[Link] the Minimax algorithm for a simple game (e.g., Tic Tac Toe).
import random
import time
# Constants for the game
COMPUTER = 1
HUMAN = 2
SIDE = 3
COMPUTERMOVE = 'O'
HUMANMOVE = 'X'
# Function to initialise the game / Tic-Tac-Toe board
def initialise():
board = [[' ' for _ in range(SIDE)] for _ in range(SIDE)]
moves = [i for i in range(SIDE*SIDE)]
[Link](moves)
return board, moves
# Function to print the Tic-Tac-Toe board
def showBoard(board):
print("\n\n")
print("\t\t\t {} | {} | {} ".format(board[0][0], board[0][1], board[0][2]))
print("\t\t\t--------------")
print("\t\t\t {} | {} | {} ".format(board[1][0], board[1][1], board[1][2]))
print("\t\t\t--------------")
print("\t\t\t {} | {} | {} \n\n".format(board[2][0], board[2][1], board[2][2]))
# Function to show the instructions
def showInstructions():
print("\t\t\t Tic-Tac-Toe\n\n")
print("Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below and play\n\n")
print("\t\t\t 1 | 2 | 3 ")
print("\t\t\t--------------")
print("\t\t\t 4 | 5 | 6 ")
print("\t\t\t--------------")
print("\t\t\t 7 | 8 | 9 \n\n")
print("-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\n\n")
# Function to declare the winner of the game
def declareWinner(whoseTurn):
if whoseTurn == COMPUTER:
print("COMPUTER has won")
else:
print("HUMAN has won")
# Functions to check if any of the rows, columns, or diagonals have been crossed
def rowCrossed(board):
for i in range(SIDE):
if board[i][0] == board[i][1] and board[i][1] == board[i][2] and board[i][0] != ' ':
return True
return False
def columnCrossed(board):
for i in range(SIDE):
if board[0][i] == board[1][i] and board[1][i] == board[2][i] and board[0][i] != ' ':
return True
return False
def diagonalCrossed(board):
if board[0][0] == board[1][1] and board[1][1] == board[2][2] and board[0][0] != ' ':
return True
if board[0][2] == board[1][1] and board[1][1] == board[2][0] and board[0][2] != ' ':
return True
return False
# Function to check if the game is over
def gameOver(board):
return rowCrossed(board) or columnCrossed(board) or diagonalCrossed(board)
# Function to play Tic-Tac-Toe
def playTicTacToe(whoseTurn):
board, moves = initialise()
showInstructions()
moveIndex = 0
while not gameOver(board) and moveIndex != SIDE*SIDE:
if whoseTurn == COMPUTER:
x = moves[moveIndex] // SIDE
y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE
board[x][y] = COMPUTERMOVE
print("COMPUTER has put a {} in cell {}".format(COMPUTERMOVE, moves[moveIndex]
+1))
showBoard(board)
moveIndex += 1
whoseTurn = HUMAN
elif whoseTurn == HUMAN:
x = moves[moveIndex] // SIDE
y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE
board[x][y] = HUMANMOVE
print("HUMAN has put a {} in cell {}".format(HUMANMOVE, moves[moveIndex]+1))
showBoard(board)
moveIndex += 1
whoseTurn = COMPUTER
if not gameOver(board) and moveIndex == SIDE*SIDE:
print("It's a draw")
else:
if whoseTurn == COMPUTER:
whoseTurn = HUMAN
elif whoseTurn == HUMAN:
whoseTurn = COMPUTER
declareWinner(whoseTurn)
# Driver function
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Let us play the game with COMPUTER starting first
playTicTacToe(COMPUTER)
OUTPUT
Tic-Tac-Toe
Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below and play
1 | 2 | 3
--------------
4 | 5 | 6
--------------
7 | 8 | 9
- - - - - - - - - -
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 7
| |
--------------
| |
--------------
O | |
HUMAN has put a X in cell 8
| |
--------------
| |
--------------
O | X |
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 3
| | O
--------------
| |
--------------
O | X |
HUMAN has put a X in cell 9
| | O
--------------
| |
--------------
O | X | X
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 5
| | O
--------------
| O |
--------------
O | X | X
COMPUTER has won