MATH

STUDENT BOOK

9th Grade | Unit 1

 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Math 901
Variables and Numbers
INTRODUCTION |3
1. EXPRESSIONS 5
VARIABLES |5
NUMBER SKILLS |18
THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY |23
SELF TEST 1 |33
2. SIGNED NUMBERS 37
DEFINITION |37
ADDITION |41
SUBTRACTION |45
MULTIPLICATION |49
DIVISION |52
SELF TEST 2 |55
GLOSSARY |58

LIFEPAC Test is located in the

center of the booklet. Please
remove before starting the unit.

Section 1 |1
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Author:
Robert L. Zenor, M.A., M.S.

Editor:
Richard W. Wheeler, [Link].
Consulting Editor:
Rudolph Moore, Ph.D.
Revision Editor:
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2| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Variables and Numbers

INTRODUCTION
This LIFEPAC® is your introduction to a system of mathematics unlike the arith-
metic you learned in the elementary grades. In arithmetic you were taught the
rules that govern the four operations of the system—addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division; and you were told which operation to perform on a
given set of numbers to get the answer. Here are typical examples of exercises in
arithmetic: 4 + 3 = 7, 7 – 2 = 5, 13 x 4 = 52, 12 ÷ 3 = 4.

Algebra, like geometry, trigonometry, and calculus, is another of several math-

ematical systems. Like arithmetic, it has its own operating rules. Unlike arith-
metic, algebra often requires you to find the value of one of the numbers—the
unknown—in an exercise. Sometimes, you will have to decide for yourself what
operation to use, and sometimes several operations will be used. Toward the
end of this LIFEPAC, you will learn how to apply the arithmetic operations to
numbers less than zero—the negative numbers.

Objectives
Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when
you have successfully completed this LIFEPAC. When you have finished this
LIFEPAC, you should be able to:

1. Identify bases, exponents, constants, variables, numerical coefficients,

terms, sums, and products.

2. Simplify algebraic expressions when possible.

3. Evaluate algebraic expressions.

4. Translate algebraic expressions.

5. Perform operations with signed numbers.

Section 1 |3
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study and write your questions here.

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4| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

1. EXPRESSIONS
The expression 8 + 3 is a numerical a variable, such as n + 3, is an algebraic
expression: numerical because it consists of expression. Learning to handle algebraic
numbers; expression because it expresses expressions is the first step in this new
an operation, in this case addition. system of mathematics. You will have an
opportunity in this section to review and
In algebra letters of the alphabet are practice basic number skills and then to
used to represent numbers. These letters apply those skills in simplifying expressions
are referred to either as unknowns or as by the distributive property.
variables. An expression that contains

OBJECTIVES
Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:

1. Identify bases, exponents, constants, variables, numerical coefficients, terms, sums,

and products.
2. Simplify algebraic expressions when possible.
3. Evaluate algebraic expressions.
4. Translate algebraic expressions.

VARIABLES
If expressions, whether numerical or means that n is to be subtracted from
algebraic, imply addition, they are called 3. n – 3 is called an indicated difference.
sums; if they imply subtraction, they are The expressions n – 3 and 3 – n are not
called differences; if multiplication, products; necessarily equal, because subtraction is an
and if division, quotients. These four ordered operation. We see that 8 – 3 cannot
operations will now be used in evaluating be 3 – 8. The differences are different.
expressions.
In an algebraic expression, the letter that
represents a number is called a variable. In
SUMS AND DIFFERENCES
the expression n + 8, n is the variable and 8
In the expression n + 3, n and 3 are
is the constant.
addends. Since we have inserted the plus
sign between the letter n and the number Here are some other models of sums and
3, the expression is called an indicated sum. differences.
Its value cannot be determined until we
know the value of n. 5 – y, x + 6, A + 10, A + B, x + y, x – y
The expression n – 3 means that 3 is to
be subtracted from n. Likewise, 3 – n

Section 1 |5
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Simplify. Work from left to right and perform any operation in parentheses first.

