FACULTY OF SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND
ELECTRONICS
TO :MR THOKOZANI KAMOTO
FROM :PROSPER BALUTI(BSPHE 0123)
COURSE TITTLE :MULTISM & LATEX
COURSE CODE :PHYS 2404
PROGRAM :PHYSICS & ELECTRONICS
LEVEL :2
SEMESTER :4
TASK :REPORTING ON MULTISM
DUE DATE :13 JUNE 2025
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INTRODUCTION
I draw and run schematic diagrams of multism software.I
observed what was happening in the simulations using
[Link] simulations were categorised into 9 ac-
tivities non-linear wave shaping clippers & clampers,halfwave
rectifier,fullwave rectifier,bridge rectifier,common emit-
ter amplifier,common collector amplifier,a stable mul-
tivibrator,monostable multivibrator,schmitt trigger,two
stage RC-coupled amplifier.
NON LINEAR WAVE SHAPING CLIP-
PERS & CLAMPERS
Non-linear wave shaping is the process of changing shape
of waveform using non linear circuit components(in this
case diode) resulting in production of desired output
waveform.
A clippers are electronic circuit that clips amplitude of
waveform to a certain level. Types of it are
1. Postive clipper
This clips postive half-cycle of a waveform.
2. Zener clipper
3. negative clipper
This clips negative half-cycle of a waveform.
4. double clipper
This limits the amplitude of a waveform to two spe-
cific levels thus postive and negative.
Applications of clippers are amplitude limiting,voltage
2
regulation,waveform shaping and protection aganst volt-
age spikes.
Series Diode Clipper
I connected 5Vpk to the circuit then replaced it with
sine wave.
Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the setup was as shown be-
low.
Figure 1: a 5Vpk series diode clipper circuit
The output wave form was fig 2
3
[t]
Figure 2: a waveform of series diode clipper circuit
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 3:
Figure 3: a 1KHz sine wave series diode clipper circuit
4
The output wave form was fig 4:
Figure 4: a waveform of 1KHz sine wave series diode clipper circuit
Series Diode Clipper with Bias
I did the same as series diode clipper.
Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the setup was as shown in
fig 5.
The output wave form was fig 6:
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 7 The output
wave form was fig 8:
Shunt diode clipper
Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the setup was as shown in
fig 9. The output wave form was fig 10:
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 11 The output
5
Figure 5: a 5Vpk series diode clipper with bias circuit
wave form was fig 12:
Shunt Diode Clipper With Bias
Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the setup was as shown in
fig 13. The output wave form was fig 14:
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 15 The output
wave form was fig 16:
Negative Clamper Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the
setup was as shown in fig 17. The output wave form
was fig 18:
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 19 The output
wave form was fig 20:
Postive Clamper Using AC Voltage 5Vpk the setup
was as shown in fig 21. The output wave form was
fig 22:
Using sine wave of 1KHz it was fig 23 The output
wave form was fig 24:
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Figure 6: a waveform of 5vpk series diode clipper with bias circuit
Figure 7: a sine wave series diode clipper with bias circuit
7
Figure 8: a waveform of sine wave series diode clipper with bias circuit
Figure 9: a 5vpk shunt diode clipper circuit
8
Figure 10: a waveform of 5vpk shunt diode clipper circuit
Figure 11: a sine wave shunt diode clipper circuit
9
Figure 12: a waveform of 1KHz sine wave shunt diode clipper circuit
Figure 13: a 5vpk shunt diode clipper with bias circuit
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Figure 14: a waveform of 5vpk shunt diode clipper with bias circuit
Figure 15: a sine wave shunt diode clipper with bias circuit
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Figure 16: a waveform of 1KHz sine wave shunt diode clipper with bias circuit
Figure 17: a 5vpk negative circuit
12
Figure 18: a waveform of 5vpk negative clamper circuit
Figure 19: a sine wave negative clamper circuit
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Figure 20: a waveform of 1KHz sine wave negative clamper circuit
Figure 21: a 5vpk postive circuit
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Figure 22: a waveform of 5vpk postive clamper circuit
Figure 23: a sine wave postive clamper circuit
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Figure 24: a waveform of 1KHz sine wave postive clamper circuit
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HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
DEFINITIONS
Rectifier: This is electronic circuit that convert AC
to DC.
It has many applications like power supplying,battery
charging,renewable energy system,electroplating and
working of x-ray machine.
Filter: This is electronic circuit that removes noise
from signal thus allowing desired frequency to pass
through.
A capacitor being a filter it works by storing en-
ergy when voltage is in peak then releasing it when
voltage is in troughs,in that process smoothing out
the output voltage.
Ripple factor: This is measure of AC component
that remains in the output of rectifier.
Peak Inverse Voltage This is maximum voltage a
rectifier diode in reverse biased withstand.
Regulation: This is tendancy of power supply to
maintain a constant output voltage regardless of in-
put one.
Transformer Utilization FactorThis is the ratio
of DC power output to the AC rating of the trans-
former secondary.
1. Half wave rectifier without filter
I connected 230Vrms,50Hz source to the circuit then
replaced it with sine wave of the same rating. Using
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230Vrms power voltage the setup was as shown in fig
25.
