CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
P 10A
FUSE
1 AC Supply
230V, 50Hz LAMP
FAN
THREE Pin
SOCKET
N P
SWITCH 3 SWITCH 1
SWITCH 2
SWITCH BOX
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Ex. No: 1 BASIC SWITCH BOARD WIRING WITH LAMP, FAN AND THREE PIN
SOCKET
Date :
AIM
To set up a model switch board wiring using switches, fuses, three pin socket
, fan and lamps
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 3
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 6” x 4” 1
4. PVC pipe As req.
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Lamp Holder 230V / 5A 1
7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.
8. PVC Junction box 1 way 1
9. Fuse Unit 230V /10A 1
10. Fan - 1
11. Three Pin Socket - 1
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PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Given electrical accessories like switch, fuse, indicator and energy meter were
fixed with the help of screws.
3. Given electrical accessories were connected by using copper wire.
4. Connections were checked before giving supply.
5. Performance of the given model house wiring was tested.
RESULT
Thus the set-up of model house wiring using switch, fuse, lamp, fan and three
pin socket was successfully connected and was tested.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (STRAIGHT CONNECTION):
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (CROSS CONNECTION):
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
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Ex. No.: 2 STAIRCASE WIRING
Date :
AIM
To set up a staircase wiring, to control a lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Size Quantity
1. Two way Switch 230V / 5A 2
2. Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. PVC box 4” x 4” 2
4. PVC pipe As req.
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Lamp holder 230V / 5A 1
7. PVC bends, clamps and screws As req.
8. PVC junction box 3 way 1
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TRUTH TABLE
STRAIGHT CONNECTION
[Link]. SPDT 1 SPDT 2 LAMP CONDITION
CROSS CONNECTION
[Link]. SPDT 1 SPDT 2 LAMP CONDITION
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PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. By using drilling machine, necessary materials were fixed in the layout board.
3. One end of the lamp holder was connected to neutral point and another point was connected at
the centre of the two-way switch B.
4. The centre of the switch A was connected to the phase line.
5. The point 1 of switch A was connected to point 3 of A was connected to 1 of B.
6. The given lamp was fixed on the lamp holders.
7. Controlling the switches, the circuit was checked and the results were tabulated.
RESULT
Thus the setup of staircase wiring was constructed, tested and the results were tabulated
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM FOR FLOURESCENT LAMP
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Ex. No.: 3 FLOURESCENT LAMP WIRING WITH INTRODUCTION
TO CFL AND LED TYPES
Date :
AIM
To set up a fluorescent lamp, LED wiring, controlled by a switch.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Description Range / Size Quantity
1. One way Switch 230V / 5A 1
2. Fluorescent Lamp 230V / 60W 1
3. LED light 220V/12W 1
3. Choke - 1
4. Tube base 4 feet 1
5. Copper wire As req.
6. Starter Glow type 1
7. Screws As req.
8. Tube side holder - 2
9. Starter holder - 1
PRECAUTIONS
1. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
2. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
3. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
PROCEDURE
1. Layout of the given circuit diagram was drawn on the circuit board.
2. Fluorescent tube accessories like starter holder, holder for tube and choke were fitted in the
tube base with the help of screws.
3. Finally the tube was fixed in the tube holder.
4. Supply was given to the circuit and the glow of lamp was identified after fine adjustment of
the lamp.
5. For connecting LED type light, connect directly with supply line.
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Introduction to Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Bulbs:
CFL Bulbs are commonly known for their energy efficiency that consumes less electricity
and ultimately reduces overall spending on electricity, than the traditional incandescent
bulbs. So these bulbs are curled up.
Fig. CFL lamp.
These are available in two types in the lighting market:
o Screw-in
o Plug-in
Compact Fluorescent Lamp, has two main parts, i.e. gas-filled tube and ballast, which is
either magnetic or electronic.
CFLs with magnetic ballast, usually flicker at the time of start.
Normally, they are available in spiral or helical design. They are made up of glass tube,
which contains gases including mercury and argon.
Fluorescent Material is used to smear the glass tube from within.