Model: 9 + 12 – 3 = 21 – 3 = 18
(2 + 5) – 4 = 7 – 4 = 3

1.1 9+6 1.2 8 + 13

1.3 5 + 22 1.4 17 + 16

1.5 32 + 43 1.6 9+5+4

1.7 3+8+4 1.8 10 + 15 + 4

1.9 17 + 18 + 5 1.10 14 + 13 + 7

1.11 10 – 6 + 8 1.12 15 – 4 + 1

1.13 17 – 3 – 4 1.14 13 – 8 + 10

1.15 28 + 4 – 10 1.16 5 + (6 – 4)

1.17 10 + (3 – 2) 1.18 29 – (7 + 2)

1.19 (13 + 2) – 8 1.20 (50 + 5) – 11

Write the meaning of each of the following expressions.

Model: x + 10 The sum of some number x and 10.

1.21 n+5

1.22 n– 5

1.23 x+8

1.24 x–8

6| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

1.25 8–x

1.26 5–y

1.27 x + (5 + 7)

1.28 x – (8 + 2)

1.29 x + (8 – 2)

1.30 x+x

Identify the variable and constant in each of the following expressions and tell if it
is a sum, a difference, or neither.

Variable Constant Operation

Model: x–8 a. x b. 8 [Link]

1.31 6+y a. b. c.

1.32 N–8 a. b. c.

1.33 A a. b. c.

1.34 B–3 a. b. c.

1.35 C + 10 + 12 a. b. c.

Write an algebraic expression of each of the following statements.

1.36 The sum of n and 6.

1.37 The difference of 8 and n.

1.38 The difference of n and 10.

1.39 The sum of n and itself.

1.40 The sum of n and the sum of 8 and 6.

Section 1 |7
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Sums like 8 + 3 may be written as 3 + 8. The sum 13 is the same in either case.
The ability to change the grouping of the
The sum 11 is the same in either case. The addends is called the associative property of
ability to interchange addends is called the addition.
commutative property of addition.
These two properties can be used to
Also, sums like 4 + 2 + 7 may be obtained simplify expressions.
from (4 + 2) + 7 or from 4 + (2 + 7).

Model: S implify 3 + x + 7.

3+x+7=x +3+7
= x + (3 + 7)
= x + 10

Simplify

1.41 x+7+8 1.42 7+x+3

1.43 9+7+n 1.44 x + 15 – 4

1.45 (20 + 2) + r 1.46 8+r– 4

1.47 15 + x + 10 – 4 1.48 (15 – 10) + n

1.49 5 + n + (15 – 2) 1.50 1.5 + 3.82

1.51 17.25 + 3.9 1.52 19.62 + 8.33 + 5.7

1.53 1.005 + 3.54 1.54 73.05 + 8.006

1.55 15.63 + 7.956 + 82.735 1.56 25.63 – 8.23

1.57 73.543 – 23.683 1.58 28.543 – 14.26 – 3.65

8| Section 1
1.55 15.63 + 7.956 + 82.735 1.56 25.63 – 8.23Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

1.57 73.543 – 23.683 1.58 28.543 – 14.26 – 3.65

1.59 x + 6.2 + 8.5 1.60 7.5 + n + 9.63

1.61 81.56 + n – 2.55 1.62 7.95 – 3.86 + N

1.63 22.6 + x – 11.3 + 1.2 1.64 77.65 – 15.56 + x + 1.2

PRODUCTS are not to be used when writing literal

The numerical expression 7 + 7 can be products.
renamed several ways, one of which is 2
times 7. We wish to omit the (x) as a times „ Models: 6 • 4, 6x, 5n, 15r, r17, A15
sign. In algebra we will use the dot, 2 • 7, Product expressions such as r • 17 and A
or the parentheses, (2)(7). Therefore, the • 15 are to be written with the constant
product of 6 and 9 will be written as 6 • 9 preceding the variable, 17r and 15A.
or (6)(9). Likewise, if one of the factors is The constant preceding the variable in a
literal — the n in 7 times n — we will write product is called a numerical coefficient.
the product as 7n. The dot or parentheses

Section 1 |9
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Find the product of each of the following expressions.

1.65 6•5 1.66 8•4

1.67 7•6 1.68 9•8

1.69 4 • 10 1.70 (5)(10)

1.71 (15)(12) 1.72 (3)(50)

1.73 (40)(5) 1.74 (70)(20)

1.75 6(15) 1.76 7(22)

1.77 8(15) 1.78 16(30)

1.79 10(23) 1.80 5•7•8

1.81 12 • 5 • 8 1.82 3(4)(5)

1.83 6(2)(5) 1.84 15(2)(8)

Name the numerical coefficient of each of the following expressions.

