Network medium selection criteria

Which two criteria are used to help select a network

medium for a network? (Choose two.)

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the environment where the selected medium is to be
installed

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the types of data that need to be prioritized

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the cost of the end devices that are used in the
network

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the number of intermediate devices that are installed
in the network

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the distance the selected medium can successfully
carry a signal

The two criteria that are used to help select a network medium are:
✅ The environment where the selected medium is to be installed – Certain
media (like copper, fiber, or wireless) perform differently depending on
environmental conditions (e.g., interference, weather, physical obstacles).
✅ The distance the selected medium can successfully carry a signal –
Different media have maximum effective ranges before signal degradation
occurs.

The other options—device cost, types of data, and number of intermediate devices—
may influence design choices but are not primary criteria for selecting the medium
itself.

At which layer of the OSI model would a logical address

be added during encapsulation?

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data link layer

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physical layer

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network layer

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transport layer

The correct answer is:

✅ Network layer
Explanation:
A logical address (like an IP address) is added at the network layer during
encapsulation. This layer is responsible for addressing and routing packets across
different networks.
The data link layer adds a physical (MAC) address.
The physical layer deals with raw bits on the medium.
The transport layer adds port numbers for process-to-process delivery.

Which scenario is suitable for deploying twisted-pair

cables?

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to connect network devices in backbone networks

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to connect PC workstations in an office

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to connect data centers with high bandwidth
requirements over long distances

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to connect a TV set to the wall plug at home

The correct answer is:

✅ To connect PC workstations in an office
Explanation:
Twisted-pair cables (like Cat5e or Cat6) are commonly used for short-to-medium
distance connections in office environments, connecting computers, printers, and
switches.
Backbone networks and data centers usually require fiber optic cables for
higher bandwidth and longer distances.
Connecting a TV to a wall plug typically uses coaxial cables, not twisted-pair.

What layer is responsible for routing messages

through an internetwork in the TCP/IP model?

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network access

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internet

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transport

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session

The correct answer is:

✅ Internet
Explanation:
In the TCP/IP model, the Internet layer is responsible for routing packets across
different networks using logical addresses (like IP addresses).
Network Access handles physical transmission and MAC addressing.
Transport ensures end-to-end delivery (e.g., TCP/UDP).
Session is not a separate layer in TCP/IP—it’s part of the OSI model.

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 What information is added to the switch table from
incoming frames?

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destination IP address and incoming port number

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source MAC address and incoming port number

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destination MAC address and incoming port number

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source IP address and incoming port number

The correct answer is:

✅ Source MAC address and incoming port number
Explanation:
When a switch receives a frame, it examines the source MAC address and records it
in its switch table along with the port it arrived on. This allows the switch to know
where to forward future frames destined for that MAC address.
The destination MAC address is used to forward the frame, not to populate the
table.
IP addresses are used at the network layer, not by a Layer 2 switch.

What process involves placing one message format

inside of another message format?

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segmentation

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encoding

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 flow control

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encapsulation

The correct answer is:

✅ Encapsulation
Explanation:
Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data from one layer inside the protocol
data unit (PDU) of another layer as it moves down the OSI or TCP/IP model. For
example, a TCP segment is encapsulated inside an IP packet, which is then
encapsulated in a frame for transmission over the physical medium.
Segmentation divides large messages into smaller pieces.
Encoding converts data into a specific format for transmission.
Flow control manages the rate of data transmission to prevent congestion.

What will a Cisco LAN switch do if it receives an

incoming frame and the destination MAC address is
not listed in the MAC address table?

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Drop the frame.

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Use ARP to resolve the port that is related to the frame.

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Send the frame to the default gateway address.

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Forward the frame out all ports except the port where
the frame is received.

The correct answer is:

✅ Forward the frame out all ports except the port where the frame is
received

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 Explanation:
If a Cisco switch receives a frame and the destination MAC address is not in its MAC
address table, it performs flooding. This means the switch sends the frame out all
other ports so that the intended device can receive it. Once the destination
responds, the switch learns its MAC address and port for future frames.
The switch does not drop the frame unless the destination is unreachable.
ARP is used by hosts, not by the switch itself for forwarding.
The default gateway is used for routing, not switching at Layer 2.

Which two OSI model layers have the same

functionality as two layers of the TCP/IP model?
(Choose two.)

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session

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physical

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network

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transport

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data link

The correct answers are:

✅ Network
✅ Transport
Explanation:
The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network
Access. Its layers correspond to the OSI model as follows:
Network layer (OSI) ↔ Internet layer (TCP/IP) – handles logical addressing and
routing.

