Fundamentals of Digital Imaging
and
Digital Color Imaging
1. Computer Graphics
❖ Is one of the most effective and
commonly used way to
communicate the processed
information to the user.
❖ It displays the information in the
form of graphics objects such as
pictures,charts,graphs and diagrams
instead of simple text.
Advantages of Computer Graphics
1. It provides tools for producing pictures not
only of concrete real world objects but also of
abstract, synthetic objects such as
mathematical surface in 4D and of data that
have no inherent geometry such as survey
results.
2. It has the ability to show moving pictures and
thus it is possible to produce animations with
computer graphics.
3. With computer graphics user can also control
the animation speed, portion of the view, the
goniometric relationship the object in the
scene to one another, the amount of detail
shown and on.
Advantages of Computer Graphics
4. The computer graphics provides tool
called motion dynamics.
5. The computer graphics also provides
facility called update dynamics.
6. With the recent development of digital
signal processing (DSP) and audio
synthesis chip the interactive graphics
can now provide audio feedback along
with the graphical feedbacks to make the
simulated environment even more
realistic.
Applications of Computer Graphics
❖ User Interface
❖ Plotting of Graphics and Charts
❖ Office Automation and Desktop Publishing
❖ Computer-aided Drafting and Design
❖ Simulation and Animation
❖ Art and Commerce
❖ Cartography
User Interface
❖ User friendliness is one of the
main factors underlying the
success and popularity of any
system.
❖ It is now a well established fact
that graphical interfaces provide
an attractive and easy
interaction between users and
computers.
Plotting of Graphics and Chart
Is the most commonly used to create 2D and
3D graphs of mathematical, physical and
economic functions in form of histograms, bars
and pie-charts.
Office Automation and Desktop
Publishing
The desktop publishing on
personal computers allow the
use of graphics for the creation
and dissemination of
information. It allows the user
to create documents which
contain text, tables, graphs and
other forms of drawn or
scanned images.
Computer-aided Drafting and Design
Uses graphics to design components and systems
electrical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic
devices such as automobile bodies, structures of building,
airplane, ships, very large scale integrated chips, optical
systems and computer networks.
Simulation and Animation
❖ Use of graphics in simulation
makes mathematic models and
mechanical systems more realistic
and easy to study.
❖ The interactive graphics supported
by animation software proved their
use in production of animated
movies and cartoons films.
Art and Commerce
This allows user to
create artistic pictures
which express messages
and attract attentions.
Such pictures are very
useful in advertising.
Cartography
Computer graphics is also used to represent
geographic maps, weather maps, oceanographic
charts, contour maps, population density maps.
Classification of Computer Graphics
Two categories in classification of computer
graphics:
❖Passive computer graphics
❖Interactive computer graphics
❖Passive computer graphics
• A computer graphics
operation that transfers
automatically without
operator intervention.
• Non-interactive computer
graphics involves one way
communication between the
computer and the user.
❖Interactive computer graphics
• In interactive Computer
Graphics user have some
controls over the picture, the
user can make any change in
the produced image.
• It require two-way
communication between the
computer and the user.
Pixel
• is a physical point in a raster
image, or the smallest
addressable element in an all
points addressable display
device.
• it is the smallest controllable
element of a picture
represented on the screen.
Bit Depth
❖ Refers to the color information stored
in an image.
❖ The higher the bit depth of an image,
the more colors it can store.
❖ The simplest image, a 1 bit image, can
only show two colors, black and white.
❖ An 8 bit image can store 256 possible
colors, while a 24 bit image can display
over 16 million colors.
Resolution
❖ Is sometimes identified by the width and height of
the image as well as the total number of pixels in
the image.
❖ The more pixel per inch. the higher your image
resolution will be.
Megapixels Image Resolution Maximum Print Size
0.3 Megapixel 640 x 480 1.6" x 2.3" at 300 dpi
1.3 Megapixel 1392 x 1024 3.2" x 4.3" at 300 dpi
2.0 Megapixel 1600 x 1200 4" x 5.3" at 300 dpi
3.3 Megapixel 2080 x 1542 5.1" x 6.8" at 300 dpi
5.0 Megapixel 2580 x 1944 6.4" x 8.5" at 300 dpi
6.0 Megapixel 2816 x 2112 9.4" x 7" at 300 dpi
8.0 Megapixel 3264 x 2448 8" x 11" at 300 dpi
12.5 Megapixel 4080 x 3072 10.24" x 13.6" at 300 dpi
32 Megapixel 6464 x 4864 16" x 21.5" at 300 dpi
Image Size
❖ is the term given to describe the height and width of an
image in pixels.
❖ Maximum Image Size is determined by the megapixels of a
given [Link] example, a 10-megapixel camera will give a
maximum image size of 2592 by 3872 pixels.
Image Resizing
is necessary when you
need to increase or
decrease the total number
of pixels, whereas
remapping can occur
when you are correcting
for lens distortion or
rotating an image.
Device Resolution
Is the number of pixels on a device found in each
dimension that can be displayed on the screen.
For example: a device with the resolution of “1024 x
768” has a 1024 pixel width and a 768 pixel height.
Digital Color
This elegant representation
of color bridges the gap between
additive and subtractive systems
of color, and defines the method
by which colors are stored,
manipulated, and reproduced
using computer technology.
Primary Colors
• a set of real colorants or
colored lights that can be
combined in varying
amounts to produce
a gamut of colors.
• Primary colors include
red, blue and yellow.
Secondary Colors
❖ A color produced by mixing two a
dditive primary colors in equal pr
oportions.
❖ The secondary colors are cyan,
magenta and yellow. Each
secondary color is also the
complementary color of the
primary color whose wavelength
it does not contain.
Color Gamut
The term color gamut
refers to the range of
colors a device can
reproduce, the larger or
wider the gamut the more
rich saturated colors
available.
Color Model
is an abstract mathematical model describing
the way colors can be represented as tuples of
numbers, typically as three or four values or
color components.
Color Management
is the controlled conversion
between
the color representations of
various devices, such as image
scanners, digital cameras,
monitors, TV screens, film
printers, computer printers,
offset presses, and
corresponding media.
3 Perception of Light
❖ Luminance
❖ Hue
❖ Saturation
LUMINANCE
• Is brightness which corresponds to its physical property.
• It measures the total energy in the light.
• It is proportional to the area bounded by P (λ) and the λ
axis in the 400 to 700 nm range.
Hue
❖ Distinguish a white light form a red light or a
green light.
❖ When white light is incident on the object ,
some of its gets reflected.
Saturation
❖ Describes the degree of vividness.
❖ Saturation corresponds to the physical property called
excitation purity which is defined to be the percentage of
luminance that is allocated to the dominant or pure color
component.