APPENDIX

Table A-1 Conversion Factors For Commonly Used Terms in

Aquaculture

Table A-2 Fish Health Conversion Factors

Table A-3 Broad List of Conversion Factors: Inch:Pound (IP) to System

International (SI)

Table A-4 Physical Properties of Water

Table A-5 Percentage of Free Ammonia (as NH3) in Freshwater at

Varying pH and Water Temperatures

Table A-6 Dissolved Oxygen (mg O2 per Liter, ppm) at Saturation in

Freshwater, Brackish Water, and Seawater at Different Temperatures

Table A-7 Hardness Conversion to Other Units of Measure

Table A-8 Standard U.S. Atmospheric Pressure at Different Altitudes

Table A-9 Alkalinity Supplement Properties

Table A-10 Opening Sizes of U.S. Sieve Series Designation Number

Table A-11 Dry Air Components

Table A-12 Solubility of Four Major Gases in Water

Table A-13 Maximum and Minimum Monthly Average Outside

Temperatures for Selected USA Locations in Degrees ºF

Table A-14 Unit Area Thermal Resistance’s (R-Values) of Typical

Building Construction and Insulation Materials

Table A-15 Allowable Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide at Standard

Temperature and Pressure to the Nearest 25 ppm

Table A-16 Plastic Properties for Various Types of Pipes

699
700 Appendix

Table A-17 Size and Properties of PVC Pipe Schedule 40 and 80

Table A-18 PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for
Schedule 40

Table A-19 PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for
Schedule 80

Table A-20 Tank Volumes for Various Depths and Diameters

Table A-21 Temperature Equivalents Between Celsius and Fahrenheit

Table A-22 Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve

Table A-23 Percentage Points of the Student’s t-Distribution

 IP to SI Conversion Tables 701

Table A-1 Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Terms in Aquaculturea

Multiply Number of By To Obtain
microns 3.93 10-5 inches (in)
microns 1.0 10-6 meters (m)
feet (ft) 0.3048 m
ft2 0.0929 m2
gallons (US) 0.1337 ft3
gallons (US) 3.7854 liters (L)
gallons (US) 0.0037854 m3
gallons (US) 8.34 lbs water at 60˚F
264 gallons 1 m3
gallons/ft2 40.7 L/m2
ft3 0.02832 m3
ft3/s 28.317 L/s (liters per second)
ft3/s 0.02832 m3/s
gallons/minute (gpm) 0.06309 L/s
gpm 3.78 L/minute (Lpm)
gpm 0.00006309 m3/s
gpm/ft2 40.7 Lpm/m2
gpm/ft2 58.646 m3/day•m2
ft3/s 448.83 gpm
pounds force (lb) 4.448 newtons (N)
lb/in2 (psi) 6895 N/m2 (Pascals)
lb/ft2 47.88 N/m2
lb/in2 (psi) 2.246 ft seawater head (50˚F, 35 ppt)
2.307 ft freshwater head (60˚F, 0 ppt)
lb/gpm 0.1198 kg/Lpm
lb/gpm 0.001997 kg/Lps
lb/ft2 4.8824 kg/m2
lb/acre 0.89 Kg/Ha
lb/ft3 16.018 kg/m3
lb/gal 120.1 kg/m3
British Thermal Unit
1055.1 joule (J)
(BTU)
BTU 252.0 gram calories
Horsepower (hp) 0.707 BTU/s
hp 745.7 watts (W)
W 0.239 gram-calories/s
To Obtain Divide By Starting With
a
Units on the right column may be obtained by starting with units on the left
column, multiply by the given number. To go the other way, from right to left,
divide by the given value. Example: watts = 745.7 HP and HP = watts / 745.7
702 Appendix

Table A-2 Fish Health Conversion Factors

1 ppm (mg/L) = 0.38 grams per 100 gallons of water
3.8 milligrams per gallon of water
0.0283 grams per cubic foot of water
0.38 milliliters per 100 gallons of water
2.72 pounds per acre-foot of water
1 milligrams per liter of water (mg/L)
3
1 grams per cubic meter of water (g/m )
0.001 milliliters per liter of water (mL/L)
1 acre-foot = 43,560 cubic feet
1 acre-foot = 325,850 gallons
1 acre foot of water = 2,718,144 pounds
1 cubic foot of water = 7.48 gallons
1 cubic foot of water = 62.4 pounds
1 cubic foot of water = 28.3 liters
1 cubic foot of water = 28.3 kilograms
1 cubic meter of water = 1,000 liters
1 cubic meter of water = 35.2 cubic feet of water
1 cubic meter of water = 2.205 pounds of water
1 gallon of water = 8.34 pounds
1 gram = 0.0353 ounces
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 pound = 454 grams
1 gallon = 3.785 liters
1 gallon of water = 3,785 grams
1 liter = 0.26 gallons
1 liter = 1,000 cubic centimeters
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters
1 liter of water = 1,000 grams
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 gallon = l28 fluid ounces
1 fluid ounce = 28.4 grams
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters
1 cubic centimeter of water = 1 gram
1 cubic centimeter of water = 1 milliliter
1 hectare = 10,000 square meters
1 hectare = 2.47 acre
1 acre = 0.405 hectare
1 acre = 43,560 square feet
Percent Solution
For 1 percent solution add:
38 grams per gallon 1.3 ounces per gallon
10 grams per liter 38 cc per gallon
10 cc per liter
Temperature Conversion
Centigrade to Fahrenheit = (ºC X 9/5) + 32
Fahrenheit to Centigrade = (ºF - 32) X 5/9
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 703

Table A-3 Broad List of Conversion Factors: Inch:Pound (IP) to

System International (SI)

To Convert IP to SI......

Value in IP Units of = Value in SI Units of

Length, Thickness, Width, Depth, Height

1 chain (= 66 feet) 2.012E+01 m
1 chain (= 66 feet) 2.012E-02 km
1 foot 3.048E+02 mm
1 foot 3.048E+01 cm
1 foot 3.048E-01 m
1 furlong (= 1/8 mile) 2.012E+02 m
1 furlong (= 1/8 mile) 2.012E-01 km
1 hand (= 4 inches) 1.016E+02 mm
1 hand (= 4 inches) 1.016E+01 cm
1 hand (= 4 inches) 1.016E-02 m
1 inch 2.540E+01 mm
1 inch 2.540E+00 cm
1 inch 2.540E-02 m
1 mil (= 0.001 inch) 2.540E-02 mm
1 mile 1.609E+03 m
1 mile 1.609E+00 km
1 nautical mile (= 6076.115 feet) 1.852E+03 m
1 nautical mile (= 6076.115 feet) 1.852E+00 km
1 rod 5.029E+00 m
1 rod 5.029E-03 km
1 yard 9.144E+02 mm
1 yard 9.144E+01 cm
1 yard 9.144E-01 m

Area
1 acre 4.047E+03 m2
1 acre 4.047E-01 ha
1 foot2 9.290E+04 mm2
1 foot2 9.290E-02 m2
1 inch2 6.542E+02 mm2
1 inch2 6.452E+00 cm2
1 inch2 6.452E-04 m2
1 mile2 2.590E+06 m2
704 Appendix