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 Transport layer (OSI) ↔ Transport layer (TCP/IP) – ensures end-to-end delivery
(TCP/UDP).

Other OSI layers (session, data link, physical) are either combined or handled
differently in TCP/IP.

A cable installation company is trying to convince a

customer to use fiber-optic cabling instead of copper
cables for a particular job. What is one advantage of
using fiber-optic cabling compared to copper cabling?

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The cost of fiber-optic connectors is lower.

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Fiber-optic cabling is completely immune to EMI and
RFI.

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Fiber-optic cabling can transmit signals without
attenuation.

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The installation skills required for fiber-optic cabling
are lower.

The correct answer is:

✅ Fiber-optic cabling is completely immune to EMI and RFI
Explanation:
Fiber-optic cables use light to transmit data, so they are immune to
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI), which
can affect copper cables.
The cost of connectors and installation skills for fiber are usually higher, not
lower.
Fiber can still experience some signal attenuation over long distances, though
much less than copper.

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 Which type of network model describes the functions
that must be completed at a particular layer, but does
not specify exactly how each protocol should work?

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TCP/IP model

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reference model

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protocol model

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hierarchical design model

The correct answer is:

✅ Reference model
Explanation:
A reference model (like the OSI model) describes the functions of each layer and
how layers interact but does not specify the exact protocols or implementation
details. It serves as a guideline for designing and understanding network protocols.
A protocol model defines specific protocols and how they operate.
The TCP/IP model is an actual protocol suite, not just a reference.
Hierarchical design models describe network architecture, not layer functions.

What benefit does DHCP provide to a network?

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Hosts can connect to the network and get an IP
address without manual configuration.

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Hosts always have the same IP address and are
therefore always reachable.

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Duplicate addresses cannot occur on a network that
issues dynamic addresses using DHCP and has static
assignments.

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DHCP allows users to refer to locations by a name
rather than an IP address.

The correct answer is:

✅ Hosts can connect to the network and get an IP address without manual
configuration

Explanation:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses,
subnet masks, gateways, and other network settings to hosts. This eliminates the
need for manual IP configuration, making network management easier and reducing
configuration errors.
DHCP does not guarantee the same IP address each time (unless a reservation
is made).
Duplicate addresses can still occur if misconfigured static addresses overlap
with DHCP ranges.
Resolving names to IP addresses is handled by DNS, not DHCP.

Which number grouping is a valid IPv6 address?

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2001:0db8:3c55:0015:1010:0000:abcd:ff13

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1b10::1100::2001::2900::ab11::1102::0000::2900

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1234:1230::1238::1299:1000::

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12aa::1298:1200::129b

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 The correct answer is:

✅ 2001:0db8:3c55:0015:1010:0000:abcd:ff13
Explanation:
A valid IPv6 address:
1. Consists of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits (0–9, a–f).
2. Groups are separated by colons (:).
3. Can use :: once to represent consecutive groups of zeros, but only once per
address.
The other options are invalid because they either:
Use multiple :: in one address
Contain invalid hexadecimal digits (like 1299 , which exceeds FFFF )

Which three types of nodes should be assigned static

IP addresses on a network? (Choose three.)

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servers

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printers

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tablets

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mobile laptops

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desktop PCs

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gateways

The correct answers are:

✅ Servers – Need consistent IPs so clients and services can reliably connect.
✅ Printers – Require fixed IPs so all users can find them on the network.

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 ✅ Gateways – Must have a static IP so devices know where to send traffic
outside the local network.

Explanation:
Devices that provide services or act as network access points typically need static IP
addresses. Mobile devices like laptops, tablets, and desktop PCs usually use dynamic
IPs via DHCP because they may join and leave the network frequently.

For what purpose are IPv4 addresses utilized?

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An IPv4 address is used to uniquely identify a device on
an IP network.

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An IPv4 address is used to identify the number of IP
networks available.​

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An IPv4 address is burned into the network card to
uniquely identify a device.

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An IPv4 address is used to uniquely identify the
application that requested the information from a
remote device.

The correct answer is:

✅ An IPv4 address is used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network.
Explanation:
An IPv4 address provides a unique logical identifier for a device on an IP network,
enabling devices to communicate with each other.
Physical addresses burned into a network card are MAC addresses, not IPv4
addresses.
IPv4 addresses do not identify applications; ports handle application-level
identification.

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 IPv4 addresses do not indicate the number of networks available; they are
identifiers within networks.

When a host sends a packet, how does it determine if

the destination of the packet is on the same local
network or on a remote network?

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It compares the source and destination MAC
addresses.

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It queries the DNS server with the destination IP
address.

