SCIENCE REVIEWER
Atom – indivisible basic unit of matter
LEUCIPPUS
All things are basically made up of atom
Those who agreed with him called atomist
DEMOCRITUS
Student of Leucippus
JOHN DALTON
Formulated the ATOMIC THEORY
Wrote a book- “ A NEW SYSTEM OG CHEMICAL PHYLOSOPHY” 1808
POSTULATES
1. All matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms,
which are tiny hard spheres.
2. All atoms of any one elements are identical; the atoms of different
elements, are different and have different properties
3. When matter under goes changes, wither physical or chemical,
the atoms are merely rearranged. No atom is created nor
destroyed
4. Atom of different elements combine in a definite ratio of small
whole numbers to form compound which are composef\d of
compound atoms
DALTON'S SOLID SPHERE MODEL
• JOHN DALTON PROPOSED THAT ALL MATTER IS COMPOSED OF VERY
SMALL THINGS WHICH HE CALLED ATOMS.
WHEN DALTON PROPOSED HIS MODEL ELECTRONS AND THE NUCLEUS
WERE UNKNOWN.
J.J. THOMSON'S ROUM-PUDDING MODEL
IN THIS MODEL, THE ATOM IS MADE UP OF NEGATIVE ELECTRONS
THAT FLOAT IN A "SOUP" OF POSITIVE CHARGE, MUCH LIKE PLUMS IN A
PUDDING OR RAISINS IN A FRUIT CAKE
E. RUTHERFORD'S NUCLEAR MODEL
RUTHERFORD CARRIED OUT SOME EXPERIMENTS WHICH LED TO A
CHANGE IN IDEAS AROUND THE ATOM
• HIS NEW MODEL DESCRIBED THE ATOM AS A TINY, DENSE,
POSITIVELY CHARGED CORE CALLED A NUCLEUS SURROUNDED BY
LIGHTER, NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS
N. BOHR'S PLANETARY MODEL
• THE ELECTRONS COULD ONLY ORBIT THE NUCLEUS IN CERTAIN
SPECIAL ORBITALS AT DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVELS AROUND THE
NUCLEUS
E. SCHRODINGER'S QUANTUM MODEL
• QUANTUM NUMBERS DESCRIBE THE ATOMIC ORBITALS AS WELL AS
THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE ORBITALS
PHASE CHANGE – is when matter changes from one state to another.
- These changes occur when sufficient energy is supplied to the
system (or a sufficient amount is lost), and also occur when the
pressure on the system is changed
- • Melting: The transition from the solid to the liquid phase
- • Freezing: The transition from the liquid phase to the solid phase
- • Evaporating: The transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase
- • Condensing: The transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase
- Sublimation: The transition from the solid phase to the gas phase
- Deposition: The transition from the gas phase to the solid phase
SOLID
Pencil, ice,tree,chiar,apple
Liquid
Rain,water,tea,milk
GAS
Water vapor,hot air balloon,steam
THE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES
- PROTON
- NEURTON
- ELECTRON –
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms
- and these are indivisible.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size,
mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are
different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In
any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of
the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction.
An atom consists of three subatomic particles called protons, electrons
and neutrons.
Electrons are negatively-charged particles found outside the nucleus.
Protons are positively- charged particles found inside the nucleus.
Neutrons are electrically neutral and are located in the nucleus of the
atom.
The Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the
atom. The Mass number represents the sum of the protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
The process in which an atom loses, or gains electrons is called
ionization.
When an atom loses or gains one or more electrons, it acquires a net
electrical charge and it is called an ion.
A positive ion is called a cation. A negative ion is called an anion.
Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with different mass numbers.
Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles.
Liquid matter has more loosely packed particles.
Gas matter is composed of particles packed so loose
PROTON AND NEUTRON have almost the same mass
NEUTRON is slightly heavier compare to the mass of proton
NEUTRON – heaviest
ELECTRON – Lightest