COMPUTER NETWORKS (18EC71)

Module-1

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 Module-1

CO-Understand the issues and challenges in

Network Models & Data link layers

Introduction: Data Communications: Components, Representations, Data Flow, Networks: Physical

Structures, Network Types: LAN, WAN, Switching, Internet.
Network Models: Protocol Layering: Scenarios, Principles, Logical Connections, TCP/IP Protocol
Suite: Layered Architecture, Layers in TCP/IP suite, Description of layers, Encapsulation and
Decapsulation, Addressing, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, The OSI Model: OSI Versus TCP/IP.
Data-Link Layer: Introduction: Nodes and Links, Services, Categories’ of link, Sublayers, Link
Layer addressing: Types of addresses, ARP. Data Link Control (DLC) services: Framing, Flow and
Error Control, Data Link Layer Protocols: Simple Protocol, Stop and Wait protocol, Piggybacking.

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1.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. The effectiveness of a
data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics:

1. Delivery- The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received
by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2. Accuracy-The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
[Link]- The system must deliver data in a timely manner

4. Jitter.-Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.

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1.1.1 Components

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1.1.2 Data Representation

•Text

•Numbers

•Images

•Audio

•Video

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1.1.3 Data Flow

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1.2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which can
transport a signal carrying information.

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1.2.1 Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

Categories of topology

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

A star topology connecting four stations

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

A bus topology connecting three stations

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

A ring topology connecting six stations

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1.2.2 Physical Structures

A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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1.3 NETWORK TYPES

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

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1.3 NETWORK TYPES

An isolated LAN in the past and today 18

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1.3 NETWORK TYPES

A point-to-point WAN

A switched WAN 19
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1.3 NETWORK TYPES

An internetwork made of two LANs and one point-to-point WAN

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1.3 NETWORK TYPES

A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and three LANs 21

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1.3.3 Switching

An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at least two

links together. A switch needs to forward data from a network to another

network when required. The two most common types of switched networks

are circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.

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1.3.3 Switching

A circuit-switched network

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1.3.3 Switching

A packet-switched network

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1.3.4 The Internet

The Internet today 25

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1.4 PROTOCOL LAYERING
1.4.1 Scenarios

A single-layer protocol

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1.4 PROTOCOL LAYERING
1.4.1 Scenarios

A three-layer protocol 27
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1.4 PROTOCOL LAYERING
1.4.2 Principles of Protocol Layering

First Principle - The first principle dictates that if we want bidirectional communication,
we need to make each layer so that it is able to perform two opposite tasks, one in each
direction.

Second Principle - The second principle that we need to follow in protocol layering is that
the two objects under each layer at both sites should be identical.

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1.4 PROTOCOL LAYERING
1.4.3 Logical Connections

Logical connection between peer layers

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.1 Layered Architecture

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.1 Layered Architecture

Communication through an internet 31

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.2 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Logical connections between layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.2 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.3 Description of Each Layer

•Physical Layer

•Data-link Layer

•Network Layer

•Transport Layer

•Application Layer

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.4 Encapsulation and Decapsulation

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.5 Addressing

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1.5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
1.5.6 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

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1.6 THE OSI MODEL

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1.6 THE OSI MODEL
1.6.1 OSI versus TCP/IP

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1.7 Data-Link Layer- Introduction

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1.7 Data-Link Layer
1.7.1 Nodes and Links

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1.7 Data-Link Layer
1.7.2 Services

A communication with only three nodes

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1.7 Data-Link Layer
1.7.2 Services

•Framing

•Flow Control

•Error Control

•Congestion Control

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1.7 Data-Link Layer
1.7.3 Two Categories of Links

point-to-point link - the link is dedicated to the two devices

broadcast link - the link is shared between several pairs of devices

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1.7 Data-Link Layer
1.7.4 Two sub layers

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1.8 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

IP addresses and link-layer addresses in a small internet 46

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1.8 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING
1.8.1 Three Types of addresses

•Unicast Address- Unicasting means one-to-one communication. A frame with a unicast

address destination is destined only for one entity in the link.

•Multicast Address- Multicasting means one-to-many communication. However, the

jurisdiction is local (inside the link).

•Broadcast Address - Broadcasting means one-to-all communication. A frame with a

destination broadcast address is sent to all entities in the link.

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1.8 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING
1.8.2 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Position of ARP in TCP/IP protocol suite

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1.8 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING
1.8.2 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP operation
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1.8 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING
1.8.2 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP packet

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1.9 DLC SERVICES
1.9.1 Framing

Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a
destination, or from other messages to other destinations, by adding a
sender address and a destination address

•Fixed-Size Framing
•Variable-Size Framing

•Character-Oriented

•bit-oriented approach

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1.9 DLC SERVICES
1.9.1 Framing -Character-Oriented Framing

Byte stuffing and unstuffing

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1.9 DLC SERVICES
1.9.1 Framing -Bit-Oriented Framing

Bit stuffing and unstuffing 53

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1.9 DLC SERVICES
1.9.2 Flow and Error Control
Flow control

Flow control at the data-link layer

Error Control
Error control at the data-link layer is normally very simple and implemented
using one of the following two methods. In both methods, a CRC is added to the
frame header by the sender and checked by the receiver.

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.1 Simple Protocol

FSMs for the simple protocol 55

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.1 Simple Protocol

Flow diagram for Example

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.2 Stop-and-Wait Protocol

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.2 Stop-and-Wait Protocol

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.2 Stop-and-Wait Protocol

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1.10 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
1.10.3 Piggybacking

Protocols have been designed in the past to allow data to flow in both directions.
However, to make the communication more efficient, the data in one direction is
piggybacked with the acknowledgment in the other direction. In other words, when
node A is sending data to node B, Node A also acknowledges the data received from
node B. Because piggybacking makes communication at the datalink layer more
complicated, it is not a common practice

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 Assignment-1

Compare TCP/IP with OSI layer

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