1 mile2 2.590E+02 ha
1 mile2 2.590E+00 km2
1 square (= 100 ft2) 9.290E+00 m2
1 yard2 8.361E+03 cm2
1 yard2 8.361E-01 m2

Volume, Capacity, Section Modulus

1 acre-ft 1.233E+03 m3
1 acre-ft 1.028E+02 m3
1 barrel (42 US gallons, petroleum) 1.590E+02 L
1 barrel (42 US gallons, petroleum) 1.590E-01 m3
1 board ft (actual) 2.360E-03 m3
1 board ft (actual) 2.360E+03 cm3
1 bushel (= 2150.42 in3; 32 US dry quarts) 3.524E+01 L
1 bushel (= 2150.42 in3; 32 US dry quarts) 3.524E-02 m3
1 cord (of wood) 3.625E+00 m3
1 cup 2.366E+02 mL
1 cup 2.366E+02 cm3
1 cup 2.366E-01 L
1 fluid oz 2.957E+01 cm3
1 fluid oz 2.957E+01 mL
1 fluid oz 2.957E-02 L
1 ft3 2.832E+04 cm3
1 ft3 2.832E+01 L
1 ft3 2.832E-02 m3
1 gallon, Imperial 4.546E+00 L
1 gallon, Imperial 4.546E-03 m3
1 gallon, US (= 231 in3) 3.785E+00 L
1 gallon, US (= 231 in3) 3.785E-03 m3
1 hogshead 2.385E+02 L
1 inch3 1.639E+04 mm3
1 inch3 1.639E+01 cm3
1 inch3 1.639E+01 mL
1 pint 4.732E+02 mL
1 pint 4.732E+02 cm3
1 pint 4.732E-01 L
1 quart, Imperial (= 1.2 US liquid quarts) 1.136E+03 mL
1 quart, Imperial (= 1.2 US liquid quarts) 1.136E+03 cm3
1 quart, Imperial (= 1.2 US liquid quarts) 1.136E+00 L
1 quart, Imperial (= 1.2 US liquid quarts) 1.136E-03 m3
1 quart, US (dry, = 67.204 in3) 1.101E+03 mL
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 705

1 quart, US (dry, = 67.204 in3) 1.101E+03 cm3

1 quart, US (dry, = 67.204 in3) 1.101E+00 L
1 quart, US (dry, = 67.204 in3) 1.101E-03 m3
1 quart, US (liquid, = 57.749 in3) 9.464E+02 mL
1 quart, US (liquid, = 57.749 in3) 9.464E+02 cm3
1 quart, US (liquid, = 57.749 in3) 9.464E-01 L
1 quart, US (liquid, = 57.749 in3) 9.464E-04 m3
1 tablespoon (approximate) 1.479E+01 mL
1 tablespoon (approximate) 1.479E+01 cm3
1 tablespoon (approximate) 1.479E-02 L
1 teaspoon (approximate) 4.929E+00 mL
1 teaspoon (approximate) 4.929E+00 cm3
1 teaspoon (approximate) 4.929E-03 L
1 yard3 7.646E-01 m3

Mass (and weight in IP system)

1 cwt 4.536E+01 kg
1 cwt 4.536E-02 tonne
1 grain (= 1/7000pound) 6.480E+01 mg
1 grain (= 1/7000pound) 6.480E-02 g
1 ounce (liquid, US) 2.960E+01 mL
1 ounce (liquid, US) 2.960E-02 L
1 ounce (mass, avoirdupois) 2.835E+01 g
1 ounce (mass, avoirdupois) 2.835E-02 kg
1 penneyweight (= 1/20 ounce) 1.555E+00 g
1 pound (avoirdupois) 4.536E+02 g
1 pound (avoirdupois) 4.536E-01 kg
1 stone (= 14 pounds) 6.350E+00 kg
1 ton 9.072E+02 kg
1 ton 9.072E-01 tonne
1 ton, long (= 2240 pounds) 1.016E+03 kg

Mass per unit area, application rate, yield, seeding rate

1 cwt/acre 1.121E-02 kg/m2
1 cwt/acre 1.121E+02 kg/ha
1 cwt/acre 1.121E-01 tonne/ha
1 lb/acre 1.121E-04 kg/m2
1 lb/acre 1.121E+00 kg/ha
1 lb/acre 1.121E-03 tonne/ha
2
1 lb/ft 4.882E-01 g/cm2
1 lb/ft2 4.882E+03 g/m2
706 Appendix

1 lb/ft2 4.882E+00 kg/m2

1 lb/yd2 5.425E-02 g/cm2
1 lb/yd2 5.425E-01 kg/m2
1 oz/ft2 3.052E-02 g/cm2
1 oz/ft2 3.052E+02 g/m2
1 oz/ft2 3.052E-01 kg/m2
1 oz/yd2 3.391E-03 g/cm2
1 oz/yd2 3.391E+01 g/m2
1 oz/yd2 3.391E-02 kg/m2
1 ton/acre 2.242E-01 kg/m2
1 ton/acre 2.242E+03 kg/ha
1 ton/acre 2.242E+00 tonne/ha
Soybeans, alfalfa, clover, wheat (60#/bu)
1 bu/acre 6.726E-03 kg/m2
1 bu/acre 6.726E+01 kg/ha
1 bu/acre 6.726E-02 tonne/ha
Shelled corn
1 bu/acre 6.277E-03 kg/m2
1 bu/acre 6.278E+01 kg/ha
1 bu/acre 6.278E-02 tonne/ha
Ear corn, husked
1 bu/acre 3.924E-03 kg/m2
1 bu/acre 3.924E+01 kg/ha
1 bu/acre 3.924E-02 tonne/ha
Oats (32#/bu)
1 bu/acre 3.587E-03 kg/m2
1 bu/acre 3.587E+01 kg/ha
1 bu/acre 3.587E-02 tonne/ha
Sudan grass (40#/bu)
1 bu/acre 4.484E-03 kg/m2
1 bu/acre 4.484E+01 kg/ha
1 bu/acre 4.484E-02 tonne/ha

Volume per unit area, application rate, yield

1 bu/acre 7.484E-02 m3/ha
1 bu/acre 7.484E-06 m3/m2
1 gal/acre 9.355E+03 cm3/ha
1 gal/acre 9.355E-01 cm3/m2
1 gal/acre 9.355E+00 L/ha
1 gal/acre 9.355E-04 L/m2
1 gal/acre 9.355E-03 m3/ha
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 707

1 gal/acre 9.355E-07 m3/m2

1 pt/acre 1.169E+03 cm3/ha
1 pt/acre 1.169E-01 cm3/m2
1 pt/acre 1.169E+00 L/ha
1 pt/acre 1.169E-04 L/m2
1 pt/acre 1.169E-03 m3/ha
1 pt/acre 1.169E-07 m3/m2
1 qt/acre 2.339E+03 cm3/ha
1 qt/acre 2.339E-01 cm3/m2
1 qt/acre 2.339E+00 L/ha
1 qt/acre 2.339E-04 L/m2
1 qt/acre 2.339E-03 m3/ha
1 qt/acre 2.339E-07 m3/m2