As soon as the switch is on, current flows from the ballast, electrons are produced that
electrifies the gases present in the tube that releases ultraviolet radiation.
As a result of which the coating inside the tube is induced, that emits light.
Hence, the process takes a certain amount of time which is why CFL bulbs take time to
lighten up completely.
When compared to an incandescent bulb, the amount of light produced by a 15W CFL
bulb is equal to the 60 incandescent bulbs, which is nearly 60 lumens per watt. Also, these
bulbs can be recycled, as they contain mercury, instead of throwing after usage.
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Introduction to LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is basically a semiconductor device that transmits light when
an electric current is given into it.
Light is displayed when the particles that take the current (known as electrons and holes)
mix with the semiconductor material.
Different Types of LED
1. Through-Hole LEDs: ( Types of LED )
Fig.: Through Hole LED
These types of LEDs are found in different shapes and sizes and the most common LEDs
are 3mm, 5mm and 8mm LEDs.
These LEDs are available in different colors like Red, Blue, Yellow, Green, White, etc.
2. Surface Mount LEDs: ( Types of LED )
SMD
Surface Mount or SMD LEDs are the special types of LEDs that can be simply mounted
on the surfaces like PCB and general-purpose boards.
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3. Bi-Color LEDs: (Types of LED )
Bi Color LED
The next type of LEDs are Bi-color LEDs. As the name implies, they can transmit two
colors.
Bi-color LEDs have three leads, in which there are two anodes and one is a common
cathode. Depending on the order of the leads, the color will be formed.
4. RGB LED: (Types of LED )
RGB LEDs are the most beloved and most stylish LEDs among hobbyists.
Even computer builds are very popular for performing RGB LEDs in computer cases,
motherboards, RAMs, etc. RGB LED includes three LEDs on a single chip and by a
method called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), we can control the output of the RGB
LED to produce a wide range of colors.
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5. High-Power LEDs: (Types of LED)
Fig. High Power LED
The LEDs having a power rating of more than or 1 Watt is called a High Power LED. This
is because conventional LEDs have a power dissipation of few mill watts.
High Power LEDs are very radiant and are often used in Flashlights, Automobile
Headlamps, Spotlights, etc.
Since the power dissipation of High – power LEDs is large, a decent cooling and method
of heat sinks are required. Also, the input power needed for these LEDs will be usually
very high
RESULT:
Thus the set-up of fluorescent lamp, LED light wiring was completed and tested
successfully.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Ex. No.: 4 ENERGY METER WIRING AND RELATED CALCULATIONS/
CALIBRATION
DATE :
AIM
To measure the energy consumed by an electrical load using single phase energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Description Range / Type Quantity
1 Single phase Energy meter 1500 rev / kWh, 240V, 50Hz 1 No
2 Wattmeter 300V, 10A, UPF 1No.
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI 1No.
4 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1No.
5 Load Resistive, 5kW 1No.
6 Wires 1 / 18 SWG As per requirement
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that power is switched off, before the connections are being made.
2. Live wire should always be controlled with switch.
3. Don’t use neon tester as screw driver.
4. Joints in wire are made with proper insulation.
5. When starting an auto transformer, it should be in minimum position.
FORMULA USED
Theoretical Energy Consumption(True Energy) = in kWh
Practical Energy Consumption(Measured Energy) = in kWh
Where,
V – Voltage in volt
I – Current in ampere
t – Time in seconds
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TABULATION :
Energy Meter Constant = ______________________
Multiplication Factor = ______________________
Supply Load Current Wattmeter Measured
Sl. No Voltage I (A) Reading P Time True Energy Energy
V (W) t (sec) (kWh) (kWh)
OBS ACT
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PROCEDURE
1. Connection was made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Proper connection was checked before giving the supply.
3. After that, load was gradually increased by using taping switches and corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter and energy meter disc revolutions were noted.
4. After successful completion of the experiment, the applied load was gradually reduced.
5. Finally, power supply switch was switched off and the circuit was disconnected.
RESULT
Thus the measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for different load
conditions was calculated successfully.
