Application of gas turbine power plant:

To drive generatoks gnd supply loads in steam, diesel or hydro plants

.To work with çønventional steam boilers as combination plants

Thermalprocess industies

Petro chemical industries\

Power generation in aircraft and ships for their propulsion.

They are not suitable for cars because of their high speeds

Hydro-electric Power Station:

level for
A generating station which utilizes the potential energy of water at a high
the generation of electrical energy is known as a hydro-electric power station.
where dams can
Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in hilly areas
a hydro-
be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be obtained. In
river or
electric power station, water head is created by constructing a dam across a
the
lake. From the dam, water is led to a water turbine. The water turbine captures
of head
energy in the falling water and changes the hydraulic energy (i.e., product
and flow of water) into mechanical energy at the turbine shaft. The turbine drives
the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Hydro-
electric power stations are becoming very popular because the reserves of fuels
(i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They have the added importance for
flood control, storage of water for irigation and water for drinking purposes.
 Advantages
no fuel as water is used for the generation of
electrical energy.
t requires

11) It is quite neat and clean as no smoke or ash is produced.

(11) Tt requires very small running charges because water is the source of energy
which is available free of cost.
maintenance.
(1V) It is
comparatively simple in construction and requires less
(V) It does not require a long starting time like a steam power station. In fact,

such plants can be put into service instantly.

(vi) It is robust and has a longer life.

(V11) Such plants serve many purposes. In addition to the generation of electrical
energy, they also help in irrigation and controlling floods.
(Vii) Although such plants require the attention of highly skilled persons at the
time of construction, yet for operation, a few experienced persons may do the job
well.

Disadvantages
() It involves high capital cost due to construction of dam.

(ii) There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to
dependence on weather conditions.

(iii) Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.
(iv) It
requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in hilly areas
which are quite away from the consumers.

Schematic Arrangement of Hydro-electric Power Station

Although a hydro-electric power station simply involves the conversion of

hydraulic energy into electrical energy, yet it embraces many arrangements for
proper working and eficiency. The schematic arrangement of a modern
electric
hydro-
plant is shown in Fig. 2.2.
 The dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from the catchment area
collects at the back of the dam to form a reservoir. A pressure tunnel is taken off
from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house at the start of the penstock.
The valve house contains main sluice valves and automatic isolating valves. The
former controls the water flow to the power house and the latter cuts off supply of
water when the penstock bursts. From the valve house, water is taken to water
turbine through a huge steel pipe known as penstock. The water turbine converts
which
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine drives the alternator
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A surge tank (open from top) is built just before the valve house and protects

the penstock from bursting in case the turbine gates suddenly close* dueto
electrical load being thrown off. When the gates close, there is a sudden stopping
burst
of water at the lower end of the penstock and consequently the penstock can

The surge tank absorbs this pressure swing by increase in its level
like a paper log.
of water
ASurge tank

Reservoir Dam
www
Valve house
w
Pressure Channel

Penstock

Power house

River

Schematic arrangement of a Hydro-electric plant

Fig. 2.2

Choice of Site for Hydro-electric Power Stations

selecting the site for a

should be taken into account while
The following points
ydro-electric power station:
 requirement of a hydro-clectric power
() Availability of water. Since the primary
such plants should be built at a
station is the availability of huge quantity of water,
water is available at a good head.
place (e.g., river, canal) where adequate
in water supply from a river or
(11) Storage of water. There are wide variations
water by constructing a dam
canal during the year. This makes it necessary to store
in order to ensure the generation of power throughout the year. The storage helps
in equalizing the flow of water so that any excess quantity of water at a certain
flow in the river.
period of the year can be made available during times of very low
This leads to the conclusion that site selected for a hydro-electric plant should
provide adequate facilities for erecting a dam and storage of water.

(ii) Cost and type of land. The land for the construction of the plant should be
available at a reasonable price. Further, the bearing capacity of the ground should
be adequate to withstand the weight of heavy equipment to be installed.

iv) Transportation facilities. The site selected for a hydro-electric plant should
be accessible by rail and road so that necessary equipment and machinery could be
easily transported. It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of
site for such a plant is near a river in
hilly areas where dam can be conveniently
built and large reservoirs can be obtained.

