapour pressure
.
⑧ if nonvolatile /non ionizable solid is dissolved in liquid solvent , then the
vapour pressure
of solution is
always lower than pure solvent .
⑨
pi →
vapour pressure
of pure solvent.
In
Binay solution .
P, of normal solution Nitka =L
→
vapour pressure
As =
I R2
-
p, < P? :p ,
=
Pix,
The vapour pressure lowering will be =
pili -
xD
DP =
Pio -
p, p, =
pi -
Pixz
Raoult law for solution of nonvolatile solutes
: -
pi -
p, =
pin,
and
⑧ The law states that
% BP =
Pika
"
the pressure of solvent over me solution
is equal to the
vapour pressure
of
pure solvent multiplied by its mole NEW INDIAN ERA
fraction in the solution ?
°
INSTAGRAM :
.
P, =P, R, @prashant_t9
motor mass of solute from
vapour pressure lowering
we know that
Ap÷=x -
①
The mole frontiers of a component of solution is equal to its mole divided by the total
moles in the solution .
where M moles of solvent and solute
=nN÷n
Nz →
Hz
,
elevation
if n , > > > Nz then NitNz=na Boiling point as a
of vapour pressure
consequence
nanny lowering
:
Ap
G-
.
pi
= - -
suppose
we → soluteCwetght)
Wi →
weight of solvent
then where
nz=÷z and M=W'-m,
Mi , mz→ motor
of
mass
solvent and solute
Now ,
Boiling point elevation and
%!Ym;-
•*
¥ .
=
concentration of solute
: The Bop elevation is
Directly
";÷=•p÷=•m;%-,
÷
proportional to the
molality of the solution .
[Link] :D Tbh M OR A Tb = kbm
point of Temp where liquid starts
.
boiling .
where M →
⑧ B. p of solvent is elevated by dissolving a nonvolatile molality
solute into it . Kb → B.p elevation
consider
☐ Tb =
Tb Tb
constant
-
, .
Tf → B. p of pure solvent
If M =L then ATb= Kb
Tb → Bop of solution .
unit
we
know that Tb >
?
Tb
kb=Nbm-=¥fµg-T= Kkgmoil
?⃝
of solute from
boiling point elevation
motor mass F. P
depression as a
consequence
know that of
we
vapour pressure lowering
Atb =
kbm - -
①
Here
[Link]?oI in-agM- W2/Mz-mo1- -W0 W2-
morality
Wi 1000
/
not
kgt
Kg Maw ,
from egni
Atb =
Kb
"m%÷ where
i. kf → f. p depression constant
1%9%72
me
OR
coyoscopic constant
Depression in
[Link]# M =L : .
Alf =Kf
point of temp where any unit
liquid become solid
consider
TF →
,
top of pure solvent
water → see kf= A¥- =
km%µ%g→
Tf → top of solution in which Kf =
K '
nonvolatile solute is dissolved kg not
7*0 > Tf
Here
motor mass of solute from Fop
Alf =
Tfo Tf
-
depression
F. P depression and concentration of solute we know that
we know that Atf =
kfm
Fop of Depression is
directly proportional Here
:
to
molality of solution
Tpd M
.
m=0mYwY2_
.
Here
:
Atf =
Kfm Aff =
Kf ①m%%?-
Home
mz=%¥¥÷
osmotic pressure
1
associated with Uop
-
lowering
Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure
that must be applied to the solution side to stop
fluid movement when a semipermeable
membrane separates a solution from pure
water.
osmosis
-
when a solution and pure solvent
or two solution of different
concentration
one
separated by a semi -
permeable membrane
the solvent molecules pass through the
membrane
Hypotonia
solution
Isotonic
sohekEnC)→
2
solution
hypertonic
solution
NEW INDIAN ERA
INSTAGRAM :
@prashant_t9
osmotic pressure and concentration of solution
colligate've properties of electrolytes
-
for dilute solution
observation of behaviour
colligate've
, -
+ =
Nypd - -
①
-
of
electrolyte.
we know that G- =
molarity
:.
IT =
MRT
motor mass of salute from osmotic pressure
consider ,
Here
F-
nqRT_ Nz =
%-z
% I=
%yRT_
Th%- or m=%Y-
Reverse osmosis
-
The direction of osmosis can be
reversed by applying a pressure
larger than the osmotic pressure
share =
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INSTAGRAM :
@prashant_t9
Mr. Prashant Tiwari
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yous
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