Mass per unit volume, density, dilution

1 grain/gallon 1.710E+01 mg/L
1 lb/ft3 1.600E+04 kg/m3
1 lb/ft3 1.602E+01 g/L
1 lb/gal 1.199E+02 kg/m3
1 lb/gal 1.199E+02 g/L
1 oz/gal 7.491E+00 kg/m3
1 oz/gal 7.491E+00 g/L
1 ton/ft3 3.203E+04 kg/m3
1 ton/yd3 1.186E+03 kg/m3

Mass per unit mass, concentration

1 grain/lb 1.430E-01 g/kg
1 grain/lb 1.430E-04 kg/kg

Velocity, speed
1 ft/s 3.048E-01 m/s
1 ft/s 1.097E+00 km/hr
1 ft/min 5.080E-03 m/s
1 ft/min 1.829E-02 km/hr
1 mile/hr 4.470E-01 m/s
1 mile/hr 1.609E+00 km/hr

Power
1 Btu/hr 2.931E-01 W
1 Btu/hr 2.931E-04 kW
1 Btu/min 1.759E+01 W
708 Appendix

1 Btu/min 1.759E-02 kW
1 ft-lb/hr 3.767E-04 W
1 ft-lb/hr 3.767E-07 kW
1 ft-lb/min 2.260E-02 W
1 ft-lb/min 2.260E-05 kW
1 ft-lb/s 1.356E+00 W
1 ft-lb/s 1.356E-03 kW
1 horsepower (boiler) 9.810E+03 W
1 horsepower (boiler) 9.810E+00 kW
1 horsepower (mechanical) 7.457E+02 W
1 horsepower (mechanical) 7.457E-01 kW
1 ton (refrigeration, 12,000 Btu/hr) 3.517E+03 W
1 ton (refrigeration, 12,000 Btu/hr) 3.517E+00 kW
1 J/s 1.00E+00 W
Energy
1 Btu 1.055E+00 kJ
1 ft-lb 1.356E+00 J
1 horsepower-hr 2.685E+00 MJ
1 kWh 3.600E+00 MJ
1 calorie (gram) 4.187E+00 J
1 therm 1.055E+02 MJ
1 langley 4.186E+00 J/cm2
1 langley 4.186E+01 kJ/m2
1 quad (US) 1.055E+12 MJ

Volumetric flow rate, ventilation rate

1 ft3/s 2.832E-02 m3/s
1 ft3/s 2.832E+01 L/s
1 ft3/min (cfm) 4.719E-04 m3/s
1 ft3/min (cfm) 4.719E-01 L/s
1 gal/min 6.309E-05 m3/s
1 gal/min 6.309E-02 L/s
1 gal/hr 1.052E-06 m3/s
1 gal/hr 1.052E-03 L/s
1 acre-ft/s 1.233E+03 m3/s
1 million gallon/day 4.383E-02 m3/s
1 million gallon/day 4.383E+01 L/s

Mass per unit time, flow rate

1 lb/s 4.536E-01 kg/s
1 lb/min 7.560E-03 kg/s
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 709

1 lb/hr 1.260E-04 kg/s

1 lb/hr 5.515E-04 tonne/hr
1 ton/hr 2.520E-01 kg/s
1 ton/hr 1.103E+00 tonne/hr

Pressure, stress
1 atmosphere 1.013E+05 Pa
1 atmosphere 1.013E+00 bar
1 inches mercury 3.377E+03 Pa
1 inches mercury 3.377E-02 bar
1 inches water 2.488E+02 Pa
1 kip/in2 (ksi) 6.895E+06 Pa
1 lb/ft2 (psf) 4.788E+01 Pa
1 lb/in2 (psi) 6.895E+03 Pa

Force, weight
1 cwt 4.448E+02 N
1 kip (= 1000 lb) 4.448E+03 N
1 lb 4.448E+00 N
1 ounce 2.780E-01 N
1 stone 6.227E+01 N
1 ton 9.964E+03 N

Area per unit volume, coverage, specific area

1 acre/pint 8.553E+06 m2/m3
1 acre/pint 8.553E+02 ha/m3
1 acre/pint 8.553E-01 ha/L
1 acre/pint 8.553E+03 m2/L
1 acre/quart 4.276E+06 m2/m3
1 acre/quart 4.276E+02 ha/m3
1 acre/quart 4.276E-01 ha/L
1 acre/quart 4.276E+03 m2/L
1 acre/gallon 1.069E+06 m2/m3
1 acre/gallon 1.069E+02 ha/m3
1 acre/gallon 1.069E-01 ha/L
1 acre/gallon 1.069E+03 m2/L
1 ft2/pint 1.963E+02 m2/m3
1 ft2/pint 1.963E-02 ha/m3
1 ft2/pint 1.963E-05 ha/L
1 ft2/pint 1.963E-01 m2/L
1 ft2/quart 9.816E+01 m2/m3
710 Appendix

1 ft2/quart 9.816E-03 ha/m3

1 ft2/quart 9.816E-06 ha/L
1 ft2/quart 9.816E-02 m2/L
1 ft2/gallon 2.454E+01 m2/m3
1 ft2/gallon 2.454E-03 ha/m3
1 ft2/gallon 2.454E-06 ha/L
1 ft2/gallon 2.454E-02 m2/L
1 acre/bu 1.336E+05 m2/m3
1 acre/bu 1.336E+01 ha/m3
1 acre/bu 1.336E-02 ha/L
1 acre/bu 1.336E+02 m2/L

Area per unit mass, coverage

1 acre/cwt 8.922E+00 ha/tonne
1 acre/cwt 8.922E+01 m2/kg
1 acre/cwt 8.922E-03 ha/kg
1 acre/lb 8.922E+02 ha/tonne
1 acre/lb 8.922E+03 m2/kg
1 acre/lb 8.922E-01 ha/kg
1 acre/ton 4.461E-01 ha/tonne
1 acre/ton 4.461E+00 m2/kg
1 acre/ton 4.461E-04 ha/kg
1 ft2/lb 2.048E-02 ha/tonne
1 ft2/lb 2.048E-01 m2/kg
1 ft2/lb 2.048E-05 ha/kg
1 ft2/oz 3.277E-01 ha/tonne
1 ft2/oz 3.277E+00 m2/kg
1 ft2/oz 3.277E-04 ha/kg

Area per unit time

1 acre/hr 4.047E-01 ha/hr
1 acre/hr 1.124E+00 m2/s

Moment of inertia (second moment of area)

1 in4 4.162E+05 mm4
1 in4 4.162E+01 cm4

Egg weights
1 oz/dozen 2.363E+00 g/egg
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 711

Fan efficiency
1 cfm/watt 4.719E-01 m3-s/kW
1 cfm/watt 4.719E-04 m3-s/W

Thermal conductivity
1 Btu/hr-ft-F 1.731E+00 W/m-K
1 Btu-in/hr-ft2-F 1.442E-01 W/m-K

Thermal conductance
1 Btu/hr-ft2-F 5.678E+00 W/m2-K

Thermal resistance
1 hr-ft2-F/Btu 1.761E-01 m2-K/W

Thermal flux, solar radiation

1 Btu/hr-ft2 3.169E+00 W/m2
1 [Link] 6.980E+02 W/m2
1 langley 4.186E+04 J/m2
1 langley 4.186E+01 kJ/m2
1 Btu/ft2 1.140E+04 J/m2
1 Btu/ft2 1.140E+01 kJ/m2
1 Btu/ft2 1.140E-02 MJ/m2
1 MBtu/ft2 1.140E+01 GJ/m2

