Chapter 13
Electrons in Atoms
Section 13.1
Models of the Atom
OBJECTIVES:
Summarize the development of
atomic theory.
Models of the Atom
OBJECTIVES:
Explain the significance of
quantized energies of electrons as
they relate to the quantum
mechanical model of the atom.
Greek Idea
Democritus and
Leucippus
Matter is made up
of solid indivisible
particles
John Dalton - one
type of atom for
each element
J. J. Thomson’s Model
Discovered electrons
Atoms were made of
positive stuff
Negative electron
floating around
“Plum-Pudding”
model
Ernest Rutherford’s Model
Discovered dense
positive piece at
the center of the
atom- nucleus
Electrons would
surround it
Mostly empty
space
“Nuclear model”
Niels Bohr’s Model
He had a question: Why don’t the
electrons fall into the nucleus?
Move like planets around the sun.
In circular orbits at different levels.
Amounts of energy separate one
level from another.
“Planetary model”
Bohr’s planetary model
Energy level of an electron
analogous to the rungs of a ladder
electron cannot exist between energy
levels, just like you can’t stand
between rungs on ladder
Quantum of energy required to move
to the next highest level
The Quantum Mechanical
Model
Energy is quantized. It comes in chunks.
A quanta is the amount of energy needed to
move from one energy level to another.
Since the energy of an atom is never “in
between” there must be a quantum leap in
energy.
Erwin Schrodinger derived an equation that
described the energy and position of the
electrons in an atom
The Quantum Mechanical
Model
Things that are very small
behave differently from things
big enough to see.
The quantum mechanical
model is a mathematical
solution
It is not like anything you can
see.
The Quantum Mechanical
Model
Has energy levels for
electrons.
Orbits are not circular.
It can only tell us the
probability of finding
an electron a certain distance from
the nucleus.
The Quantum Mechanical
Model
The atom is found
inside a blurry
“electron cloud”
A area where there is
a chance of finding
an electron.
Draw a line at 90 %
Think of fan blades
Atomic Orbitals
Principal Quantum Number (n) = the
energy level of the electron.
Within each energy level, the complex
math of Schroedinger’s equation
describes several shapes.
These are called atomic orbitals -
regions where there is a high probability
of finding an electron.
Summary
# of Max Starts at
shapes electrons energy level
s 1 2 1
p 3 6 2
d 5 10 3
f 7 14 4
By Energy Level
First Energy Level Second Energy
only s orbital Level
only 2 electrons s and p orbitals
1s2 are available
2 in s, 6 in p
2s22p6
8 total electrons
By Energy Level
Third energy level Fourth energy
s, p, and d level
orbitals s,p,d, and f
2 in s, 6 in p, and orbitals
10 in d 2 in s, 6 in p, 10
3s23p63d10 in d, and 14 in f
2 6
4s 4p 4d 4f10 14
18 total electrons
32 total electrons
By Energy Level
Any more than The orbitals do
the fourth and not not fill up in a
all the orbitals will neat order.
fill up. The energy levels
You simply run overlap
out of electrons Lowest energy fill
first.
Electron Arrangement in Atoms
OBJECTIVES:
Apply
• the aufbau principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle
• Hund’s rule
For electron configurations.
Section 13.2
Electron Arrangement in Atoms
OBJECTIVES:
Explain why the electron
configurations for some elements
differ from those assigned using
the aufbau principle.
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p
2s
Aufbau diagram
1s
Electron Configurations
The way electrons are arranged in
atoms.
Aufbau principle- electrons enter the
lowest energy first.
This causes difficulties because of the
overlap of orbitals of different energies.
Pauli Exclusion Principle- at most 2
electrons per orbital - different spins
Electron Configuration
Hund’s Rule- When electrons
occupy orbitals of equal energy
they don’t pair up until they have to.
Let’s determine the electron
configuration for Phosphorus
Need to account for 15 electrons
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p The first two electrons
3s
go into the 1s orbital
2p
2s Notice the opposite
spins
only 13 more to go...
1s
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p The next electrons
2s go into the 2s orbital
only 11 more...
1s
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p • The next electrons go
2s into the 2p orbital
• only 5 more...
1s
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p • The next electrons go
2s into the 3s orbital
• only 3 more...
1s
7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p • The last three electrons
3s go into the 3p orbitals.
2p • They each go into
2s separate shapes
• 3 unpaired electrons
1s • = 1s22s22p63s23p3
The easy way to remember
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 1s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 2 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2
1s 2s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 4 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 12 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
6
3p 4s 2
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 20 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
6 2 10
3p 4s 3d 4p 6
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s2
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 38 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
6 2 10
3p 4s 3d 4p 6
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s • 56 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
6 2 10
3p 4s 3d 4p 6
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
3s 3p 3d
4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2
2s 2p
1s • 88 electrons
Fill from the bottom up
following the arrows
7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
• 2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 2
5s 5p 5d 5f
6 2 10
3p 4s 3d 4p 6
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
3s 3p 3d
4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2
2s 2p
5f14 6d10 7p6
1s
• 108 electrons
Exceptional Electron
Configurations
Orbitals fill in order
Lowest energy to higher energy.
Adding electrons can change the
energy of the orbital.
Half filled orbitals have a lower
energy.
Makes them more stable.
Changes the filling order
Write these electron
configurations
Titanium - 22 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
Vanadium - 23 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
Chromium - 24 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 expected
But this is wrong!!
Chromium is actually:
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
Why?
This gives us two half filled orbitals.
Slightly lower in energy.
The same principal applies to
copper.
Copper’s electron
configuration
Copper has 29 electrons so we
expect: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
But the actual configuration is:
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
This gives one filled orbital and one
half filled orbital.
Remember these exceptions: d4, d9