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APPROPRIATE BUILDING MATERIALS

• It focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use –

energy, water and materials.

• Reduces impacts on human health and environment during

the Lifecycle, through better siting, design,construction and
operation.

• Reduction of Energy Use

• Reduction in Waste generation

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDING

• “THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDING IS OFTEN

UNDERESTIMATED ,WHILE THE PERCEIVED COSTS OF GREEN
BUILDINGS ARE OVERESTIMATED”

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EMBODIED ENERGY USE IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

Type of building No. of Total EE per 100m3GJ Equivalent coal

stories for 100 m2T
RC framed structure 8 421 21
with brick walls
Load bearing brick 2 292 15
walls, RC roof &
mosaic floor
SMB walls, filler slab 2 161 8
roof, terracotta floor
SMB walls, 1 93 4.7
Reinforced tile roof,
cement floor

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Categorization Of Materials

• Civil materials
• Water-proofing and Chemical additives
• Paving, flooring, dado and similar finishes
• Paints, colors, white washing, distempering and
wood finishes
• Wood work
• Roofing and ceiling
• Doors and windows

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Categorization Of Materials

• Water supply and Sanitary fittings

• Electrical works
• Fire fighting system
• Miscellaneous
• Excavation work
• Road works

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EVALUATING
ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS

Why eco-friendly materials?

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ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIAL ?

Dictionary: describes a product that has

been designed to do the least possible
damage to the environment

US EPA – EPP program defines as:

"...products or services that have a lesser or
reduced effect on human health and the
environment when compared with
competing products or services that serve
the same purpose...

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ECO-FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION ?

Eco-friendly construction consist of two parts

– Material and Technique.
A material by itself can be eco-friendly,
e.g Bamboo.
Conventional materials can become eco-
friendly based on the construction
technique that is used
e.g rat trap bond

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PROPERTIES

Various properties of Eco-friendly materials and

techniques are –
Materials can be eco-friendly if they reduces
energy used in building during operation and
maintenance.
Through comparative assessment is the better way
to identify eco-friendly materials.

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PROPERTIES

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SOURCES

A .Renewable source –
• Rapidly renewable sources e.g. wood from certified
forests
B. Reuse of Waste
• Salvaged products –e.g. old plumbing, door frames
• Recycled contents – agriculture/ industrial waste
e.g. Bagasse Board

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EMBODIED ENERGY

• Total of energy input required to produce the

product including transporting them to the building
site .

• Highest embodied energy-Aluminum and steel

Lowest embodies energy- timber/ wood, wood
products

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Reduce Pollution

Reduce Pollution
• Air Pollution- Use of materials with low VOC
emissions e.g. Cement Paints
• Water Pollution – Materials that prevent leaching.
• Land Pollution- Materials that reuse waste that
would otherwise have resulted in landfill. e.g. Fly ash
Bricks.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION

• Materials that require less energy during

construction e.g. precast slabs. Materials that help
reduce the cooling loads- e.g – aerated concrete
blocks.
• Products that conserve energy – e. g. CFL lamps.
• Fixtures & equipments that help conserve water e.g.
Dual flush cisterns

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PERFORMANCE

• Reduce material use These are energy

efficient and also help reduce the dead
load of a building. e.g. Ferro cement
• Materials can be eco-friendly based on
how they perform. Use of certain material
or techniques can reduce the amount of
material required.
• Durability – The longer the life of a
material the lesser it is required to replace
and thus reduces the quantity required to
produce.
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PERFORMANCE

RECYCLABLE
• Reuse or Recycle as different product e.g. steel,
aluminum.
Biodegradable – that decompose easily e.g wood
or earthen materials.

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EVALUATING SYSTEMS

• International
• National

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International

• US EPA – EPP (Env preferable purchasing )– this

is for all products
• Green Seal – green certification
• Green spec –has a Directory of green building
materials
• Bee’s - BEES measures the environmental
performance of building products by using the life-
cycle assessment approach specified in ISO
14000 standards.
• JIS – Japanese Industrial standards that have
established eco-friendly standards

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NATIONAL

MOEF – Proposed certification of all eco-

friendly products as ‘Eco mark’
CPCB is entrusted with the task of
developing the standards for certification.