1.85 6x 1.86 5n

1.87 22r 1.88 16p

1.89 13q 1.90 8 • 2N

1.91 3 • 2x 1.92 7.2r

1.93 9(14)P 1.94 2(3)(6)q

10| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

In the operation 5 • 7, the product is Model 1: Rewrite B • 5 • A

the same if the expression is changed B •5•A = 5•B •A
to 7 • 5. That is, 5 • 7 = 7 • 5. The ability = 5 • (B • A )
to interchange factors is called the = 5 • (A • B)
commutative property of multiplication. Also, = 5A B
the associative property of multiplication
allows you to change the grouping of the Model 2: Rewrite 7 • K • 5 • H
factors. 7 • K • 5 • H may be rewritten as
(7 • 5)(H • K ) using the commutative
These two properties can be used to
and associative properties; thus,
simplify expressions. When more than
the simplified form is 35HK .
one variable is used, the letters are to be
written in alphabetical order.

 Simplify. Remember: When more than one variable is used, the letters are to be
written in alphabetical order. Also, no dots are to be shown in the final answers.

1.95 6•x•7 1.96 5•P•2

1.97 3•S•R 1.98 8•x•2•y

1.99 a• c • 2 • 5 1.100 C •5•2•A

1.101 4•Q•2•P 1.102 10 • K • 2

Section 1 |11
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Write the meaning of each of the following expressions.

Model: 4A The product of 4 and some number.

Model: 10N – 2 The difference between ten times some number and 2.

1.103 7n

1.104 6P

1.105 8N + 5

1.106 7 + 2x

1.107 12x – 10

1.108 52 – 25x

EXPONENTS In the case of literal expressions, we have

The numerical expression 5 times 5 may be x • x = x2 and A • A • A = A3. Conversely, x3
written as 52. The 2 is called an exponent. means x • x • x, or three factors of x.
The exponent is a counter for the number
of repeated factors.
Thus 6 • 6 = 62 and 8 • 8 • 8 = 83.

Models: x2 = x • x P2 = P • P (ab) 2 = ab • ab
x3 = x • x • x P3 = P • P • P (ab) 3 = ab • ab • ab
x4 = x • x • x • x P4 = P • P • P • P (ab) 4 = ab • ab • ab • ab

x2 is read, “The square of x” or “x squared.”

x3 is read, “The cube of x” or “x cubed.”
x4 is read, “The fourth power of x” or “x to the fourth.”

xn is an indicated power. x is called the base,

and n is the exponent of the base.

12| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

In each case, identify the base and the exponent of the indicated power.

Model: 38 base = 3 exponent = 8

Base E xponent Base E xponent

1.109 26 1.110 39

1.111 510 1.112 83

1.113 x6 1.114 y5

1.115 7n 1.116 9P

1.117 15 x + 1 1.118 103x–1

Write each of the following expressions in product form.

Model: A 3 = A • A • A

1.119 63 = 1.120 74 =

1.121 x2 = 1.122 y5 =

1.123 33 = 1.124 14 =

1
1.125 25 = 1.125 ( 2 )3 =

1.127 (2.5) 2 = 1.128 (.01) 4 =

Section 1 |13
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Simplify each of the following expressions.

Model: 32 = 3 • 3 = 9

1.129 23 1.130 42

1.131 53 1.132 35

1.133 103 1.134 104

1.135 172 1.136 202

1.137 73

Circle the larger number in each pair.

Model: 12, 22 since 12 = 1 • 1 = 1 and 22 = 2 • 2 = 4

1.138 25 or 52 1.139 52 or 53

1.140 32 or 23 1.141 33 or 25
1 1
1.142 ( 2 ) 3 or ( 3 ) 2 1.143 (.2) 2 or (.3) 2

Write the following products in exponential form.