Light level, illumination

1 foot-candle 1.076E+01 Lux

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

1 Btu/hr-ft2 (solar) 6.565E+00 mmol/m2-s
(solar)
1 Btu/ft2 (solar) 2.363E-02 mol/m2 (solar)

Acceleration
1 ft/s2 3.048E-01 m/s2

Bending moment, torque

1 foot-lb 1.355E+00 N-m
1 inch-lb 1.130E-01 N-m
1 ounce-inch 7.060E-03 N-m
712 Appendix

Water hardness
1 grain 1.710E+01 ppm

Fuel consumption
1 mile/gallon 4.251E-01 km/L

Heat value (as of fuels)

1 Btu/ft3 3.726E+01 kJ/m3
1 Btu/gal 2.785E-01 kJ/L
1 Btu/lb 2.326E+00 kJ/kg

Heat capacity
1 Btu/lb-F 4.187E+03 J/kg-K
1 Btu/lb-F 4.187E+00 kJ/kg-K
Btu/lb-F 0.000E+00 MJ/kg-K

Ventilation on a live-weight basis

1 cfm/lb 1.040E-03 m3/s-kg
1 cfm/1000 lb 1.040E-06 m3/s-kg
1 cfm/1000 lb 5.203E-04 m3/s-500 kg

Unit cost
1 $/lb 2.205E+00 $/kg
1 $/cwt 2.205E-02 $/kg
1 $/ton 9.070E-01 $/tonne
1 $/ft 3.281E+00 $/m
1 $/yard 1.094E+00 $/m
1 $/ft2 1.076E+01 $/m2
1 $/yard2 1.196E+00 $/m2
1 $/acre 2.471E+00 $/ha
1 $/quart 1.056E+00 $/L
1 $/gallon 2.640E-01 $/L
1 $/ft3 3.531E+01 $/m3
1 $/yard3 1.308E+00 $/m3

Concentration, molar
mg/kg

Other
centipoise (dynamic viscosity, m) 0.000E+00 mPa-s
centistokes (kinematic viscosity, n) 0.000E+00 mm2/s
 IP to SI Conversion Tables 713

centistokes (kinematic viscosity, n) 0.000E+00 m2/s

1 clo 1.550E-01 m2-K/W
1 decacards 1.000E+01 cards
1 dyne/cm2 1.000E-01 Pa
1 EER 2.930E-01 COP
1 ft water/100 ft of pipe (pressure loss) 9.810E+01 Pa/m
1 ft water/100 ft of pipe (pressure loss) 9.810E-02 kPa/m
1 in. water/100 ft of duct (pressure loss) 8.175E+00 Pa/m
1 in. water/100 ft of duct (pressure loss) 8.175E-03 kPa/m
714 Appendix

Table A-4 (Table 2.1) Physical Properties of Water

Kinematic Viscosity Vapor Pressure
3
Temp. C Density kg/m (m2/s) E-06 mm Hg
0 999.84 1.79 4.8
1 999.90 1.73 5.1
2 999.94 1.68 5.4
3 999.97 1.62 5.8
4 1000.00 1.57 6.2
5 999.97 1.52 6.6
6 999.94 1.48 7.0
7 999.90 1.43 7.5
8 999.85 1.39 8.0
9 999.78 1.35 8.5
10 999.70 1.31 9.1
11 999.61 1.27 9.7
12 999.50 1.23 10.3
13 999.38 1.20 11.0
14 999.25 1.17 11.7
15 999.10 1.13 12.5
16 998.94 1.10 13.4
17 998.78 1.07 14.3
18 998.60 1.05 15.2
19 998.41 1.02 16.2
20 998.21 0.99 17.3
21 997.99 0.97 18.4
22 997.77 0.95 19.7
23 997.54 0.93 21.0
24 997.30 0.90 22.4
25 997.05 0.88 23.9
26 996.79 0.87 25.5
27 996.52 0.85 27.2
28 996.24 0.83 29.0
29 995.95 0.81 30.9
30 995.65 0.80 33.0
31 995.34 0.78 35.2
32 995.03 0.77 37.5
33 994.71 0.75 40.0
34 994.38 0.74 42.7
35 994.04 0.72 45.5
36 993.69 0.71 48.5
37 993.33 0.70 51.8
38 992.97 0.68 55.2
39 992.60 0.67 58.9
40 992.22 0.66 62.8
 Water Physical and Chemical Properties 715

Table A-5 (Table 2.5) Percentage of Free Ammonia (as NH3) in Freshwater at
Varying pH and Water Temperature, (Spotte, 1979)

pH 10˚C (50˚F) 15˚C (59˚F) 20˚C (68˚F) 25˚C (77˚F)

7.0 0.19 0.27 0.40 0.55
7.1 0.23 0.34 0.50 0.70
7.2 0.29 0.43 0.63 0.88
7.3 0.37 0.54 0.79 1.10
7.4 0.47 0.68 0.99 1.38
7.5 0.59 0.85 1.24 1.73
7.6 0.74 1.07 1.56 2.17
7.7 0.92 1.35 1.96 2.72
7.8 1.16 1.69 2.45 3.39
7.9 1.46 2.12 3.06 4.24
8.0 1.83 2.65 3.83 5.28
8.1 2.29 3.32 4.77 6.55
8.2 2.86 4.14 5.94 8.11
8.3 3.58 5.16 7.36 10.00
8.4 4.46 6.41 9.09 12.27
8.5 5.55 7.98 11.18 14.97
716 Appendix

Table A-6 (Table 2.3) Dissolved Oxygen (mg O2 per Liter, ppm) at Saturation
in Freshwater, Brackish Water, and Seawater at Different Temperatures

Temperature Chlorinity (0/00)1

(C) 0 4 8 12 16 20

1 14.24 13.54 12.91 12.29 11.70 11.15

2 13.84 13.18 12.56 11.98 11.40 10.86
3 13.45 12.84 12.25 11.68 11.12 10.59
4 13.09 12.51 11.93 11.38 10.83 10.34
5 12.75 12.18 11.63 11.09 10.57 10.10
6 12.44 11.86 11.33 10.82 10.32 9.86
7 12.13 11.58 11.06 10.56 10.07 9.63
8 11.85 11.29 10.80 10.32 9.84 9.40
9 11.56 11.02 10.54 10.07 9.61 9.20
10 11.29 10.77 10.30 9.84 9.40 9.00
11 11.05 10.53 10.07 9.63 9.20 8.80
12 10.80 10.29 9.84 9.41 9.00 8.61
13 10.56 10.07 9.63 9.21 8.81 8.42
14 10.33 9.86 9.41 9.01 8.62 8.25
15 10.10 9.64 9.23 8.83 8.44 8.09
16 9.89 9.44 9.03 8.64 8.28 7.94
17 9.67 9.26 8.85 8.47 8.11 7.78
18 9.47 9.07 8.67 8.31 7.97 7.64
19 9.28 8.88 8.50 8.15 7.08 7.49
20 9.11 8.70 8.32 7.99 7.66 7.36
21 8.93 8.54 8.17 7.84 7.52 7.23
22 8.75 8.38 8.02 7.69 7.39 7.11
23 8.60 8.22 7.87 7.55 7.26 6.99
24 8.44 8.07 7.72 7.42 7.13 6.86
25 8.27 7.92 7.58 7.29 7.01 6.75
26 8.12 7.78 7.45 7.16 6.89 6.63
27 7.98 7.64 7.32 7.03 6.78 6.52
28 7.84 7.51 7.19 6.92 6.66 6.40
29 7.69 7.38 7.08 6.82 6.55 6.29
30 7.56 7.25 6.96 6.70 6.45 6.19
1
Conversion Chlorinity (CI) to Salinity (S) is: S = 1.80655 x CI
Normal seawater is 35 0/00 or 35 ppt S (19.37 ppt CI)
 Sieve Size; Air Properties, & Solubility of Gases 717