Elements of hydroelectric power stations:

The constituents of a
hydro-electric plant are (1) hydraulic structures (2) water
turbines and (3) electrical equipment. We shall discuss these items
in turn.
1. Hydraulic structures: Hydraulic structures in a hydro-electric power station
include dam, spillways, head works,
surge tank, penstock and accessory works.
) Dam: A dam is barrier which stores water and creates water head.
a
built of concrete or stone Dams are
masonry, earth or rock fill. The type and
depends upon the topography of the site. A arrangement
masonry dam may be built in a narrow
canyon. An earth dam may be best suited for a wide
valley. The
depends upon the foundation conditions, local materials type
of dam also
and transportation
available, occurrence of earthquakes and other
one type of dam
hazards. At most of sites, more than
may be suitable and the one which is most economical is
chosen.
 of
(i)Spillways: There times when the river flow exceeds the storage capacity
are

rainfall in the catchment area. In

the reservoir. Such a situation arises during heavy
the storage reservoir into the river on the
order to discharge the surplus water from
used. Spillways are constructed of
down-stream side of the dam, spillways are
between these piers and
concrete pierson the top of the dam. Gates are provided

surplus water is discharged over the crest of the dam by opening these gates.
structures at the head of
(ii) Headworks: The head works consists of the diversion
floating debris,
an [Link] generally include booms and racks for diverting
for controlling the flow of
sluices for by-passing debris and sediments and valves
head works should be as
water to the turbine. The flow of water into and through
to avoid head loss and cavitation. For
this purpose, it is
smooth as possible
necessary to avoid sharp corners and abrupt contractions or enlargements.
iv)Surge tank: Open conduits leading water to the turbine require no* protection.
used, protection becomes necessary to limit the
However, when closed conduits are

closed conduits are always

abnormal pressure in the conduit. For this reason,
small reservoir or tank (open at the
provided with a surge tank. A surge tank is a
reduce the pressure swings in the conduit.
top) in which water level rises or falls to
conduit. When the turbine is
A surge tank is located near the beginning of the
in the flow of water through the
running at a steady load, there are no surges
conduit the
i.e., of water flowing in the conduit is just sufficient to meet
quantity
the turbine when the load on the turbine decreases, the
requirements. However,
water supply to the turbine. The
governor closes the gates of turbine, reducing
excess water at the lower end of the conduit rushes back to the surge tank and
increases its water level. Thus the conduit is prevented from bursting. On the other
hand, when load on the turbine increases, additional water is drawn from the surge
tank to meet the increased load requirement. Hence, a surge tank overcomes the
abnormal pressure in the conduit when load on the turbine falls and acts as a
reservoir during increase of load on the turbine.
(v)Penstocks: Penstocks are open
or closed conduits which carry water to the turbines. They are
generally made of
reinforced concrete or steel. Concrete penstocks are suitable for low
heads (< 30
m) as greater pressure causes rapid deterioration ot concrete. The
steel pen stocks
can be designed for any head; the thickness of the
penstock increases with the
or working pressure. head
 Surge ank

From +
headworks Air valve

Automatio
butteiy valve

To
Penstock
Various penstock protective devices
Fig. 2.3

Various devices such automatic butterfly valve, air valve and surge tank (See
as
Fig. 2.3) are provided for the protection of penstocks. Automatic butterfly valve
shuts off water flow through the
penstock promptly if it ruptures. Air valve
maintains the air pressure inside the
penstock equal to outside atmospheric
pressure. When water runs out of a penstock faster than it enters, a vacuum is
created which may cause the penstock to
collapse. Under such situations, air valve
opens and admits air in the penstock to maintain inside air
pressure equal to the
outside air pressure.

