Prenatal Development
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Screening Test
●Shelby is talking with her doctor about prenatal screening.
She wants to know what will be covered in the screening.
Which of the following is not a condition prenatal screening
tests routinely screen for?
A)Birth defects
B)Genetic disease
C)Chromosomal abnormalities
D)cancer
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Screening Test
●Shelby is talking with her doctor about prenatal screening.
She wants to know what will be covered in the screening.
Which of the following is not a condition prenatal screening
tests routinely screen for?
A)Birth defects
B)Genetic disease
C)Chromosomal abnormalities
D)cancer
3
Stages of development of unborn child
Germinal (after sperm fertilizes an egg, a zygote is formed)
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Parents’ DNA is passed
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Lasts for 2 weeks
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Once zygote attaches to uterus, the next stage begins
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Embryonic (zygote is implanted in the uterine wall)
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Blood vessels grow forming placenta
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Heart begins to beat
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Stages of development of unborn child
Fetal period (at 9 weeks old, the child is called fetus)
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Size of kidney
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Cycle of sleep and wakefulness are present
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●Around 36 weeks, the child prepares for birth (exercising
lungs, develop fat layer, )
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What Babies learn in the Womb
[Link]
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Environmental Risk: Teratogen
10% of all birth defects are caused by a prenatal exposure
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or teratogen
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Environmental Risk: Teratogen
●Teratogens can also increase the risk for miscarriage,
preterm labor or stillbirth.
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●Environmental / Occupational Factors
(maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol,
stress)
●In the 1960s, thalidomide, was used
to treat morning sickness. Exposure to
this resulted in abbreviated arms and
legs
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In the late 1950s and early 1960s, th
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Alcohol
Alcohol consumption
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particularly during second
month of pre-natal
development, may lead to
neurocognitive and behavioral
difficulties that last lifetime.
[Link]
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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‘One glass is OK, isn’t it?’
●Children with FASDs often have
problems with learning, attention,
memory, and problem solving, along
with poor coordination,
impulsiveness, and speech and
hearing impairments
[Link]
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Smoking
Nicotine travels through the
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placenta to the fetus
●Nicotine accounts for low birth
weight, placenta previa, birth
defects, preterm delivery, fetal
growth restriction, and sudden
infant death syndrome
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Drugs
●Prescription, over-the-counter, or
recreational drugs can have effects
Among many effects are low birth-
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weight, withdrawal symptoms, birth
defects, or learning or behavioral
problems
Babies born with a heroin addiction
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need heroin just like an adult addict
Should be gradually weaned from the
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addiction, or the child might have 15
seizures and die
Environmental Chemicals
Environmental chemicals (pollution, organic
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mercury – volcano, forest fire, burning of
coal, wastes, fossil fuel, industrial solvent)
Herbicide
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Lead poisoning
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Radiation
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Can complicate pregnancy and may have serious effects
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on both the mother and the developing baby
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Maternal Diseases
●Some may potentially have an adverse effect on the fetus
include:
Diabetes (obesity, inactivity, family history, high blood
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pressure, etc.)
●Toxoplasmosis (ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked
infected meat; cats feces)
Rubella (nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals)
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●Chickenpox (touching the blisters, saliva or mucus of an
infected person; through the air by coughing or sneezing)
Hypothyroidism (may be hereditary)
● 18
Maternal Stress
Stress can leave lasting effects on a
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developing fetus
●Responsible for behavioral problems,
learning disorders, high levels of
anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder, autism, and schizophrenia.
Higher risk factor for asthma, allergic
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disorders, cardiovascular diseases,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
diabetes, and obesity
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Which drug is safe to take during pregnancy?
A)Prescription drugs
B)Recreational drugs
C)No drugs are 100% safe to take during pregnancy
D)Over-the-counter drugs
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Major Complications
Gestational diabetes
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Presence of severe and persistent
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vomiting, causing dehydration and
weight loss
High Blood Pressure
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Susceptible to infections
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Common causes related to maternal death
Cardiovascular diseases, 15.2%.
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Non-cardiovascular diseases, 14.7%.
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Infection or sepsis, 12.8%.
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Hemorrhage, 11.5%.
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Cardiomyopathy, 10.3%.
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Thrombotic pulmonary embolism, 9.1%.
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Cerebrovascular accidents, 7.4%.
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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 6.8%.
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Amniotic fluid embolism, 5.5%.
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Anesthesia complications, 0.3%.
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Black Mothers’ High Maternal Mortality Rate
[Link]
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