Model: A • A • A = A3

1.144 x• x• x• x 1.145 B• B• B• B• B

1.146 P•P 1.147 N•N•N

1.148 A • B• A • B 1.149 C • d• C • d• C

1.150 xyyx 1.151 PPQQQ

1.152 abcabcabc 1.153 xyzxyz

14| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
Expressions containing variables can be Model 1: Evaluate 5x – 10 for x = 30
evaluated when numerical values are given
to the variables. Solution: R eplace x with 30
and evaluate.
Model: In the expression A + 4 5x – 10
If A = 10, then 10 + 4 = 14. R eplace x with 30 5 • 30 – 10
If A = 75, then 75 + 4 = 79. Multiply 150 – 10
Subtract 140
To evaluate expressions involving more
than one operation, you are to use the Model 2: Evaluate A 2 + 2A + 5 for A = 4.
following order of operations: working left-
to-right, do any powers first, then do any Solution: A 2 + 2A + 5
multiplications or divisions,and finally do 42 + 2 • 4 + 5
any additions or subtractions. 16 + 8 + 5
24 + 5
29

Evaluate.

1.154 a+ 6 for a = 10

1.155 16 – B for B = 2

1.156 B2 for B = 9

1.157 A2 for A = 2.3

1.158 x2 + 2 for x = 5.1

Section 1 |15
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Evaluate for a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4.

1.159 5a 1.160 2b

1.161 4c 1.162 a2

1.163 ab 1.164 a+ b

1.165 a+ b+ c 1.166 ab + c

1.167 a + bc 1.168 abc

1.169 a2b 1.170 a2 b2 c2

1.171 2a – b 1.172 c– a

1.173 b– a 1.174 3a2

1.175 3ab 1.176 4ab2

1.177 (a + b) 2 1.178 (b + c) 3

1.179 a2b2 + b2c2 1.180 a + b2

1.181 4(a + b) 1.182 3(a + b) 2

1.183 (b + c) 2 1.184 (a + b + c) 2

1.185 (b – a) 2 1.186 3a2 + 4b2

1.187 5a3 + 2b 1.188 3(a + b + c) 2

Write the algebraic expression for each of the following sentences. Use any letters
you wish.

1.189 Seven added to some number.___________________________________________________

1.190 The square of some number._____________________________________________________
1.191 Two times the cube of some number.____________________________________________
1.192 The difference between the square of a number and 10._________________________
1.193 The difference between the squares of two numbers.____________________________

16| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Write in words the meaning of each expression.

1.194 x3

1.195 x2 + 2

1.196 3x2 – 4

1.197 A 2 – B2

1.198 3A + 4B2

Section 1 |17
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

NUMBER SKILLS
Success with algebra is directly related INTEGERS AND DECIMALS
to your understanding of basic skills in Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
arithmetic. Included in this section is division of integers and decimals are
practice in adding, subtracting, multiplying, building-blocks skills for working with
and dividing. Practice with fractions and fractions and percents.
percents is also included.

Add.

1.199 65 1.200 73 1.201 96 1.202 57

84 58 82 29
45 78

1.203 65 1.204 623 1.205 962 1.206 7.26

43 532 853 5.38
92 481 451 62.73
75

1.207 5.06 1.208 52.631

12.55 7.05
1.075 9.006

Subtract.

1.209 72 1.210 59 1.211 73 1.212 92

58 28 48 79

1.213 523 1.214 6521 1.215 5431 1.216 5.83

99 438 3413 2.96

1.217 93.056 1.218 1.2306

43.685 0.9615

18| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Multiply. Show your work.

1.219 633 1.220 586 1.221 7.23 1.222 52.63

4 28 .02 1.54

1.223 0.056 1.224 929 1.225 5263 1.226 4.356

.73 29 251 27.3

1.227 66.28 1.228 10.05

5.84 1.06

Divide. Show your work.

659 732 564 121

1.229 8
1.230 2
1.231 4
1.232 11

144
1.233 6
1.234 8 2563 1.235 9 28.54 1.236 7 5280

1.237 63 596 1.238 85 726.5 1.239 9.2 52.063

Section 1 |19
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

FRACTIONS and denominator by denominator.

Remember that fractions must have Quotients of fractions are found by using
common denominators to be added or the reciprocal of the divisor and then
subtracted. Products of fractions are found multiplying. All results are to be reduced to
by multiplying numerator by numerator lowest terms.

1 1 3 2 5 3 2 6 1
Models: 2
+ 3
= 6
+ 6
= 6 5
• 6
= 30
= 5
1 1 5 4 1 1 3 5 10 5 7 35 7 3
34 – 25 = 3 20 – 2 20 = 1 20 22 ÷ 17 = 2
÷ 7
= 2
• 10
= 20
= 4
or 1 4

Add. Show your work.

