NAME: ROLL NO:
SUBJECT: DATE: GRADE/DIV: 9/
OBJECTIVES:
Apply the kinetic particle theory to describe and explain the behaviour of particles in different states and
during changes of state.
Interpret and analyse heating/cooling curves and gas behaviour using scientific reasoning and
terminology.
SKILL: Scientific reasoning, Data interpretation, Application of knowledge, Critical thinking,
Comparative analysis.
1. State two differences between a solid, liquid and a gas. 2
2. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in 4
solid copper and liquid copper.
3. A gas syringe has its end blocked. 2
Describe what happens to the volume and pressure when the plunger of the gas is
pushed in.
4. Name the changes of state labelled as A, B and C 4
5. Oxygen is a gas which turns into a liquid at -183°C. Describe and explain the change in
energy of the oxygen particles which takes place when oxygen turns from a gas to a
liquid.
6. Bromine melts at -7°C and boils at 59°C. Describe the physical state of bromine at 5°C 2
7. The temperature of gas X decreases as it cools. The cooling curve for gas X is shown. 5
Deduce where X is freezing and explain using the kinetic particle theory the shape of the
cooling curve between the points A, B and C.
8. Make a table of different types of motion, separation and arrangement of the particles in 3
solids, liquids and gases.
9. State and explain using the kinetic particle theory what happens to the volume of a gas 1
in a gas syringe when the temperature decreases. The pressure is constant.
10. The diagram shows a heating curve starting with a solid. Describe and explain this 4
heating curve in terms of kinetic particle theory.
11. A pure liquid with a melting point of 45°C is cooled from 60°C to 30°C. Describe and
explain the cooling curve in terms of KPT.
EXAM TIPS:
✓ Take care not to muddle the general properties of solids, liquids and gases (flow, definite
volume, presence of a surface) with the arrangement, motion and separation of the particles.
✓ Remember that in liquids the particles are close together. It is a common error to suggest
they are some distance apart.
✓ Make sure that you know the difference between the words arrangement and separation
when referring to particles. These are often confused.
✓ Kinetic particle theory is the idea that particles behave as hard spheres which can vibrate
or move from place to place.
Separation of particles refers to how close the particles are.
Arrangement is either in fixed positions (in solids) or irregular (in liquids and gases).
Motion of particles in solids is only by vibration. In liquids the particles slide over each other.
Gas particles bounce off each other.
✓ Remember that the motion in solids is vibration only. Movement from place to place only
happens in liquids and gases.
✓ • The kinetic particle theory is about the motion of particles under different conditions.
• We imagine the particles as tiny hard spheres to help us.
✓ • Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid.
• Boiling is the change of state from liquid to gas at the boiling point.
• Evaporation is the change in state from liquid to vapour below the boiling point.
• Condensation is the change in state from gas to liquid.
• Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid.
✓ • Energy is absorbed when a substance melts or boils.
• Energy is released when a substance condenses or freezes.
✓ Take care with negative values:
–20°C is a lower temperature than –10°C.
✓ When answering questions about the physical state of a substance given the melting and
boiling points, it may help you to draw a diagram like this.
✓ The horizontal lines in a cooling curve or heating curve are where there is a change of state.
For example, solid to liquid or gas to liquid.