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📘 Chapter 1: Sequence and Series
🔹 Sequence (अनुक्रम)
A sequence is a list of numbers in which a specific rule or pattern is
followed between the terms.
Example:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
→ Here, the rule is “add 1 each time”.
Another example:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
→ The rule here is “add 2 each time”.
Let the sequence be:
a₁, a₂, a₃, a₄, a₅, ..., aₙ
Where:
a₁ = First term
a₂ = Second term
aₙ = n-th term
Set of natural numbers:
n = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...}
🔸 General Term of a Sequence
If the general rule is:
aₙ = n + 1
Then:
a₁ = 1 + 1 = 2
a₂ = 2 + 1 = 3
a₃ = 3 + 1 = 4
and so on...
Another example:
aₙ = 1 / (n + 1)
a₁ = 1 / (1 + 1) = 1/2
a₂ = 1 / (2 + 1) = 1/3
a₃ = 1 / (3 + 1) = 1/4
🔹 Series (श्रृंखला)
If the terms of a sequence are added together, the result is called a
series.
Example:
a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + a₄ + a₅ + ...
🔸 Types of Series
1. Arithmetic Series (A.P.)
2. Geometric Series (G.P.)
3. Harmonic Series (H.P.)
📏 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
A sequence in which the difference between consecutive terms is
constant is called an arithmetic progression.
General form:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ..., a + (n - 1)d
Where:
a = First term
d = Common difference
Examples:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 → d = 1
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 → d = 2
5, 10, 15, 20 → d = 5
🔹 Finding nth Term of an A.P.
Formula:
Tₙ = a + (n - 1) × d
Example:
Find the 10th term of the A.P.: 2, 4, 6, 8, ...
Here, a = 2, d = 2
T₁₀ = a + (10 - 1) × d
=2+9×2
= 2 + 18 = 20
To find T₅₀:
T₅₀ = a + (50 - 1) × d
= 2 + 49 × 2
= 2 + 98 = 100
🔹 Special Formula Example
Given:
aₙ = (n²) / (n + 1)
To find a₅ and a₁₀:
a₅ = (5²) / (5 + 1) = 25 / 6
a₁₀ = (10²) / (10 + 1) = 100 / 11
🔹 Number Sets
1. Natural Numbers:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}
2. Whole Numbers:
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
3. Integers:
{..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
🧮 Rules for Integers:
Addition/Subtraction examples:
1. -2 + 5 = 3
2. -2 - (-5) = -2 + 5 = 3
3. 2 + 5 - 2 - (-5) = 2 + 5 = 7
4. 9 - 5 = 4
Sign Rule Box:
+ × + = + - × - = +
+ × - = - - × + = -
Sign always follows the bigger number in addition/subtraction.
🔹 A.P. Formula Summary
nth term of A.P.:
Tₙ = a + (n - 1) × d
Where:
a = First term
d = Common difference
n = Number of terms
📘 Additional Examples:
1. If A.P. is 5, 10, 15, ...
a = 5, d = 5
T₁ = 5
T₂ = 5 + 5 = 10
T₃ = 5 + 2 × 5 = 15
2. If A.P. is: 3, 6, 9, 12, ...
a = 3, d = 3
🔹 General Form of A.P.
Any A.P. can be written in the form:
Tₙ = a + (n - 1) × d
or
Tₙ = An + B (Linear Form)
🔸 Condition for A.P.
If three terms TP, 9, 7 form an A.P., then:
A condition must hold:
Middle term = Average of first and third
So,
9 = (TP + 7) / 2
→ TP = 11
🧪 Examples for Verification:
T₂ = 14/2 = 7 ≠ 10 ⇒ Not an A.P.
1. 9, 10, 5 → T₂ = 10, T₁ + T₃ = 9 + 5 = 14
2. 6, 7, 8 → A.P.
3. 8, 6, 4 → A.P. (d = -2)
📘 Basic Arithmetic Formulas
1. Sum of First n Natural Numbers:
Sum=n(n+1)2\text{Sum} = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}Sum=2n(n+1)
Example:
Sum of the first 20 natural numbers:
20(21)2=210\frac{20(21)}{2} = 210220(21)=210
2. Sum of Squares of First n Natural Numbers:
Sum=n(n+1)(2n+1)6\text{Sum} = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}Sum=6n(n+1)
(2n+1)
Example:
Sum of squares of the first 10 natural numbers:
10(11)(21)6=385\frac{10(11)(21)}{6} = 385610(11)(21)=385
3. Sum of Cubes of First n Natural Numbers:
Sum=(n(n+1)2)2orn2(n+1)24\text{Sum} = \left( \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \
right)^2 \quad \text{or} \quad \frac{n^2(n+1)^2}{4}Sum=(2n(n+1)
)2or4n2(n+1)2
Example:
Sum of cubes of the first 5 natural numbers:
(5(6)2)2=152=225\left(\frac{5(6)}{2}\right)^2 = 15^2 = 225(25(6)
)2=152=225
📘 Formulas Related to Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
4. Average of an A.P.:
Average=a+b2\text{Average} = \frac{a + b}{2}Average=2a+b
Where a is the first term and b is the last term.
5. Sum of the First n Terms in an A.P.:
Sn=n2[2a+(n−1)d]S_n = \frac{n}{2}[2a + (n-1)d]Sn=2n[2a+(n−1)d]
or
Sn=n2(a+l)S_n = \frac{n}{2}(a + l)Sn=2n(a+l)
Where:
a = first term
d = common difference
l = last term
6. To Find the Middle Term of an A.P.:
2b=a+c2b = a + c2b=a+c
Where b is the middle term, a is the previous term, and c is the next
term.