2. Water turbines: Water turbines are used to convert the

into mechanical energy. The energy of falling water
principal types of water turbines are:
i) Impulse turbines (ii) Reaction turbines
) Impulse turbines. Such turbines are used for
the entire pressure of water is converted
high heads. In an impulse turbine,
into kinetic in a nozzle and the
velocity of the jet drives the wheel. The example of energy this type of turbine is the
Pelton wheel (See Fig. 2.4). It consists
of a wheel fitted with
along its periphery. The force of water jet elliptical buckets
the turbine. The striking the buckets on the wheel drives
quantity of water jet falling on the turbine is controlled means
of a needle or
spear (not shown in the figure) by
movement ofthe needle is controlled placed in the tip of the nozzle. The
by the governor. If the load on the turbine
decreases, the governor pushes the needle into the nozzle, thereby reducing the
quantity of water striking the buckets. Reverse action takes place if the load on the
turbine increases.

Pelton
Operating wheel
head

Nozzle Maximum tail

P water level
w w
w wwww m w w w

Fig. 2.4 Pelton Wheel

(i) Reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are used for low and medium heads. In
a reaction turbine, water enters the runner partly with pressure energy and partly
with velocity head. The important types of reaction turbines are:

(a) Francis turbines (b) Kaplan turbines

A Francis turbine is used for low to medium heads. It consists of an outer ring
of stationary guide blades fixed to the turbine casing and an inner ring of rotating
blades forming the runner. The guide blades control the flow of water to the
turbine. Water flows radially inwards and changes to a downward direction while
As the water passes over the "rotating blades" of the
passing through the runner.

of water are reduced. This causes a reaction

runner, both pressure and velocity
force which drives the turbine.
A Kaplan turbine is used for low heads and large quantities of water. It is
similar to Francis turbine except that the runner of Kaplan turbine receives water
axially water flows through regulating gates all around the sides, changing
direction in the runner to axial flow. This causes a reaction force which drives the

turbine.
 hydro-clectric power
The electrical equipment of a

3. Electrical equipment: and

circuit breakers and other switching
transformers,
station includes alternators,
protective devices.

Selection of site for Hydro Power Stations:

as follows.
important factors governing selection
are
The
of dam,
the smaller the length
1. Location of Dam:From the cost point of view,
Therefore the site has to be where
the lower will be the cost of construction.
to have capacity a valley
the river valley has a neck formation. In order
Which has a large storage capacity on the upstream
side of the proposed dam
site is probably the best. It is desirable to locate a dam after
the confluence
of two rivers, so that advantage of both the valleys to provide large storage
capacity is available.

2. Choice of Dam: The most important consideration in the choice of dam is

safety and economy. Failure of dam may result in substantial loss of life and
property. The proposed dam must satisfy the test of stability for (i) Shock
loads which may be due to earth quakes or sudden changes in reservoir
levels and (i) unusually high [Link] dam should, as far as possible be
close to the turbines and should have the shortest length of conduit.

3. Quantity of water Available:This can be estimated on the basis of

measurements of stream flow over as long as period as [Link] of
water is necessary for
maintaining continuity of power supply throughout
the year. Sufficient storage of water should be available
since rainfall is not
uniform throughout the year and from one year to another.
4. Accessibility of site:The site should be accessible from the
view point of
transportations of man and material, so that the overall cost for construction
of project is kept low.

5. Distance from the load center:The

distance should be as small
that the cost of transmission of
as possible so
power is minimum. Availability of
construction material and
general know how, should above considered in site
selection.
Classification of Hydro Power Plants

1. Classification Based on capacity

a) Micro Hydel plant less than 5 MW
b) Medium Hydel plant 5-100MWw
c)High Capacity Hydel plant 101 1000 MW
d) Very High Capacity Hydel plant above 1000 MW
2. Classification Based on construction:
Run off riverplant without pondage: A run-off river plant is one in which a dam is
constructed across a river and the low head
thereby created is used to generate
power. It is typically a low head plant is generally provided with an overflow weir,
the power station being an integral part of the dam structure. In
many plants of this
type, it is necessary to provide locks for the passage of ships, so that navigation
may continue without hinderance. Water passes to the power station through racks
made of steel bars to keep out all foreign bodies which might
damage the turbine
there racks must be cleared periodically. These plants thus use water as and when
it is available. The firm capacity of such plants is very low if the supply of water is
not uniform throughout the year.
Run-off-river with pondage: The pondage increases the usefulness of this type of
plant. The main requirement for the plant is that the tail race should be such that
floods do not raise the trail race water level;otherwise the operation will be
affected adversely with pondage it is possible to meet hour to hour fluctuations of
load throughout a week or larger periods depending upon its size.