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SCORING SYSTEM

• A Eco-Points Scoring System was derived based

on a Life Cycle Assessment of each product.
• Life Cycle Stages
1. Manufacture/Extraction/Production
2. Usage/Implementation
3. Maintenance/Operational life
4. Disposal

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SCORING SYSTEM

• The entire life cycle spans over 150 points

• Each stage has a percentage contribution
depending on their individual impacts.
• The higher the score the more eco-friendly
the material.
• Class ‘A’ Materials – 100 and above (Excellent)
• Class ‘B’ Materials – 60 - 99 (Good to moderately
good)
• Class ‘C’ Materials – below 60 (Poor to Bad)

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EVALUATING PARAMETERS
LIFE CYCLE STAGES
1. Manufacture/Extraction/Production - 60%
(90 pts)
• Use of recycled resource (13pts)
• Use of renewable resource (13pts)
• Use of waste materials (13pts)
• Energy consumption (11pts)
• Emissions and human safety factor (11pts)
• Water consumption (10pts)
• Waste production (10pts)
• Virgin resource consumption.
(9pts)

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EVALUATING PARAMETERS

Usage/Implementation – 18% (21pts)

• Material wastage (8 pts)
• Transportation (7pts)
• Ease of usage/ storage/ workability (6 pts)

3. Maintenance/Operational life – 14%(12pts)

• Building energy load reduction (6 pts)
• Average life span (years) (6 pts)

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EVALUATING PARAMETERS

4. Disposal – 8% (27pts)

• Biodegradability (10pts)
• Recycle/ Reuse factor (10pts)
• Ease of removal/Disposal (7pts)

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GRIHA –V-2015

1. Zero ODP materials 0 PTS

2. Use of low-VOC paints and other compounds in
building interiors 2
3. Use of low-environmental impact materials in
building interiors 4
4. Utilization of BIS recommended waste materials in
building structure 6
5. Reduction in embodied energy of building
structure 4

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GRIHA –V-2015

1. Zero ODP materials 0 PTS

• All the insulation used in building should be CFCs
and HCFCs free – Mandatory
• All the refrigerant in the HVAC and refrigeration
equipment should be CFCs free – Mandatory
• The fire suppression systems and fire extinguishers
installed in the building are free of halon –
Mandatory

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GRIHA –V-2015

2. Use of low-VOC paints and other compounds in

building interiors 2
• Ensure that all interior paints are low-VOC *(as
mentioned in the GRIHA manual) and lead-free – 1
point
• Ensure that all adhesives and sealants used shall be
low-VOC *& that interior composite wood-products
do not use urea-formaldehyde as a bonding resin –
1 point

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GRIHA –V-2015
3. Use of low-environmental impact materials in
building interiors 4
• Project demonstrates that at least 25% of all
materials (calculated by surface area) used for
building interiors* meets the GRIHA criterion low-
impact material requirements – 1 point
• Project demonstrates that at least 50% of all
materials (calculated by surface area) used for
building interiors* – 2 points
• Project demonstrates that at least 75% of all
materials (calculated by surface area) used for
building interiors* – 4 points
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GRIHA –V-2015
4. Utilization of BIS recommended waste materials in
building structure 6
• Minimum 15% replacement of Ordinary Portland
cement with fly ash* by weight of cement used in
structural concrete – 1 point
• If replacement is more than 25% - 2 points
• Minimum 40% composition of building blocks/bricks
by fly ash* by volume, for 100% load bearing and
non-load bearing masonry walls – 2 points
• Certify minimum 15% replacement of Ordinary
Portland cement with fly ash* in plaster/masonry
mortar – 1 point
• •If replacement is more than 25% - 2 points
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GRIHA –V-2015

5. Reduction in embodied energy of building

structure 4
• Demonstrate reduction in combined embodied
energy of load-bearing structure and masonry walls
by at least 10% below the base case – 1 point
• Demonstrate reduction in combined embodied
energy of load-bearing structure and masonry walls
by at least 20% below the base case – 2 points
• Demonstrate reduction in combined embodied
energy of load-bearing structure and masonry walls
by at least 30% below the base case – 4 points
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CONVENTIONAL ECO-FRIENDLY
MATERIALS
1. Bamboo, Bamboo Based Particle Board & Ply Board,
Bamboo Matting
2. Bricks sun dried
3. Pre-cast cement concrete blocks, lintels, slab. Structural
and non-structural modular elements
4. Calcined Phospho-Gypsum Wall Panels
5. Calcium silicate boards and Tiles
6. Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks
7. Cement Paint
8. Clay roofing tiles
9. Water, polyurethane and acrylic based chemical
admixtures for corrosion removal, rust prevention, water
proofing
10. Epoxy Resin System, Flooring, sealants, adhesives and
admixtures

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CONVENTIONAL ECO-FRIENDLY
MATERIALS
11. Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters
12. Ferro-cement Roofing Channels
13. Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and Paver Blocks
14. Gypsum Board, Tiles, Plaster, Blocks, gypsum plaster
fibre jute/sisal and glass fibre composites
15. Laminated Wood Plastic Components
16. Marble Mosaic Tiles
17. MDF Boards and Mouldings
18. Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles
19. Particle Boards
20. Polymerized water proof compound

