Connecting Angles ACCORDING TO MEDTHOD OF
BENEFITS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL INSTALLATION
Reduced frame construction time Hot Work
Ability to construct in all seasons Cold Work
Large spans and bay sizes HOT WORK
Easier to modify and reinforce RIVET PRE-HEAT
Weld
Lightweight and can reduce foundation costs INSERTION DIE CASTING
Durable, long-lasting and recyclable PRESS HEAD FORMATION
UNIQUE ASPECT OF STEEL COOLING
CONSTRUCTION COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
Steel is fabricated During the heating process the rivet expands
off-site CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIONS and returns to its original length when the heat is
On the Basis of Connecting Medium released in the atmosphere
According to method of installation Bearing Stress Creating an opposing
According to the type of structural Elements force between the two
On-site erection ON THE BASIS OF CONNECTING MEDIUM plates in contact
is a rapid process Riveted Connections Tensile Stress While the rivet develops
a stress normal to its
longitudinal axis
Single Shear Third forces created on
the cross-sectional area
CONNECTING STRUCTURAL STEEL
perpendicular to the
Primary connection Bolting and welding
Welded Connections longitudinal axis of the
methods
rivet called shearing
Strength depends on the proper use stress
Fabrication shop Shop connections Bolts in bearing are designed to meet two limit
Steel erector Field connections states:
COMPONENTS OF A CONNECTION Yielding Is an inelastic
Connecting Plates Bolted Connections deformation
and Bolt
Fracture Is a failure of the joint
Tension Act similarly to bearing
Rivet Bolted-Welded Connections connections
Connections DOUBLE SHEAR
Single Shear
Double Shear Full Weld A deep penetrating F2280 – High-Strenth ASTM A490 bolt
weld that can be Heat Treated Steel equivalent; contains
inspected for structural spline
integrity PARTS OF THE BOLT ASSEMBLY
STRUCTURAL WELDING
Welding Is the process of fusing COLD WORK
multiple pieces of metal BOLTS
together by heating the filler Structural Bolts It may be used to
metal to a liquid state make an architectural
The American Is a nonprofit organization to expression
Welding Society advance the science, ASTM Bolt Types
(AWS) technology, and application of Grip -Distance from behind
Ft Tensile strength from
welding and related joining the bolt head to the
AISC
disciplines back of the nut
A307 – Machine Bolts Ft = 45 Ksi
- sum of the thickness
Group A – High FT = 90 Ksi
Thread length Threaded portion of
Strength Bolts ASTM A325, A325M,
the bolt
F1852, A354
Bolt length Distance from behind
Group B – High Ft = 113 Ksi
the bolt of the end of
Strength Bolts ASTM A490, A490M,
the bolt
F2280, and A354
BOLTING AND WELDING SCHEDULING
Grade BD
CONSIDERATIONS
A307 – low carbon -Not commonly used
Bolting is generally a faster operation than
steel -Only used for
welding
WELDING TERMINOLOGIES secondary members
Bolting does not have the temperature and
Tack Weld A temporary weld used A325 – High-Strength Most common bolts
weather condition requirements that are
to hold parts in a place Medium Carbon Steel used in building
associated with welding
while more extensive, construction
Unexpected weather changes may delay
final welds are made A490 – High strength Cost more than
welding operations
Heat Treated Steel A325’s, but are
stronger Personal Protective Equipped to protect life
Continuous Weld A weld which extends Equipment and property
Round head (Button Are most common,
continuously from one Head) TC BOLTS domestically produced
end of a joint to the TC bolt
other
Stitch Weld A series of welds of a
specified length that
are spaced a specified
distance from each F1852 – High-strength ASTM A325 bolt
other Medium Carbon Steel equivalent; contains
spline
in the Earlier Planning amount of bending
Stage. moment between
Braced Frame The braced frame isthe connected members.
economical method of Fin Connector
resisting wind load in
multi-storey structural
frame.
Bracing creates
triangular configuration Moment Connection Connection that
in the structures. transmit bending
moment between
connected members.
End Plate Connection
COLD WORK Protection against
work hazards CONCENTRIC/ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME
HOT WORK Protection against Concentric Bracing are those in which the
extreme intensity of Frame centerlines of Moment connection are of two types:
light, members that meet at Fully restrained transfer moments with
exposure to burns, and a joint intersect moment connection a negligible amount of
open flames at a same work point to FR rotation between
BENEFITS OF STEEL STRUCTURE form a vertical truss connected members.
Reduced construction time and no seasonal system that resist Partially restrained Transfer moments,
effects lateral forces. moment connection but rotation between
Light weight and reduced foundation cost COMMONLY USED BRACING SYSTEM IN PR connected members is
Durable, long lasting, recyclable STEEL STRUCTURE not negligible.
Easier to modify and reinforce if required X-BRACING The connection for X-
Fabrication off-site is possible bracing is located at
On-site erection is a time saving process the beam-to-column
Schedule advantage joint.
LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS
Load Resisting The type of lateral load
Systems (Seismic, Wind, CHEVRON BRACING The members used in
Friction, chevron bracing are
Thermal) resisting designed for both
system to compression and
be used in a Structure. tension
Simple connection (A) has rigidity but is
Rigid Frame Types resisting system to be assumed to rotate free.
used in a Structure STEEL FRAME CONNECTION TYPES Connection (B & C) are examples of
Should be taken care Simple Connection Connection that partially restrained
transmit negligible moment connections.
Connection (D & E) are examples of fully Fully restrained (FR) Have sufficient
restrained moments. Connection strength to transfer
COMMONLY USED SIMPLE CONNECTION moment with negligible
Single Plate A plate is welded to the rotation between
Connection (Shear supporting member connected members.
Tab) and bolted to the web
of the supported beam.
Top and Bottom Angle Angles are bolted or
with Shear end Plate welded to the top and
Connection bottom flanges of the
Partially restrained Have sufficient supported member and
(PR) Connection strength to transfer to the supporting
Double Angle The in plane pair of moments with rotation column.
Connection legs are attached to between connected
the web of the members.
supported member and
out of plane pair of
legs attached to the
supporting beam web
or flange.
Shear End Plate A plate is welded
Connection perpendicular to the COMMONLY USED FR CONNECTION
end of supported web Welded Flange Plate Complete joint
and bolted to Connection penetration groove
supporting beam. welds directly top and
bottom flanges of the
supported member to
supporting column.
Seated connection An angle is mounted Bolted Flange Plate
with one leg vertical Connection
against the supporting
column & the other leg
provides a “seat” upon
which the beam is PR Moment A double angle simple
mounted ,a stabilizer Connection connection transfers
connection is provided vertical shear forces
at top of the web. while top and bottom
flange plates resist
MOMENT CONNECTION
moment forces
produced by wind.