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It checks to see if the default gateway is configured.

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It uses the subnet mask to compare the source and
destination IP address.

The correct answer is:

✅ It uses the subnet mask to compare the source and destination IP address.
Explanation:
A host determines whether a destination is on the same local network or a remote
network by performing a bitwise AND operation between its IP address and subnet
mask, and then comparing it to the same operation on the destination IP address.
If the results match → same local network.
If the results differ → remote network, and the packet is sent to the default
gateway.
MAC addresses are used for local delivery, not network determination.
DNS resolves names to IP addresses, not network location.
The default gateway is used after determining the destination is remote.

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 What is the shortest valid representation of the IPv6
address 2001:0DB8:0000:1470:0000:0000:0000:0200?

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2001:0DB8:0:147::02

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2001:0DB8::1470:0:0:0:2

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2001:DB8::1470::200

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2001:DB8:0:1470::200

The correct answer is:

✅ 2001:DB8::1470:0:0:0:200
Explanation:
To shorten an IPv6 address:
1. Remove leading zeros in each group.
0DB8 → DB8
0200 → 200

2. Use :: once to replace one or more consecutive groups of zeros.

The address cannot use :: more than once, which eliminates options with
multiple :: .
The first option incorrectly shortens 1470 to 147 .

Which three addresses are valid public addresses?

(Choose three.)

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

The correct answers are:

✅ [Link]
✅ [Link]
✅ [Link]
Explanation:
Public IP addresses are globally routable on the internet, whereas private IP
addresses are reserved for local networks.

Private IP ranges:

[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] , [Link] , and [Link] are private addresses, so they

are not public.

A network administrator has a multi-floor LAN to

monitor and maintain. Through careful monitoring, the
administrator has noticed a large amount of broadcast
traffic slowing the network. Which device would you
use to best solve this problem?

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server

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 router

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switch

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host

The correct answer is:

✅ Router
Explanation:
A router separates broadcast domains. Broadcast traffic from one LAN segment
does not pass through a router to another segment, so using a router to divide a
large LAN into smaller subnets can reduce unnecessary broadcast traffic.
A switch only separates collision domains, not broadcast domains.
A server or host does not control broadcast traffic.

An employee is having connectivity issues. Why might

a network technician try to ping the default gateway
from the employee laptop?

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to verify connectivity with the device that provides
access to remote networks

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to determine if the laptop address is included in the
DNS server

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to verify that an IP address was provided by the DHCP
server

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to verify that the SVI interface on the switch is
configured correctly

The correct answer is:

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 ✅ To verify connectivity with the device that provides access to remote
networks

Explanation:
The default gateway is the device that forwards traffic from a local network to
remote networks (usually a router). Pinging the default gateway from a laptop helps
determine whether the laptop can reach the gateway and, by extension, if the local
network connection is functioning correctly.
Pinging the gateway does not check DNS configuration.
It does not directly verify DHCP assignment, though DHCP can be indirectly
tested if an IP is needed to ping.
It does not check the switch SVI unless that SVI is acting as the gateway.

Open the PT activity. Perform the tasks in the activity

instructions and then answer the question.

Which IP address should be used as the default

gateway address on PC0?

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

The correct answer is:

✅ [Link]
Explanation:
The default gateway is the IP address of the router interface that connects the local
network to other networks. For PC0, its default gateway should be the router’s
interface IP on the same subnet as PC0.

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 Addresses like 192.168.2.x are on a different subnet and cannot be used as the
gateway for PC0 if it’s in the 192.168.1.x subnet.

A small accounting office is setting up a wireless

network to connect end devices and to provide internet
access. In which two scenarios does a wireless router
perform Network Address Translation (NAT)?
(Choose two.)

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when a host is sending packets to a local server in
order to update the network media settings and music
playlists

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when a host is sending packets to a remote site owned
by the manufacturer of the wireless router in order to
request a digital copy of the device manual

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when a host is sending a print job to a network printer
on the LAN

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when a host is sending packets to the ISP in order to
request a speed increase for Internet services

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when a host is sending HTTP packets to the wireless
router in order to update the network addressing of
the LAN

The correct answers are:

✅ When a host is sending packets to a remote site owned by the
manufacturer of the wireless router in order to request a digital copy of the
device manual
✅ When a host is sending packets to the ISP in order to request a speed
increase for Internet services

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 Explanation:
NAT (Network Address Translation) is used when devices on a private LAN
communicate with devices on a remote/public network, such as the internet. NAT
translates the private IP addresses of internal hosts to the public IP address of the
router.
Sending packets to local LAN devices (like a printer or local server) does not
require NAT, because the traffic stays within the private network.
Updating network addressing on the LAN via the router is a local configuration
task, not NAT-related.