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CONVENTIONAL ECO-FRIENDLY
MATERIALS
21. Polymerised water proof compound
22. Portland Pozzolana Cement Fly-ash / Calcinated
Clay Based
23. Portland Slag Cement
24. RCC Door Frames
25. Ready Mix Cement Concrete
26. Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board
27. Stone dust
28. Water proof compound, adhesive, Polymer,
Powde

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POTENTIAL ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS

& TECHNIQUES
1. Bagasse Board - BMTPC
2. Bricks from Coal Washery Rejects -CBRI, Roorkee
3. Building Blocks From Mine Waste - SERC
4. Burnt Clay FlyAsh Bricks - CBRI, Roorkee
5. Coir Cement Board - CBRI, Roorkee
6. Compressed Earth Blocks - BMTPC
7. EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI, Roorkee
8. Fibre Flyash Cement Boards -BMTPC
9. Fibre Reinforced Concrete Precast Elements, Wall
panels, Blocks, Manhole Covers - SERC
10. Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards - CBRI, Roorkee

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
11. Flyash Cellular Concrete, Flyash Cement Brick, Blocks -
BMTPC
12. Flyash Lime Cellular Concrete - CBRI, Roorkee
13. Flyash Lime Gypsum Brick - BMTPC
14. Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash- Central Glass and
Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata
15. Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC
16. Non Erodable Mud Plaster - CBRI, Roorkee
17. Polytiles - CBRI, Roorkee
18. Timber from trees such as Poplar, Rubber, Eucalyptus -
BMTPC
19. Precast walling roofing components - CBRI, Roorkee
20. Prefab Brick Panel System - CBRI, Roorkee

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
1. Structural System –
Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain / reinforced) - cement, sand,
aggregate, steel
Base Materials for R.C.C. and Steel Systems
a. Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash / Slag / Calcinated Clay)
attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and /or
direct addition of pozzolana material
b. Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and /or sintered fly-ash
for concrete and mortar
c. Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars
Alternatives Systems
a. Ferro cement and
b. Pre-cast components for columns, beams, slabs, lofts, balconies,
roofs etc.
c. Ready Mix Concrete
d. Use Resinous curing agents

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
2. Masonry
Alternatives to Fired clay bricks, cement concrete
blocks, stone
a. Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks / blocks
b. Pulverized debris + cement bricks / blocks,
c. Industrial waste based bricks / blocks,
d. Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks,
e. Phospho-Gypsum based blocks
f. Lato blocks (laterite + cement)
3. Mortar
a. Sand from pulverized debris and / or sintered flyash
b. Pozzolana Material content

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
[Link] – Alternatives to Cement, sand, plaster of paris, gypsum
a. Calcium Silicate Plaster
b. Cement Plaster
c. Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster
d. Phospho-Gypsum Plaster
e. Non-erodable Mud Plaster
f. Use Resinous curing agents
5. Roofing and ceiling- Alternatives to Ferrous / non-ferrous sheets,
tiles, thatch
a. Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC,
Polycarbonates, acrylics & plastics
b. Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles
c. Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
6. Flooring, paving and road work –Alternatives to wood, stone,
ceramics, concrete
a. Fly ash / industrial waste / pulverized debris blocks in BPC
b. Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving.
c. Bedding sand from pulverized debris
7. Tiles for interiors
a. Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi covered areas
b. Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)
c. Mosaic Tiles/ Terrazzo Flooring
d. Cement Tiles
e. Phospho-Gypsum Tiles
f. Bamboo Board Flooring

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
8. Windows, Doors and openings –
Steel, aluminum, timber, glass, R.C.C., PVC, Stone
a. Ferro cement and Pre-cast R.C.C. lintel, chajja and jalis
b. Masonry bond combinations for jali work
Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum / Steel frames
a. Ferrocement
b. Pre-cast R.C.C. Frames/ Frameless Doors
c. Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Frames
d. Hollow recycled steel channels and recycled Aluminium
Channels and Components
[Link] and Panels – alternatives to timber, plywood, glass,
aluminum
a. Red Mud based Composite door shutters,
b. Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters
c. Other wood alternatives

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
9. Electrical
Alternatives for Aluminum, brass, PVC, G.I., S.S.
a. Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE products
b. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and
brass components

10. Water supply, Sanitary and Plumbing System

a. R.C.C., uPVC, G.I., C.I. pipes instead of lead, A.C. pipes
b. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and
brass components for fittings, fixtures and accessories
c. Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot / cold water system instead
of G.I.
d. Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high
strength unplasticised PVC instead of C.I.

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RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVES
[Link]
• Renewable timber from plantations with species having not
more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government
certified forest / plantation or timber from salvaged wood
• Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded
• Use of MDF Board
• Instead of Plywood:
Bamboo Ply/Mat Board/ Fiber Reinforced Polymer Board,/
Bagasse Board /Coir Composite Board /Bamboo mat
Veneer Composite/ Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board /
Recycled Laminated Tube Board / Aluminium-
Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board.
e. Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards
instead of natural timber.

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