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CBSE – CLASS XII – PHYSICS – CHAPTER 6
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
SOLVED PROBLEMS
6.1 Consider Experiment 6.2. (a) What would you do to obtain a large deflection of the
galvanometer? (b) How would you demonstrate the presence of an induced current in
the absence of a galvanometer?
Solution:
(a) To obtain a large deflection, one or more of the following steps can be taken:
(i) Use a rod made of soft iron inside the coil C2
(ii) Connect the coil to a powerful battery and
(iii) Move the arrangement rapidly towards the test coil C1
(b) Replace the galvanometer by a small bulb, the kind one finds in a small torch light.
The relative motion between the two coils will cause the bulb to glow and thus
demonstrate the presence of an induced current.
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6.2 A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.5 Ω is placed vertically in the east-west
plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T is set up across the plane in the north-east
direction. The magnetic field is decreased to zero in 0.70 s at a steady rate. Determine
the magnitudes of induced emf and current during this time-interval.
Solution:
Area of the square loop (A) = 10 cm x 10 cm = 100 cm2 = 100 x 10–4 m2 = 10–2 m2
→ →
The angle (θ) between B and A is 45o
N
NE
Initial magnetic flux
A θ B
φI = BA cosθ W E
φI = 0.1 x 10–2 x cos45o
1 S
φI = 10–3 x Wb
2
Final magnetic flux
φF = BA cosθ = 0 x Acosθ = 0
Magnitude of induced emf
10 −3
−0
dφB 2 0.7 x 10 −3
ε= = = = 10–3 V = 1 mV
dt 0 .7 0.7
Magnitude of induced current
ε 10 −3
I= = = 2 x 10–3 A = 2 mA
R 0.5
Note that the earth’s magnetic field also produces a flux through the loop. But it is a
steady field (which does not change within the time span of the experiment) and hence
does not induce any emf.
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6.3 A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and resistance 2 Ω is placed with its plane
perpendicular to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field. It is rotated
about its vertical diameter through 180° in 0.25 s. Estimate the magnitudes of the emf
and current induced in the coil. Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at
the place is 3.0 x 10–5 T.
Solution:
Area of the circular coil (A) = πr2 = π x (10 x 10–2)2 m2 = π x 10–2 m2
Initial flux through the coil
φI = BA cosθI
φI = 3 x 10–5 x π x 10–2 x cos0o
φI = 3π x 10–7 Wb
Final flux after 180o rotation,
φF = BA cosθF
φF = 3 x 10–5 x π x 10–2 x cos180o
φF = –3π x 10–7 Wb
Magnitude of induced emf
dφB 3π x 10 −7 − ( − 3π x 10 −7 ) 6π x 10 −7
ε=N = 500 x = 500 x = 120π x 10–5
dt 0.25 1/ 4
ε = 120 x 3.14 x 10–5 = 376.8 x 10–5 = 3.768 x 10–3 V
Magnitude of induced current
ε 3.768 x 10 −3
I= = = 1.884 x 10–3 A
R 2
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6.4 Figure shows planar loops of different shapes moving out of or into a region of a
magnetic field which is directed normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader.
Determine the direction of induced current in each loop using Lenz’s law.
Solution:
(i) The inward magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd increases, due to the
motion of the loop into the region of magnetic field. This increase in magnetic flux
produces an induced current in the loop.
According to Lenz’s law, the induced current opposes the increase in inward
magnetic flux by producing the magnetic field in the outward direction.
Therefore the induced current must flow along the path bcdab.
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(ii) The inward magnetic flux through the triangular loop abc decreases, due to the
motion of the loop out of the region of magnetic field. This decrease in magnetic flux
produces an induced current in the loop.
According to Lenz’s law, the induced current opposes the decrease in inward
magnetic flux by producing the magnetic field in the same inward direction.
Therefore the induced current must flow along the path bacb.
(iii) The inward magnetic flux through the irregular shaped loop abcd decreases, due to
the motion of the loop out of the region of magnetic field. This decrease in magnetic
flux produces an induced current in the loop.
According to Lenz’s law, the induced current opposes the decrease in inward
magnetic flux by producing the magnetic field in the same inward direction.
Therefore the induced current must flow along the path cdabc.
Note that there are no induced current as long as the loops are completely inside or
outside the region of the magnetic field.
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6.5 (a) A closed loop is held stationary in the magnetic field between the north and south
poles of two permanent magnets held fixed. Can we hope to generate current in the
loop by using very strong magnets?