2 3 5 7
1.240 3
+ 8
= 1.241 4
+ 9
=

15 2 1 2 3
1.242 7
+ 3
+ 6
= 1.243 13 + 58 =

3 5 1 3
1.244 10 7 + 19 9 = 1.245 12 + 54 =

Subtract. Show your work.

6 4 9 1
1.246 11
– 11
= 1.247 32
– 16
=

13 3 1 2
1.248 16 – 8 = 1.249 56 – 23 =

9 1 5 3
2.250 7 16 – 55 = 1.251 28 – 18 =

Multiply. Show your work.

2 5 5 3
1.252 3
• 8
= 1.253 17
• 8
=

4 10 1 2
1.254 11
• 8
= 1.255 78 • 53 =

4 1
1.256 15 9 • 3 5 =

20| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Divide. Show your work.

2 4 1 3
1.257 3
÷ 9
= 1.258 3
÷ 8
=

4 4 1 1
1.259 11
÷ 9
= 1.260 82 ÷ 24 =

PERCENT by 100; to change decimals to percent,

Skills with percent include converting multiply the decimal by 100 and include
percents to decimals, decimals to percents, the % sign. To change fractions to percent,
and fractions to percent. To change multiply the fraction by 100, reduce the
percents to decimals, divide the percent result, and include the % sign.

Models: Change 34% to a decimal number.

34% = 34 ÷ 100 = 0.34

Change 0.19 to a percent.

0.19 = 0.19 • 100% = 19%
3
Change 4 to a percent.
3 3 300
4 = 4 • 100% = 4 % = 75%

Change each percent to a decimal.

1.261 16% 1.262 22%

1.263 0.5% 1.264 302%

1.265 1.6%

Change each decimal number to a percent.

1.266 0.15 1.267 0.06

1.268 1.05 1.269 32

1.270 0.0075

Section 1 |21
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Change each fraction to a percent. Show your work.

1 3
1.271 2
1.272 8
5 4
1.273 20
1.274 12
15
1.275 50

Write the required quantities. Show your work.

1.276 15% of 20 1.277 13% of 50

1.278 72% of 653 1.279 35% of 70

1.280 30 is what % 1.281 66 is what %

of 60 of 150

1.282 70 is 30% of 1.283 90 is 50% of

what number what number

22| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY

Algebraic expressions often use Both methods lead to the same result.
parentheses to group a sum or difference The latter method applies the distributive
of two or more numbers. The distributive property.
property is the rule that may be used to
evaluate the product of a number and an Another model of the distributive property
expression in parentheses. is:

8(5 + 6) = 8 • 5 + 8 • 6
NUMBERS
The expression 7(4 + 5) means to multiply
= 40 + 48
seven by the sum of 4 and 5. If we add the
4 and 5 first we have:
= 88
7(4 + 5) = 7(9) = 63. To verify that this method of multiplication
is correct, add the 5 and 6 first, then
However, we may multiply another way:
multiply:
7(4 + 5) = 7 • 4 + 7 • 5
8(5 + 6) = 8(11) = 88.
= 28 + 35 The distributive property stated formally is:
= 63

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY

For numbers a, b, c, a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b – c) = ab – ac.

Models: 6(3 + 2) = 6 • 3 + 6 • 2
= 18 + 12
= 30

7(5 – 2) = 7 • 5 – 7 • 2
= 35 – 14
= 21

3(20 + 2) = 3 • 20 + 3 • 2
= 60 + 6
= 66

12(100 – 1) = 12 • 100 – 12 • 1
= 1200 – 12
= 1188

Section 1 |23
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Use the distributive property and simplify. Show your work as in the preceding
models.

1.284 8(4 + 3) 1.285 9(8 + 2) 1.286 15(5 + 2)

1.287 17(4 + 1) 1.288 13(5 + 4) 1.289 20(2 + 3)

1.290 6.5(5 + 1) 1.291 8.6(3.2 + 4.6) 1.292 7(2 + 3 + 4)

1.293 5(5 + 4 + 1) 1.294 6(3 + 2 + 5) 1.295 10(1 + 3 + 5)

x + y is called an indicated sum,

x • y is called an indicated product, and
x – y is called an indicated difference.