Valley dam plant: The main feature ofa valley dam plant is a dam in the river
which creates a storage reservoir that develops the necessary head regulated for the
turbines. The power plant is located right at the tow of the dam. Water flows
through penstocks embedded in the dam to the power house and joins the main
river course directly at the outlet of the power house. The plant can be used
 lts firm capacity is
as it has a storage capacity.
the year
efficiently throughout main components of a valley
dam.
are the
relatively high. The following
structure like spillways etc.
(a) The dam with its appurtenant
and racks etc.
(b) The intake with gate, stop logs
its components.
(c) The main power plant with
are that the waters of the
Diversion canal The characteristics of this plant
plant:
a diversion canal, known as
river are diverted away from the main channel through
power canal. A power plant is located at a
suitable point along the length of the
canal. The water after passing through the power plant joins the parent river.
These plants are usually low head or medium head plants. They do not have any
storage reservoir. The power house requirements of pondage are met through a
pool called forebay which is located just before the power plant. The main
components of a diversion canal plant are

(a) Diversion weir

(b)Diversion canal Intake with its ancillary works

c) Bridges of culverts etc. of the diversion canal and

(d)Forebay and its appurtenances.

High head diversion plant: The main feature of this plant is the
development of
high head resulting from the diversion of water. The diversion of water can be
achieved in two ways. (a) through a
system of channels and tunnels to another
neighboring river or basin which is at a much lower level as
compared to the level
of the parent river.

(b) Along the tunnels from an

upstream point of the river to a downstream point
the parent river. of

The main point of difference between high head and low

head diversion plant is
the elaborate
conveyance system for the high head plants. The main
of this type of components
plant
are as follows
 (a) Deversion weir (b) the canal tunner intake (c) The head
surge tank (¢) penstock (f) tailrace
race (d)

3. Classification based on operation:

Base load plant: These plants operate on the base portion of the load curve of the
power system if they are of large capacity. Plant with
used as base load plants
large storage can best be
especially rainy seasons when the water level of the
in
reservoir will be raised by rain water. As these
loads operate throughout the year
at approximately full
capacity, the load factor of such plants is high
Peak load plants: These plants
supply power to the system corresponding to the
load at the top portion of the load curve. Run-off river
plant with pondage can be
used for such purposes. The load factor of such
plant
is relatively low as they
operate only for a short period of the total operating time.

Classification based on head:

Another way of classifying hydro stations is based on the hydraulic heads
available
Low head plants with head less than 70m

Medium head plants between 70m and 300m

Classification of turbines:

Mainly, there are four types of turbines

(i) Françis Turbine -Francis in 1849
Pelton Turkine - Pelton in 1889
(ii)
ii) Propeller andKaplan Turbine Kaplan in 1913
-

(iv) Deriaz Turbine -Derty in 1945

1. Classification based on head:

Low head 2-15m - propeller or Kaplanurbines

Medium head 15 -70m - Kaplan or Francisturbines

 Capacity
y ol
plant for the same mas
plarit
increased. Water behind
the dam at the plant|is mass flow can be

reservoirs is storage. The purpose of a pondage. Water held in upstream

used during the period of reservoir to conserve water which may be
is

the flow of water at a

deficiency. The capacity of a reservoir to make
required rate is studied by means of a mass curve. available
Ocean Energy:
Tidal energy:

Tides are definedthe rise and fall of sea level

as
caused by the gravitational
pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth.
They are not only limited to the oceans,
but can also occur in other
systems whenever a
addition, while the majority of the Earth is affected gravitational
field exists. In
by the gravitational force of the
sun, this is not as easily visible on water.
The moon itself has a more prominent
effect on the tides, as it is much closer to the
Earth when compared to the sun.
Shorelines experience either a daily diurnal or
semi-diurnal tide consisting of one
or two high and low tides
respectively.
Wave energy:
Wave energy, also known as ocean energy is defined as
energy harnessed
from oceanic waves. As the wind blows across the surface of the
ocean, it creates
waves and thus they can also be referred to as
energy moving across the surface of
the water. Waves created as a result of wind are usually referred to as wind waves
and they occurs most effectively on water surfaces as there are no land masses to
resist the power of the wind [2]. These waves while commonly seen on the ocean
surface also occur freely on lakes, rivers and canals and can be defined as either
being capillary waves, ripples, seas or swells. No two waves are the same with
each wave differing in height and distance between the crests and troughs.
 Tides formation:
As the moon rotates gravitational pull creating a
around the earth, it exerts a

tide that moves across the eath. As the moon circles

the earth, the earth itself
moves in a slight circle too and this inertia causes a tide on the opposite side of the
earth. This is known as the two high tides in between which the low tides will
Occur.

Waves formation:
The changing patterns of the speed, duration and distance with which the
wind blows will affect the shape of the formed waves. In addition, the shape and
size ofrespective waves formed will also depend on the resulting affecting system
and can easily aid in narrowing down the origins of the waves. For example, high,
steep waves that rise and fall quickly are newly formed and often the result of
nearby weather systems like local storms while long steady waves are usually
formed from extreme weather conditions occurring much further away, sometimes
from storms that may even be in another hemisphere.

Wave energy technologies:

To date, there three main types of wave energy
are
uses floats or buoys to
technologies. The first
generate electricity from oceanic swells which drive
hydraulic pumps. The second type uses an oscillating water column to
generate
electricity from the rise and fall of water inside a cylindrical shaft. This is
done at the shore. The water drives air out of the usually
shaft which in turns powers an air
driven turbine. The third type utilizes a
tapered channel with is located either on or
offshore. This technology concentrates waves and
drives them into an elevated
reservoir where power is
generated using a turbine.
 ypes of wave energy include kinetic energBy

,
dams, tidal fences and
Harnessed using offshore and onshore systems

since it is based on the Less reliable since it is based on the effect of th-
water
pull of the moon and sun the wind on the surface of the

uoussource of energy that is generatekd Continuous source of energy

6 12 hours at a time

rupt migrating routes of birds and

Effect on surrounding
environments, ecosyster
athways and result in large amounts
bf communities are low

costs but low maintenance Extremely high start-up

costs to design and de
Istruction
t h e technology required

WIND ENERGY:
wind power) describes
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or
Wind turbines convert
the process by which wind is used to generate electricity.
A generator can convert
the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
can also be utilized directly
mechanical power into electricity. Mechanical power
for specific tasks such as pumping water.
Wind Energy Basices the sun, variations
in

is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by

Wind water, and
and rotation of the earth. Mountains, bodies of
the earth's surface, in

all intluence wind flow pattern. Wind

turbines convert the energy
vegetation around a rotor. The
rotor turns
propeller-like blades
wind to electricity by rotating factors affect the
which turns an electric generator. Three key
the drive shaft, and
a turbine can harness from the wind: wind speed, air density,
amount of energy
s w e p t area.