Table A-7 Hardness Conversion to Other Units of Measure

English American French German

Units of mg/L gr/gal gr/gal parts/ parts/ lb/cu ft
meq/L g/L CaO
Measure CaCO3 (Imperial) (US) 100,000 100,000 CaCO3
CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaO

mg/L CaCO3 1.0 0.07 0.058 0.1 0.056 0.02 5.64x10-4 6.23x10-5
English
gr/gal
14.3 1.0 0.83 1.43 0.83 0.286 8.0x10-3 8.91x10-4
(Imperial)
CaCO3
American
gr/gal (US) 17.1 1.2 1.0 1.72 0.96 0.343 9.66x10-3 1.07x10-3
CaCO3

French
parts/100,000 10.0 0.7 0.58 1.0 0.56 0.2 5.6x10-3 6.23x10-4
CaCO3

German
parts/100,000 17.9 1.25 1.04 1.79 1.0 0.358 1.0x10-2 1.12x10-3
CaO

meq/L 50 3.5 2.9 5.0 2.8 1.0 2.8x10-2 3.11x10-3

g/L CaO 1,790 125 104.2 179 100 35.8 1.0 0.112

lb/cu ft
16,100 1,123 935 1,610 900 321 9.0 1.0
CaCO3

Table A-8 (Table 3.7) Standard U.S. Atmospheric Pressure at Different

Altitudes
Altitude Atmospheric Pressure
M ft mm Hg kPa abs psia m H2O ft H2O
-200 -656 778 103.7 15.0 10.6 34.8
0 0 760 101.3 14.7 10.3 33.8
200 656 742 98.9 14.3 10.1 33.1
400 1,312 725 96.6 14.0 9.9 32.5
600 1,968 707 94.3 13.7 9.6 31.5
800 2,625 690 92.0 13.3 9.4 30.8
1,000 3,281 674 89.8 13.0 9.2 30.2
4,000 13,123 462 61.6 8.9 6.3 20.7
718 Appendix

Table A-9 (Table 2.6) Alkalinity Supplement Properties (Bisogni and

Timmons, 1991)
Chemical Equivalent Rate of
Formula Common Name(s) Wt. (gm/eq.) Solubility solubilization

NaOH sodium hydroxide 40 high rapid

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate 53 high rapid
soda ash
NaHCO3 sodium 83 high rapid
bicarbonate
baking soda
CaCO3 calcium carbonate 50 moderate moderate
calcite
CaO slaked lime 28 high moderate
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide 37 high moderate
hydrated lime
CaMg(CO3)2 dolomite 46 moderate slow
MgCO3 magnesium 42 moderate slow
carbonate
magnesite
Mg(OH)2 magnesium 29 moderate slow
hydroxide
brucite
Note: Na compounds are highly soluble in water while Mg compounds have
poor solubility. Ca compounds are intermediate. Mg compounds tend to
dissolve very slowly, so may have application in situations requiring a
long-term application. Na compounds may prove to be the most
expensive.

Based on 100% pure compound. To calculate for impurities, divide the tabulated
value by the pure fraction ({100%-impurities %}/100 gives pure fraction)
to get the true value.
 Sieve Size; Air Properties, & Solubility of Gases 719

Table A-10 (Table 7.6) Opening Sizes of U.S. Sieve Series Designation
Number (Perry and Chilton, 1973)
Sieve Designation Size of Opening, Sieve Designation Size of Opening
Number† (mm) Number† (mm)
4 4.76 35 0.500
5 4.00 40 0.420
6 3.36 45 0.354
7 2.83 50 0.297
8 2.38 60 0.250
10 2.00 70 0.210
12 1.68 80 0.177
14 1.41 100 0.149
16 1.19 120 0.125
18 1.00 140 0.105
20 0.841 170 0.088
25 0.707 200 0.074
30 0.595 230 0.063
† Number of meshes per inch.

Table A-11 (Table 8.1) Dry Air Components

Species % volume % mass Molecular Wt.
Nitrogen 78.084 75.600 28.0
Oxygen 20.946 23.200 32.0
CO2 0.032 0.048 44.0
Argon 0.934 1.300 39.9
Air 100.000 100.000 29.0

Table A 12 (Table 8.2) Solubility of Four Major Gases in Water

Gas Solubility in Air* Solubility of pure gas*
Species (mg/L) (mg/L)
Oxygen 10.08 48.14
Nitrogen 16.36 20.95
Argon 0.62 65.94
Carbon dioxide 0.69 1992.00
*At 15 Deg. C.
720 Appendix

Table A-13 (Table 17.1) Maximum and Minimum Monthly Average Outside
Temperatures for Selected USA Locations in Degrees ºF (Kreider, J. F., &
Kreith, F. ,1975, Solar Heating And Cooling: Engineering, Practical Design,
And Economics, Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing)

Location Max Min Location Max Min

Mobile, AL 82.6 53.0 Great Falls, MT 69.4 22.1
Phoenix, AZ 89.8 49.7 Omaha, NE 78.5 22.3
Little Rock, AR 81.9 40.6 Reno, NV 67.7 30.4
Los Angeles, CA 69.1 54.4 Concord, NH 69.6 21.2
Denver, CO 72.9 28.5 Atlantic City, NJ 75.1 34.7
Hartford, CT 73.4 26.0 Albuquerque, NM 78.5 35.0
Wilmington, DE 76.0 33.4 Buffalo, NY 69.8 24.1
Washington, DC 78.2 36.9 Raleigh, NC 77.9 41.6
Miami, FL 82.3 66.9 Bismark, ND 71.7 9.9
Atlanta, GA 78.9 44.7 Columbus, OH 74.8 29.9
Honolulu, HI 79.4 72.4 Oklahoma City, OK 82.8 37.0
Boise, ID 75.2 29.1 Portland, OR 67.2 38.4
Chicago, IL 75.6 26.0 Pittsburgh, PA 72.1 28.9
Indianapolis, IN 75.2 29.1 Providence, RI 72.1 29.2
Des Moines, IA 76.3 19.9 Columbia, SC 81.6 46.4
Wichita, KS 80.9 32.0 Sioux Falls, SD 74.3 15.2
Louisville, KY 77.6 35.0 Memphis, TN 81.3 41.5
New Orleans, LA 81.9 54.6 Dallas, TX 85.0 45.9
Portland, ME 68.1 21.8 Salt Lake City, UT 76.9 27.2
Baltimore, MD 76.8 34.8 Burlington, VT 69.0 16.2
Boston, MA 73.7 29.9 Richmond, VA 78.1 38.7
Detroit, MI 74.4 26.9 Seattle, WA 64.9 38.3
Minneapolis, MN 72.3 12.4 Charleston, WV 74.9 36.6
Jackson, MS 82.3 47.9 Milwaukee, WI 68.7 20.6
St. Louis, MO 78.1 31.9 Cheyenne, WY 70.0 25.4
 R-Values 721