Models: Indicated sums Indicated differences

6+8 5–3
m+ 2 2–s
d + (6 – 3) y – ( 4 + 3)
(7 + m) + n 5m – 4n
4•5+4•7 3•7–3•2
Indicated products
6•8
2j
r(6 + 5)
3p • 4q
4(5 + 7)

24| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Since the distributive property states that

a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b – c) = ab – ac, we
may also write ab + ac = a(b + c) and ab – ac
= a(b – c).

ab + ac is an indicated sum, and a(b + c) an

indicated product.

ab – ac is an indicated difference, and

a(b – c) is an indicated product.

Model: Change 6 • 2 + 6 • 5 to an indicated product.

Solution: Since a • b + a • c = a(b + c)

and in our problem a = 6, b = 2, and
Model: Change
c =65,• we
2 + have
6 • 5 6to• an
2 +indicated product.
6 • 5 = 6(2 + 5).
Solution: Sinceisaan
This • bexample
+ a • c = a(b + c) the distributive
of using
and in our problem a = 6, b = 2, and
property to change an indicated sum to
can= indicated
5, we have 6 •
product.2 + 6 • 5 = 6(2 + 5).

This is an example of using the distributive

property to change an indicated sum to
an indicated product.
1.296Change the+ following
5 • 20 5•3 indicated
1.297 sums8 • to
16 indicated
+8•4 products as in the
1.298 9 • 7preceding
+9•8
model. (Do not find the answer.)

1.296 5 • 20 + 5 • 3 1.297 8 • 16 + 8 • 4 1.298 9•7+9•8

1.299 6•5+6•8 1.300 15 • 4 + 15 • 10 1.301 9 • 10 + 9 • 5

1.299 6•5+6•8 1.300 15 • 4 + 15 • 10 1.301 9 • 10 + 9 • 5

1.302 5•8+9•5 1.303 4•7+8•7 1.304 3 • 10 + 20 • 3

1.302 5•8+9•5 1.303 4•7+8•7 1.304 3 • 10 + 20 • 3

Section 1 |25
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

One numerical application of the multiply 8 times 105. Using the distributive
distributive property is simplifying property:
multiplication. Suppose you want to
8 • 105 = 8(100 + 5) = 800 + 40 = 840
8 • 105 = 8(100 + 5) = 800 + 40 = 840

Model: 9 • 99
Step 1 Think 99 = 100 – 1
Step 2 S o 9 • 99 = 9(100 – 1)
Step 3 = 900 – 9
Step 4 Therefore, 891 is the product of 9 • 99.

Use the distributive property to perform the following multiplications.

1.305 5 • 23 = 5 (20 + 3) = 100 + 15 =

1.306 4 • 21 = 4 (20 + 1) = a. + b. = c.

1.307 7 • 15 = 7 (10 + 5) = a. + b. = c.

1.308 6 • 17 = a. = b. = c.

1.309 8 • 14 = a. = b. = c.

1.310 8 • 15 = a. = b. = c.

1.311 6 • 12 = a. = b. = c.

1.312 9 • 98 = 9 (100 – 2) = 900 - 18 =

1.313 9•9 = 9 (10 – 1) = a. = b.

1.314 8 • 97 = a. = b. = c.

1.315 9 • 102 = a. = b. = c.

1.316 7 • 19 = a. = b. = c.

1.317 5 • 29 = a. = b. = c.

1.318 12 • 102 = a. = b. = c.

26| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

VARIABLES Models: Products Sums or Differences

Most applications of the distributive
6(x + 2) = 6x + 12
property involve one or more variables.
x (x + 4) = x2 + 4x
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(x +3) 5 = 5x + 15
(R + 4)R = R2 + 4R
5(x – 5) = 5x – 25
x(x – 5) = x2 – 5x
A(B – C) = AB – AC
(A – 3)4 = 4A – 12
(N – 5)N = N2 – 5N

Change the following products to sums or differences.