Wind speed:
inn
of the wind speed,
in the wind varies with the cube in
The amount of energy times more energy
doubles, there is eight
wind speed or
other words, if the
amount
on the
have a large impact
Small changes in wind speed
the wind.
available in the wind.
power
air turbine. Air density
Density of the energy
received by the
dense the air, the more elevations
dense at higher
Air is less
more
The
and temperature. All else being
than cold air.
elevation
varies with dense
air is less e l e v a t i o n s and
in locations
level, and
warm

than at sea at lower

more power
turbines will produce
equal, temperatures.
average
with cooler it to
electrical
converts
and
chemical energy within
Fuel cells: stored that is
stored
which take energy
devices chemical
and then
These are
it takes the or
methane

Essentially gasoline
hydrogen,
directly. have such
as
to
electricity.
energy
source you converts
it directly
whatever
energy reactions it
e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l

two
through
 2eR 2e

Fuelinlet Air inlet

TImused gases
Excess fucl outlet + Water

Anode Cathode

Electrolyte

Components of Fuel Cells

Much like a battery, a cell creates

energy by converting chemical energy ito
electrical energy. Unlike a battery, it
produces electricity from external supplies of
fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant
(on the cathode side). These react in the
presence of an electrolyte. Generally, the reactants flow in and reaction products
flow out while the electrolyte remains in the cell. Cells can
operate virtually
continuously as long as the necessary flows persist.
The major components of the fuel cell are electrolytes, which is also reactor so
keeps the reagents from mixing together. The next pieces are electrodes, these are
pieces that act as catalysts for electrical chemical reaction. Generally what
is that the happens
reactants flow in and the reaction
products flow out while the electrolyte
remains in the cell. Then there is a
bi-polar plate which is also called a separator,
this is a way to collect the current and build
voltage from cells.
Fuel for fuel cells

Fuel cells can use a

variety of fuels including hydrogen, ethanol, methanol, and
various acids and alkalines
(bases).
The cells run best on hydrogen but hydrogen is not something you can dig out of
the ground. You can dig out a fossil fuel and convert it into hydrogen rich stream.
But to do that for a fuel cell, you need to reform it and clean up the gases quite a
bit. Hydrogen is abundant in water.

Fuel Cell Efficiency

Fuel cells are theoretically much more efficient than conventional power
generation.
Example of energy conversions for a coal fired power station:

Chemical energy in coal converts to heat

Heat (in the form of steam driving a turbine) converts into mechanical energy
The mechanical energy converts to electrical energy

Each conversion has its own inefficiencies, so the overall process is very

inefficient.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy and is, in

theory, much more efficient.

Solar energy:
of
It is radiant and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range
light
solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal
ever-evolving technologies such as It
solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.
energy,
renewable energy and its technologies are broadly
is an important source of
solar or active solar depending on how they capture
characterized as either passive
Active solar techniques
or convert it into solar power.
and distribute solar energy
concentrated solar power and solar water
include the use of photovoltaic systems,
Passive solar techniques include orienting building
a
to harness the energy.
heating favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing
materials with
to the Sun, selecting circulate air.
and designing spaces that naturally
properties,
incoming
of solar radiation
Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW)
The reflected back to
Approximately 30% is
(insulation) at the upper atmosphere. and land masses.
oceans

while the rest is absorbed by clouds,

space surface is mostly spread across

solar light at the Earth's

The spectrum of
 Most
the visible and near-infrared ranges with a
small part in the near-ultraviolet.5
150-300 watts/m2,
with insulation levels of
of the world's population live in areas
Earth's land surface,
or 3.5-7.0 kWh/m2 per day. Solar
radiation is absorbed by the
and atmosphere. Warm air
which cover about 71% of the globe
-

Oceans

from the Oceans rises,causing atmospheric

containing evaporated water
circulation or When the air reaches a
convection. high altitude, where the
which rain onto the Earth's
temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds,
heat of water condensation
Surface, completing the water cycle. The latent
such as
amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena
the oceans and land
wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by
masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis,
green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces

food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fucls are derived.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land
masses is approximately 3,850,000 hex joules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more
energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosythesis captures
approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching
the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will
ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil,
natural gas, and mined uranium combined
Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active depending on
the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be
harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from
the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for
practical ends, all renevwable energies, other than geothermal power and Tidal
power, derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun.
Active solar techniques use photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, solar
thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive
solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal
properties,
designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a
building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and
are considered supply side
technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce
the need for alternate resources and are
generally considered demand side
technologies.