(b) A closed loop moves normal to the constant electric field between the plates of a
large capacitor. Is a current induced in the loop (i) when it is wholly inside the
region between the capacitor plates (ii) when it is partially outside the plates of the
capacitor? The electric field is normal to the plane of the loop.
(c) A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field
region (shown in the Figure) to a field-free region with a constant velocity v. In
which loop do you expect the induced emf to be constant during the passage out of
the field region? The field is normal to the loops.
(d) Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by the following Figure.
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Solution:
(a) No. However strong the magnet may be, current can be induced only by changing
the magnetic flux through the loop.
(b) No current is induced in either case. Current cannot be induced by changing the
electric flux.
(c) The induced emf is expected to be constant only in the case of the rectangular loop.
In the case of circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage
out of the field region is not constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
(d) The polarity of plate ‘A’ will be positive with respect to plate ‘B’ in the capacitor.
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6.6 A metallic rod of 1 m length is rotated with a frequency of 50 rev/s, with one end hinged
at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius
1 m, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring
(shown in the Figure). A constant and uniform magnetic field of 1 T parallel to the axis
is present everywhere. What is the emf between the centre and the metallic ring?
Solution:
As the rod is rotated, free electrons in the rod move towards the outer end due to
Lorentz force and get distributed over the ring. Thus, the resulting separation of
charges produces an emf across the ends of the rod. At a certain value of emf, there is no
more flow of electrons and a steady state is reached.
The magnitude of the emf generated across a length dr of the rod as it moves at right
angles to the magnetic field is given by
dε = Bv dr
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∴ The total emf is given by
R R R R
r2
ε= ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
dε = Bv dr = B (rω) dr = Bω r dr = Bω
2 0
0 0 0
1 1
ε= BωR2 = B (2πf) R2
2 2
1
ε= x 1 x 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 12
2
ε = 157 V
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6.7 A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in
a plane normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field HE at a place. If
HE = 0.4 G at the place, what is the induced emf between the axle and the rim of the
wheel? Note that 1 G = 10–4 T.
Solution:
120
Frequency (f) = 120 rev/min = rev/sec = 2 rev/sec
60
1 1
ε= BωR2 = B (2πf) R2
2 2
1
ε= x 0.4 x 10–4 x 2 x 3.14 x 2 x (0.5)2
2
ε = 4 x 10–5 x 6.28 x 0.25
ε = 6.28 x 10–5 V
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6.8 Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius r1 and the other of large radius r2,
such that r1 << r2, are placed co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual
inductance of the arrangement.
Solution:
Let I2 be the current flowing through the outer circular coil. The magnetic field at its
centre is
µoI 2
B2 =
2r2
Since the other co-axially placed coil has a very small radius, B2 may be considered
constant over its cross-sectional area.
The magnetic flux linked with the inner coil is
φ1 = B2A1 cosθ r2
µoI 2 I2
Here, B2 = ; A1 = πr12 ; θ = 0o I2 r1
2r2
µoI 2
φ1 = πr12
2r2
µ o π r12
φ1 = I2
2r2
Comparing this equation with φ1 = M12 I2
µ o π r12
M12 =
2r2
µ o π r12
M12 = M21 =
2r2
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6.9 (a) Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in a solenoid in terms of
magnetic field B, area A and length l of the solenoid.
(b) How does this magnetic energy compare with the electrostatic energy stored in a
capacitor?
Solution:
The magnetic field inside the current carrying solenoid is
B
B = µo nI ; I=
µ on
The magnetic energy stored in a solenoid is
1 2
UB = LI
2
2 2
B B2
1
UB = (µo n 2 A l) =
1
(µo n 2 A l) = B Al
2 µ on 2 µ2 n2 2µo
o
The magnetic energy per unit volume is
B 2 Al
UB 2 µo B2
uB = = =
V Al 2µo
The electrostatic energy per unit volume in a parallel plate capacitor is
1
uE = εoE2
2
In both the cases energy is proportional to the square of the field strength.
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6.10 Kamla peddles a stationary bicycle. The pedals of the bicycle are attached to a 100 turn
coil of area 0.10 m2. The coil rotates at half a revolution per second and it is placed in a
uniform magnetic field of 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. What is
the maximum voltage generated in the coil?
Solution:
The maximum voltage generated in the coil is
εo = NBAω
εo = NBA (2πf )
1
εo = 100 x 0.01 x 0.1 x 2 x 3.14 x
2
εo = 0.314 V