Models: 5(x + 3) = 5 • x + 5 • 3 = 5x + 15
2m(m – 4) = 2m • m – 2m • 4 = 2m2 – 8m

1.319 6(x +4) = 1.320 7(A – 6) =

1.321 12(A – B) = 1.322 20(A + B) =

1.323 10(N + 3) = 1.324 (x + 2)3 =

1.325 (x – 6)5 = 1.326 N(N – 7) =

1.327 p(3 + p) = 1.328 p(5 – p) =

1.329 x(4 – x) = 1.330 5(x2 + 6) =

1.331 7(x2 + 6x) = 1.332 12(2x + 1) =

1.333 3(5x – 4) = 1.334 4(x2 + x + 1) =

1.335 5(N 2 + 2N – 1) = 1.336 6(A 2 – A – 4) =

1.337 8(p2 + 3p – 4) = 1.338 16(4 – 2K + k2) =

1.339 9(y 2 + 5y + 6) = 1.340 x(x2 + 2x) =

1.341 p(p2 – 3p) = 1.342 N(N 2 + 2N + 1) =

Section 1 |27
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

1.343 R(3R 2 – 2R – 1) = 1.344 2x(x2 + 3x + 5) =

1.345 6x(2x2 + 3x) = 1.346 15x(5x2 + 6x + 3) =

1.347 x2( x2 + 2x + 1) =

Change the sums or differences to products.

Models: 5x + 5 = 5 • x + 5 • 1 = 5(x+1)
x2 – 2x = x • x – x • 2 = x(x – 2)

1.348 6x + 12 = 1.349 7x + 14 =

1.350 8x – 16 = 1.351 12x + 36 =

1.352 13x – 26 = 1.353 10A – 20 =

1.354 A 2 + 5A = 1.355 P 2 – 10P =

1.356 B2 + 6B = 1.357 x3 + x2 =

1.358 6x2 + 6y 2 = 1.359 6A + 6B + 6C =

SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS product of 6(x + 2), must be rewritten as a

Algebraic expressions can be simplified by sum: 6(x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 12 + 3. Now we may
combining, through addition or subtraction, add the two constants 12 and 3, and we get
as many variable terms or constant terms as 6(x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 15. 6x and 15 cannot be
possible. added; therefore, the expression 6x + 15 is
an indicated sum in its simplest form.
In the expression 6(x + 2) + 3, before any
addition can be done, the first term, the

Model 1: Simplify, if possible, 7(A + 3) – 10

Solution: 7(A + 3) – 10 = 7A + 21 – 10
= 7A + 11

28| Section 1
 Unit 1 | Variables and Numbers

Model 2: Simplify 10 + 3(2x + 6) – 20

Solution: 10 + 6x + 18 – 20
6x + 10 + 18 – 20
6x + 28 – 20
6x + 8

Simplify each of the following expressions. Show your work.

1.360 7(x + 2) + 12 1.361 8(x + 6) – 10

1.362 13(x + 2) + 13 1.363 10(2x + 3) – 20

1.364 15(x + 1) + 5 1.365 4(x + 1) – 4

1.366 12 + 3(4 + x) 1.367 15 + 6( x + 1)

1.368 18(x + 1) – 9 1.369 7(2x + 1) – 7

1.370 4(3x + 3) – 10 1.371 (2x + 3)5 + 6

1.372 10 + 4(x + 1) + 5 1.373 12 + 3(2x – 3) + 4

1.374 18 + 5(2x – 1) + 3 1.375 14 + 2(3x + 8) – 22

Section 1 |29
Variables and Numbers | Unit 1

Some variable terms may be combined

Model 1: 3x + 4x = (3 + 4)x
by using the distributive property. In the
= 7x
expression 3x + 4x, the terms 3x and 4x,
both products, have a common factor x; that
Model 2: 7x + 2x = (7 + 2)x
is, both numbers 3 and 4 multiplied by the
number x. = 9x

Model 3: 7x – 2x = (7 – 2)x
= 5x
The same distributive property also tells us
that 6x + 4y cannot be combined. Why?

Terms with like variables (the same variables with the

same respective exponents) may be combined by
adding or subtracting their numerical coefficients.
Models: 6x – 4x = (6 – 4)x = 2x
8y + 15y = (8 + 15)y = 23y
7A B – 3A B = (7 – 3)A B = 4AB
5N 2 + 7N 2 = ( 5 + 7) N 2 = 12N 2
8p2 + 7p = (cannot be combined since the exponents are not the same)

Simplify by combining terms when possible.

1.376 8x + 3x 1.377 2x + x

1.378 5x + 8x 1.379 12x + 3x

1.380 15x + 2x 1.381 7x – 5x

1.382 4x – x 1.383 10x – 3x

30| Section 1
 MAT0901 – May ‘14 Printing

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