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WIRING DIAGRAM OF IRON BOX
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Ex. No.: 5 STUDY OF IRON BOX WIRING AND ASSEMBLY
Date :
AIM:
To study of Iron Box wiring and assembly with its working principle.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Iron box
2. Tools
THEORY:
The colours of three wires in a cable connected to the plug of an electric iron are:
o Live wire - red
o Neutral wire - black
o Earth wire - green
The electric wiring in houses, shops, or factories has three wires: live, neutral and earth.
The first two carry electric current from the power station and the third is earthed by
connecting it to the earth through a metal wire called 'Earth Wire'.
To avoid confusion between these three wires, we follow different colour code to insulate
these wires. This colour coding of wires helps us to connect the switches, plugs and other
electrical components through the appropriate wire in the home wiring circuit.
The red wire is the live wire, the black wire is neutral and the earth wire is
given green insulation.
RESULT:
The iron box wiring and assembly has been studied.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
37
Ex. No. 6 (i) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (RESISTOR TYPE)
Date:
AIM:
To study the electronic type using Resistor type fan regulator.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator
THEORY:
A fan is probably one of the most used household electrical appliances in the world but
they are also used extensively for thermal management.
Before we dive into what regulates and controls fans, we shall first look at the fan itself
and understand how its speed is controlled.
Regulators are devices that are used to control the speed of the fan. Today, electronic
regulators are used everywhere and it’s hard to find conventional regulators being used.
Let’s see why.
The conventional type, also called the resistor type regulator is a basic potential divider
circuit as shown below.
As we go on changing the position of the knob from 1 to 5, the series resistance keeps on
decreasing and hence the voltage applied to the fan increases and so does the speed.
But in this type of regulator, the energy we save in running the fan at slower speeds is lost
in heating up the resistors.
This damages the regulator over a period of time and hence they aren’t reliable.
Also, they are bulky.
RESULT:
Thus the resistor type regulator of fan has been studied.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
39
Ex. No. 6 (ii) STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (ELECTRONIC TYPE) USING
DIAC/TRIAC
Date:
AIM:
To study the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. AC Power supply
2. Fan
3. Resistor by regulator
4. Electronic type regulator
THEORY:
Today, we use smaller electronic regulators which consist of power semiconductor devices -
mainly the TRIAC and the DIAC.
COMPONENTS:
TRIAC:
A TRIAC is a three terminal semi-controlled power semiconductor device which conducts
current in both the directions when triggered. The trigger pulse is given to the gate
terminal (G) of the device.
DIAC
A DIAC is a two terminal uncontrolled power semiconductor device which conducts
current in both the directions when the voltage across the device crosses a certain
threshold level called the breakdown voltage (VBR).
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Operation of the Electronic Voltage Regulator Circuit
Consider the positive half cycle of the supply.
As the TRIAC is not yet triggered, it remains off condition and the voltage across the fan
is zero.
And hence the current flows through the resistor capacitor branch and charges the
capacitor.
Once the capacitor is sufficiently charged enough such that the voltage across the DIAC
crosses its breakdown voltage level (VBR), it conducts triggering the TRIAC and turning it
on and now, the supply voltage appears across the fan.
The same thing happens even in the negative half cycle.
As the voltage doesn’t appear across the fan for the complete cycle, the RMS value of the
voltage across the fan decreases and hence its speed reduces.
The RMS voltage across the fan depends on ∝, which is the time taken by the capacitor to
charge up to the voltage VBR.
This depends on the time constant (R*C) of the resistor capacitor branch.
As we decrease the value of the resistance R, the time constant decreases which results in
the decrease in ∝ which in turn increases the RMS value of the voltage across the fan and
hence increasing the speed and vice versa.
Therefore, by varying the resistance R, we can control the speed of the fan using the
electronic regulator.
In the case of electronic regulators, the loss of energy as heat through resistors is much
less as only a very small current flows through them.
Also, they are small and compact and have a quicker response time, making them more
widely used.
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RESULT:
Thus the electronic type using Diac/Triac type fan regulator has been studied.
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