Table A-14 (Table 17.2) Unit Area Thermal Resistance’s (R-Values) of Typical
Building Construction and Insulation Materials (ASHRAE, 1985, Handbook of
Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers)

R-value
Building Material
F-ft2 hr/BTU
(W/m2K)
Plywood (Douglas Fir)
0.25 inch thick 0.3 (0.05)
0.50 inch thick 0.6 (0.11)
Particleboard (Medium Density)
0.25 inch thick 0.3 (0.05)
0.50 inch thick 0.5 (0.09)
Spruce-Pine-Fir – 1.75 inch thick 2.4 (0.42)
Cinder Block
4 inch thick 1.1(0.19)
8 inch thick 1.7 (0.30)
12 inch thick 1.9 (0.33)
Asphalt shingles 0.4 (0.07)
Blanket and Batt Mineral Fiber Insulation
4 inch thick 11.0 (1.94)
6.5 inch thick 19.0 (3.35)
7 inch thick 22.0 (3.87)
9 inch thick 30.0 (5.28)
12 inch thick 38.0 (6.69)
Expanded Polystyrene Insulation Board
1 inch thick 3.4 (0.60)
2 inch thick 6.7 (1.18)
Convection Coefficients for Wall Surfaces1
Winter time 15 mph (24 kph) wind 0.17 (0.029)
Summer time 7.5 mph (12 kph) wind 0.25 (0.044)
Still air (less than 100 ft/min or 0.5 m/s) 1.00 (0.176)
1
Convection coefficients are the inverse of these R values;
to convert ( F-ft2-hr/BTU) to W/m2K divide by 5.678
722 Appendix

Table A-15 (Table 17.4) Allowable Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide at

Standard Temperature and Pressure to the Nearest 25 ppm (ASHRAE, 1991,
Handbook - Applications. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers)
Toxicity Standard Allowable Concentration
(ppm)
Immediately dangerous to life and healtha 50,000
Acceptable ceiling concentration, not to be 30,000
exceeded during an 8 hour shiftb
Time-weighted average, not to be exceeded in 5,000
b
any 8 hour shift of a 40 hour week
Atmospheric concentration 350
a
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health standard
b
Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard
 Plastic Pipe Properties 723

TABLE A-16 PLASTIC PROPERTIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF

PIPES
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride, Type 1, Grade 1. This pipe is strong, rigid and
resistant to a variety of acids and bases. Some solvents and chlorinated
hydrocarbons may damage the pipe. PVC is very common, easy to work
with and readily available at commercial vendors. Maximum useable
temperature is 140°F (60°C) and pressure ratings start at a minimum of
125 to 200 psi (8 ATM to 13 ATM) (check for specific ratings stamped
on the pipe). PVC can be used with water, gas, and drainage systems,
but NOT for hot water or pressurized gases.

ABS
Acrylonitrite Butadiene Styrene, Type 1. This pipe is strong and
rigid and resistant to a variety of acids and bases. Some solvents and
chlorinated hydrocarbons may damage the pipe. ABS is very common,
easy to work with and readily available from commercial vendors.
Maximum useable temperature is 160°F (71°C) at low pressure. It is
most commonly used as a DWV pipe.

CPVC
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. Similar to PVC, but designed
specifically for piping water at up to 180°F (82°C), although it can
withstand 200°F for a limited time. Pressure rating is 100 psi (7 ATM).
Note diameter and fittings are not interchangeable with PVC pipe and
fitting.

PE
Polyethylene. A flexible pipe for pressurized water systems, not for
hot water.

PB
Polybutylene. A flexible pipe for pressurized water systems, both
hot and cold. ONLY compression and banded type joints can be used.
 724 Appendix

Table A-17 Size and Properties of PVC Pipe Schedule 40 and 80

PVC Schedule 40 PVC Schedule 80
Nominal Actual Inside Wall Inside Wall
Size OD Diameter Thickness
Weight Diameter Thickness
Weight
(lbs/ft) (lbs/ft)
(in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
¼ 0.540 0.302 0.119 0.10
½ 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.16 0.546 0.147 0.21
¾ 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.22 0.742 0.154 0.28
1 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.32 0.957 0.179 0.40
1–1/4 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.43 1.278 0.191 0.57
1–1/2 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.52 1.500 0.200 0.69
2 2.375 2.067 0.154 0.70 1.939 0.218 0.95
2–1/2 2.875 2.469 0.203 1.10 2.323 0.276 1.45
3 3.500 3.068 0.216 1.44 2.900 0.300 1.94
4 4.500 4.026 0.237 2.05 3.826 0.337 2.83
6 6.625 6.065 0.280 3.61 5.761 0.432 5.41
8 8.625 7.981 0.322 5.45 7.625 0.500 8.22
10 10.750 10.020 0.365 7.91 9.564 0.593 12.28
12 12.750 11.938 0.406 10.35 11.373 0.687 17.10
 Table A-18 (Table 3.3) PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for Schedule 40

GPM Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss
(fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi)
1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 3 inch
1 1.13 2.08 0.90 0.63 0.51 0.22
2 2.26 4.16 1.80 1.26 1.02 0.44 0.77 0.55 0.24 0.44 0.14 0.06
5 5.64 23.44 10.15 3.16 5.73 2.48 1.93 1.72 0.75 1.11 0.44 0.19 0.81 0.22 0.09
7 7.90 43.06 13.64 4.43 10.52 4.56 2.72 3.17 1.37 1.55 0.81 0.35 1.13 0.38 0.17
10 6.32 20.04 8.68 3.86 6.02 2.61 2.21 1.55 0.67 1.62 0.72 0.31 0.98 0.21 0.09
15 9.48 42.46 18.39 5.79 12.77 5.53 3.31 3.28 1.42 2.42 1.53 0.66 1.46 0.45 0.19
20 7.72 21.75 9.42 4.42 5.59 2.42 3.23 2.61 1.13 1.95 0.76 0.33 0.88 0.11 0.05
25 5.52 8.45 3.66 4.04 3.95 1.71 2.44 1.15 0.50 1.10 0.17 0.07
30 4 inch 6.63 11.85 5.13 4.85 5.53 2.39 2.93 1.62 0.70 1.33 0.23 0.10
35 7.73 15.76 6.82 5.66 7.36 3.19 3.41 2.15 0.93 1.55 0.31 0.13
40 1.02 0.11 0.05 8.84 20.18 8.74 6.47 9.43 4.08 3.90 2.75 1.19 1.77 0.40 0.17
45 1.15 0.13 0.06 5 inch 7.27 11.73 5.08 4.39 3.43 1.49 1.99 0.50 0.22
50 1.28 0.16 0.07 8.08 14.25 6.17 4.88 4.16 1.80 2.21 0.60 0.26
60 1.53 0.22 0.10 0.97 0.07 0.03 5.85 5.84 2.53 2.65 0.85 0.37
70 1.79 0.30 0.13 1.14 0.10 0.04 6 inch 6.83 7.76 3.36 3.09 1.13 0.49
75 1.92 0.34 0.15 1.22 0.11 0.05 7.32 8.82 3.82 3.31 1.28 0.55
80 2.05 0.38 0.16 1.30 0.13 0.06 0.90 0.05 0.02 7.80 9.94 4.30 3.53 1.44 0.62
90 2.30 0.47 0.20 1.46 0.16 0.07 1.01 0.06 0.03 8.78 12.37 5.36 3.98 1.80 1.78
Pipe Friction Chart