Match the protocol function to the description while

taking into consideration that a network client is
visiting a web site.

Categories:

A service that allows workers to send messages to each

other over the Internet.
A

A user uploads new files to his or her website.

B

A workstation gets its IP address automatically.

C

A network technician accesses a network device

securely from a remote site.
D

A user requests a website by typing in its name.

E

A user types in a URL and a page loads in the client

browser.
F
Options:

Domain Name System

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 file transfer

web service

SSH

Dynamic Host Configuration

email

Here’s the correct matching of protocol functions to descriptions:

A service that allows workers to send messages to each other over the
Internet. → email ✅
A user uploads new files to his or her website. → file transfer ✅
A workstation gets its IP address automatically. → Dynamic Host
Configuration ✅
A network technician accesses a network device securely from a remote site.
→ SSH ✅
A user requests a website by typing in its name. → Domain Name System ✅
A user types in a URL and a page loads in the client browser. → web service ✅

Two pings were issued from a host on a local network.

The first ping was issued to the IP address of the
default gateway of the host and it failed. The second
ping was issued to the IP address of a host outside the
local network and it was successful. What is a possible
cause for the failed ping?

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Security rules are applied to the default gateway
device, preventing it from processing ping requests.

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The default gateway device is configured with the
wrong IP address.

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 The default gateway is not operational.

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The TCP/IP stack on the default gateway is not working
properly.

The correct answer is:

✅ Security rules are applied to the default gateway device, preventing it
from processing ping requests.

Explanation:
Even if the host can successfully reach external networks, a ping to the default
gateway may fail if the router or firewall is configured to block ICMP (ping)
requests. This is a common security measure and does not necessarily indicate a
connectivity problem.
If the gateway were down or misconfigured, the host would likely fail to reach
external networks as well.
Similarly, a non-functional TCP/IP stack on the gateway would prevent any traffic,
not just ICMP.

How are port numbers used in the TCP/IP

encapsulation process?

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Source port numbers and destination port numbers
are not necessary when UDP is the transport layer
protocol being used for the communication.

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If multiple conversations occur that are using the same
service, the source port number is used to track the
separate conversations.

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Source port and destination port numbers are
randomly generated.

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 Destination port numbers are assigned automatically
and cannot be changed.

The correct answer is:

✅ If multiple conversations occur that are using the same service, the source
port number is used to track the separate conversations.

Explanation:
In the TCP/IP encapsulation process, port numbers are used at the transport layer
to identify which application or process should handle the data.
Destination port identifies the service (e.g., 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS).
Source port helps distinguish between multiple simultaneous connections from
the same host to the same service, allowing the transport layer to keep the
conversations separate.
Port numbers are used in both TCP and UDP, not just TCP.
They are not completely random—destination ports correspond to known
services or can be chosen manually.
They are not fixed permanently and can be assigned dynamically for source
ports.

Which command would a technician use to display

network connections on a host computer?

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nslookup

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tracert

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netstat

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ipconfig

The correct answer is:

✅ netstat

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 Explanation:
The netstat command displays active network connections, including protocol
types, local and remote IP addresses, port numbers, and connection states on a host
computer.
nslookup is used to query DNS servers.

tracert shows the path packets take to reach a destination.

ipconfig displays the IP configuration of the host’s network interfaces.

When analog voice signals are converted for use on a

computer network, in what format are they
encapsulated?

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bits

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frames

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IP packets

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segments

The correct answer is:

✅ bits
Explanation:
When analog voice signals are converted for transmission over a computer network
(such as in VoIP), they are digitized into binary format, meaning they are
represented as bits.

Frames are used at the data link layer to encapsulate packets for transmission
over a physical medium.
IP packets are used at the network layer to encapsulate data for routing
between networks.
Segments are used at the transport layer (TCP) to encapsulate application data.

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 In the end, everything on a network is transmitted as bits over the physical
medium.

Which two TCP header fields are used to confirm

receipt of data? (Choose two.)

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checksum

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acknowledgment number

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FCS

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sequence number

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preamble

The correct answers are:

✅ acknowledgment number
✅ sequence number
Explanation:
In TCP (a connection-oriented protocol):
The sequence number identifies the order of the bytes sent, so the receiver
knows how to reassemble the data.
The acknowledgment number tells the sender which bytes have been
successfully received, confirming receipt.
Checksum is used for error detection, not acknowledgment.
FCS and preamble are used at the data link and physical layers, not in TCP
headers.

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