100 2.56 0.58 0.25 1.62 0.19 0.08 1.12 0.08 0.04 8 inch 9.75 15.03 6.51 4.42 2.18 1.94
125 3.20 0.88 0.38 2.03 0.29 0.13 1.41 0.12 0.05 5.52 3.31 1.43
150 3.84 1.22 0.53 2.44 0.40 0.17 1.69 0.16 0.07 0.97 0.04 0.02 6.63 4.63 2.00
175 4.48 1.63 0.71 2.84 0.54 0.24 1.97 0.22 0.10 1.14 0.06 0.02 10 inch 7.73 6.16 2.67
200 5.11 2.08 0.90 3.25 0.69 0.30 2.25 0.28 0.12 1.30 0.07 0.03 8.83 7.88 3.41
250 6.40 3.15 1.36 4.06 1.05 0.45 2.81 0.43 0.19 1.63 0.11 0.05 1.03 0.04 0.02 12 inch
300 7.67 4.41 1.91 4.87 1.46 0.63 3.37 0.60 0.26 1.94 0.16 0.07 1.23 0.05 0.02
350 8.95 5.87 2.55 5.69 1.95 0.85 3.94 0.79 0.34 2.27 0.21 0.09 1.44 0.07 0.03 1.01 0.03 0.01
400 10.23 7.52 3.26 6.50 2.49 1.08 4.49 1.01 0.44 2.59 0.27 0.12 1.64 0.09 0.04 1.16 0.04 0.02
450 7.31 3.09 1.34 5.06 1.26 0.55 2.92 0.33 0.14 1.85 0.11 0.05 1.30 0.05 0.02
500 8.12 3.76 1.63 5.62 1.53 0.66 3.24 0.40 0.17 2.05 0.13 0.06 1.45 0.06 0.03
750 8.43 3.25 1.41 4.86 0.85 0.37 3.08 0.28 0.12 2.17 0.12 0.05
1000 11.24 5.54 2.40 6.48 1.45 0.63 4.11 0.48 0.21 2.89 0.20 0.09
1250 8.11 2.20 0.95 5.14 0.73 0.32 3.62 0.31 0.13
1500 9.72 3.07 1.33 6.16 1.01 0.44 4.34 0.43 0.19
2000 8.21 1.72 0.74 5.78 0.73 0.32
2500 10.27 2.61 1.13 7.23 1.11 0.49
3000 8.68 1.55 0.67

(Shaded area recommended flow rates to minimize settlement of solids and avoid scouring of walls and junctions)
725
 Table A-19 PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for Schedule 80
726

GPM Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss Velocity Head Loss
(fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi) (fps) (ft) (psi)
1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 3 inch
1 1.48 4.02 1.74 0.74 0.86 0.37
2 2.95 8.03 3.48 1.57 1.72 0.74 0.94 0.88 0.38 0.52 0.21 0.09 0.38 0.10 0.04
5 7.39 45.23 19.59 3.92 9.67 4.19 2.34 2.75 1.19 1.30 0.66 0.29 0.94 0.30 0.13 0.56 0.10 0.04
7 10.34 83.07 35.97 5.49 17.76 7.69 3.28 5.04 2.19 1.82 1.21 0.53 1.32 0.55 0.24 0.78 0.15 0.07
10 7.84 33.84 14.65 4.68 9.61 4.16 2.60 2.30 1.00 1.88 1.04 1.45 1.12 0.29 0.13
15 11.76 71.70 31.05 7.01 20.36 8.82 3.90 4.87 2.11 2.81 2.20 0.95 1.68 0.62 0.27
20 9.35 34.68 15.02 5.20 8.30 3.59 3.75 3.75 1.62 2.23 1.06 0.46 1.00 0.15 0.07
25 11.69 25.43 22.70 6.50 12.55 5.43 4.69 5.67 2.46 2.79 1.60 0.69 1.25 0.22 0.10
30 4 inch 7.80 17.59 7.62 5.63 7.95 3.44 3.35 2.25 0.97 1.49 0.31 0.13
35 9.10 23.40 10.13 6.57 10.58 4.58 3.91 2.99 1.29 1.74 0.42 0.18
40 1.15 0.14 0.06 10.40 29.97 12.98 7.50 13.55 5.87 4.47 3.83 1.66 1.99 0.54 0.23
45 1.29 0.17 0.07 5 inch 11.70 37.27 16.14 8.44 16.85 7.30 5.03 4.76 2.07 2.24 0.67 0.29
50 1.43 0.21 0.09 13.00 45.30 19.61 9.38 20.48 8.87 5.58 5.79 2.51 2.49 0.81 0.35
60 1.72 0.30 0.13 1.08 0.10 0.04 11.26 28.70 12.43 6.70 8.12 3.52 2.99 1.14 0.49
70 2.01 0.39 0.17 1.26 0.13 0.06 6 inch 7.82 10.80 4.68 3.49 1.51 0.65
75 2.15 0.45 0.19 1.35 0.14 0.06 8.38 12.27 5.31 3.74 1.72 0.74
80 2.29 0.50 0.22 1.44 0.16 0.07 1.00 0.07 0.03 8.93 13.83 5.99 3.99 1.94 0.84
90 2.58 0.63 0.27 1.62 0.20 0.09 1.13 0.08 0.04 10.05 17.20 7.45 4.48 2.41 1.04
100 2.87 0.76 0.33 1.80 0.24 0.10 1.25 0.10 0.05 8 inch 11.17 20.90 9.05 4.98 2.93 1.27
125 3.59 1.16 0.50 2.25 0.37 0.16 1.57 0.16 0.07 6.23 4.43 1.92
Appendix

150 4.30 1.61 0.70 2.70 0.52 0.23 1.88 0.22 0.10 1.07 0.05 0.02 7.47 6.20 2.68
175 5.02 2.15 0.93 3.15 0.69 0.30 2.20 0.29 0.12 1.25 0.08 0.03 10 inch 8.72 8.26 3.58
200 5.73 2.75 1.19 3.60 0.88 0.38 2.51 0.37 0.16 1.43 0.09 0.04 9.97 10.57 4.58
250 7.16 4.16 1.81 4.50 1.34 0.58 3.14 0.56 0.24 1.79 0.14 0.06 1.14 0.05 0.02 12 inch
300 8.60 5.83 2.52 5.40 1.87 0.81 3.76 0.78 0.34 2.14 0.20 0.09 1.36 0.07 0.03
350 10.03 7.76 3.36 6.30 2.49 1.08 4.39 1.04 0.45 2.50 0.27 0.12 1.59 0.09 0.04 1.12 0.04 0.02
400 11.47 9.93 4.30 7.19 3.19 1.38 5.02 1.33 0.58 2.86 0.34 0.15 1.81 0.11 0.05 1.28 0.05 0.02
450 8.09 3.97 1.72 5.64 1.65 0.71 3.21 0.42 0.18 2.04 0.14 0.06 1.44 0.06 0.03
500 8.99 4.82 2.09 6.27 2.00 0.87 3.57 0.51 0.22 2.27 0.17 0.07 1.60 0.07 0.03
750 9.40 4.25 1.84 5.36 1.08 0.47 3.40 0.36 0.16 2.40 0.15 0.07
1000 12.54 7.23 3.13 7.14 1.84 0.80 4.54 0.61 0.26 3.20 0.26 0.11
1250 8.93 2.78 1.20 5.67 0.92 0.40 4.01 0.40 0.17
1500 10.71 3.89 1.68 6.8 1.29 0.56 4.81 0.55 0.24
2000 9.07 2.19 0.95 6.41 0.94 0.41
2500 11.34 3.33 1.44 8.01 1.42 0.62
3000 9.61 1.99 0.86

(Shaded area recommended flow rates to minimize settlement of solids and avoid scouring of walls and junctions)
 Tank Volume Look-up Chart 727

Table A-20 Tank Volumes for Various Depths and Diameters

Diameter Depth Volume Diameter Depth Volume

3
ft ft gallons m m m gallons m3
3 1 53 0.2 1 0.25 52 0.2
2 106 0.4 0.5 104 0.4
3 159 0.6 0.75 156 0.6
4 1 94 0.4 1.5 0.25 52 0.2
2 188 0.7 0.5 104 0.4
3 283 1.1 0.75 156 0.6
6 2 424 1.6 2 0.5 104 0.4
3 636 2.4 0.75 156 0.6
4 848 3.2 1 208 0.8
8 2 753 2.9 2.5 0.5 104 0.4
3 1130 4.3 0.75 156 0.6
4 1507 5.7 1 208 0.8
10 3 1766 6.7 3 0.75 156 0.6
4 2354 8.9 1 208 0.8
5 2943 11.1 1.25 260 1.0
12 3 2543 9.6 4 0.75 156 0.6
4 3390 12.8 1 208 0.8
5 4238 16.0 1.25 260 1.0
15 3 3973 15.0 5 0.75 156 0.6
4 5297 20.1 1 208 0.8
5 6622 25.1 1.25 260 1.0
20 3 7063 26.7 6 0.75 156 0.6
4 9418 35.6 1 208 0.8
5 11772 44.6 1.25 260 1.0
30 4 21190 80 10 4 832 3.1
6 31784 120 6 1248 4.7
8 42379 160 8 1663 6.3
36 4 30513 115 12 4 832 3.1
6 45769 173 6 1248 4.7
8 61026 231 8 1663 6.3
42 4 41531 157 13.5 4 832 3.1
6 62297 236 6 1248 4.7
8 83063 314 8 1663 6.3
48 4 54245 205 15 4 832 3.1
6 81368 308 6 1248 4.7
8 108490 411 8 1663 6.3

To calculate the Volume of a Tank:

3 D2
Volume( ft ) Depth
4
where Depth Tank depth, ft
D Tank diameter, ft
Conversions: 1 gal=7.481 ft3; 1m3=264.2 gal
728 Appendix

Table A-21 Temperature Equivalents Between Celsius and Fahrenheit

C F C F C F C F
0.0 32.0 10.0 50.0 20.0 68.0 30.0 86.0
0.6 33.0 10.6 51.0 20.6 69.0 30.6 87.0
1.0 33.8 11.0 51.8 21.0 69.8 31.0 87.8
1.1 34.0 11.1 52.0 21.1 70.0 31.1 88.0
1.7 35.0 11.7 53.0 21.7 71.0 31.7 89.0
2.0 35.6 12.0 53.6 22.0 71.6 32.0 89.6
2.2 36.0 12.2 54.0 22.2 72.0 32.2 90.0
2.8 37.0 12.8 55.0 22.8 73.0 32.8 91.0
3.0 37.4 13.0 55.4 23.0 73.4 33.0 91.4
3.3 38.0 13.3 56.0 23.3 74.0 33.3 92.0
3.9 39.0 13.9 57.0 23.9 75.0 33.9 93.0
4.0 39.2 14.0 57.2 24.0 75.2 34.0 93.2
4.4 40.0 14.4 58.0 24.4 76.0 34.4 94.0
5.0 41.0 15.0 59.0 25.0 77.0 35.0 95.0
5.6 42.0 15.6 60.0 25.6 78.0 35.6 96.0
6.0 42.8 16.0 60.8 26.0 78.8 36.0 96.8
6.1 43.0 16.1 61.0 26.1 79.0 36.1 97.0
6.7 44.0 16.7 62.0 26.7 80.0 36.7 98.0
7.0 44.6 17.0 62.6 27.0 80.6 37.0 98.6
7.2 45.0 17.2 63.0 27.2 81.0 37.2 99.0
7.8 46.0 17.8 64.0 27.8 82.0 37.8 100.0
8.0 46.4 18.0 64.4 28.0 82.4
8.3 47.0 18.3 65.0 28.3 83.0
8.9 48.0 18.9 66.0 28.9 84.0
9.0 48.2 19.0 66.2 29.0 84.2
9.4 49.0 19.4 67.0 29.4 85.0
 Student’s t-Distribution 729

Table A-22 Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5437 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8079 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9658 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9773 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .0971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9983 .9983 .9983 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .99865 .99869 .99874 .99878 .99882 .99886 .99889 .99893 .99896 .99900
3.1 .99903 .99906 .99910 .99913 .99915 .99918 .99921 .99924 .99926 .99929
3.2 .99931 .99934 .99936 .99938 .99940 .99942 .99944 .99946 .99948 .99950
3.3 .99952 .99953 .99955 .99957 .99958 .99960 .99961 .99962 .99964 .99965
3.4 .99966 .99967 .99969 .99970 .99971 .99972 .99973 .99974 .99975 .99976
3.5 .99977 .99978 .99978 .99979 .99980 .99981 .99981 .99982 .99983 .99983
730 Appendix

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
-3.4 .00034 .00033 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
-3.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
-3.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
-3.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00085 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
-3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00010
-2.9 .0019 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
-2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
-2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
-2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
-2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
-2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
-2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
-2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
-2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
-2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
-1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 0.239 .0233
-1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
-1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
-1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
-1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
-1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
-1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
-1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1057 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
-1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
-1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
-0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
-0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
-0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2297 .2266 .2236 .2207 .2177 .2148
-0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
-0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
-0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
-0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
-0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
-0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
-0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
 Student’s t-Distribution 731

Table A-23 Percentage Points of the Students t-Distribution

Percentage Points of Student's t-Distribution
(value is area in one-tail of distribution curve)
Degrees of
Freedom 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 1.376 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.656
2 1.061 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 0.978 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 0.883 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 0.879 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 0.876 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 0.873 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 0.870 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 0.868 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 0.866 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 0.865 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 0.863 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 0.862 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 0.861 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 0.860 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 0.859 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 0.858 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 0.858 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 0.857 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 0.856 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 0.856 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 0.855 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 0.855 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 0.854 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 0.854 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
40 0.851 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
50 0.849 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
60 0.848 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
80 0.846 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
100 0.845 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
150 0.844 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609
Infinity 0.842 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576