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Figure 25: a halfwave rectifier without filter circuit
The output wave form was fig 26:
Using sine wave it was fig 27 The output wave form
was fig 28:
2. Half wave rectifier with capacitor filter
I did the same as in halfwave rectifier without filter.
Using 230Vrms power voltage the setup was as shown
in fig 29.
The output wave form was fig 30:
Using sine wave it was fig 31 The output wave form
was fig 32:
Ripple factor:
p
⋎ = V rms2 − V dc2
p
⋎ = 1/2 3 × 50 × 1000 × 47 × 10−6
= 0.123
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Figure 26: a waveform of 230Vrms halfwave rectifier circuit
Figure 27: a sine wave halfwave rectifier without filter circuit
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Figure 28: a waveform sine wave halfwave rectifier without filter circuit
Figure 29: a halfwave rectifier with capacitor filter circuit
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Figure 30: a waveform of 230Vrms halfwave rectifier with filter circuit
Figure 31: a sine wave halfwave rectifier with filter circuit
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Figure 32: a waveform sine wave halfwave rectifier with filter circuit
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FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
1. Full wave rectifier without filter
I connected 230Vrms,50Hz source to the circuit then
replaced it with sine wave of the same rating. Using
230Vrms power voltage the setup was as shown in fig
33.
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Figure 33: a fullwave rectifier without filter circuit
The output wave form was fig 34:
Using sine wave it was fig 35 The output wave form
was fig 36:
2. Full wave rectifier with capacitor filter
I did the same as in fullwave rectifier without filter.
Using 230Vrms power voltage the setup was as shown
in fig 37.
The output wave form was fig 38:
Using sine wave it was fig 39 The output wave form
was fig 40:
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier without filter
I connected 230Vrms,50Hz source to the circuit then
replaced it with sine wave of the same rating. Using
230Vrms power voltage the setup was as shown in fig 41.
The output wave form was fig 42:
Using sine wave it was fig 43 The output wave form was
fig 44:
25
Figure 34: a waveform of 230Vrms fullwave rectifier circuit
Figure 35: a sine wave fullwave rectifier without filter circuit
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Figure 36: a waveform sine wave fullwave rectifier without filter circuit
Figure 37: a fullwave rectifier with capacitor filter circuit
27
Figure 38: a waveform of 230Vrms fullwave rectifier with filter circuit
Figure 39: a sine wave fullwave rectifier with filter circuit
28
Figure 40: a waveform sine wave fullwave rectifier with filter circuit
Figure 41: a bridge rectifier without filter circuit
29
Figure 42: a waveform of 230Vrms bridge rectifier circuit
Figure 43: a sine wave bridge rectifier without filter circuit
30
Figure 44: a waveform sine wave bridge rectifier without filter circuit
31
Figure 45: a stable multivibrator circuit
A STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
A Multivibrator is electronic circuit that is used to
produce waveform with multiple levels.
TYPES OF MULTIVIBRATOR
a stable multivibrator
It is used in clock generation,timing signals,pulse
generation and oscillators.
Significant of a stable multivibrator
It is able to generatea continous square wave without
any external trigger.
monostable multivibrator
bistable multivibrator
a stable multivibrator circuit
After connecting all components the setup was as shown
in fig 45.
The output wave form was fig 46:
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Figure 46: a waveform of stable multivibrator circuit
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Figure 47: a schmitt trigger circuit
A SCHMITT TRIGGER
Schmitt trigger is a circuit that hac different input
thresholds for switching on and off.
Application of Schmitt trigger
noise reduction
waveform shaping
The significant ofSchnitt trigger is that it has im-
proved noise immunity.
a schmitt trigger circuit
After connecting all components the setup was as shown
in fig 47.
The output wave form was fig 48:
34
Figure 48: a waveform of schmitt trigger circuit
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TWO STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLI-
FIER
IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW
1. Multistage amplifier
This is kind of amplifier having multiple stages of
amplification.
2. A coupling device
This is important in multistage amplifier because it
transfer output signal from one stage to input signal
of next stage.
3. Applicattions of RC coupled amplifier
Audio amplification
Instrumentation
4. Advantage of RC coupled amplifier:It has good
frequency response.
5. Disadvantage of RC coupled amplifier:It is ca-
pable of producing noise and distortion.
6. multistage amplifier increases the gain and decreases
the bandwidth
Two stage RC-coupled amplifier circuit
After connecting all components the setup was as shown
in fig 49.
The output wave form was fig 50:
36
Figure 49: a two stage RC coupled amplifier circuit
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope
at vc1
After connecting all components the setup was as shown
in fig 51.
The output wave form was fig 51:
monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope
at vc2
After connecting all components the setup was as shown
in fig 52.
The output wave form was fig 53:
37
Figure 50: a waveform of two stage RC coupled amplifier circuit
Figure 51: monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope at vc1
38
Figure 52: a waveform of monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope at
vc1
Figure 53: monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope at vc2
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Figure 54: a waveform of monostable multivibrator circuit with oscilloscope at
vc2
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CONCLUSION
Multisim is a software tool for designing,simulating and
analyzing electronic [Link] analyzing the circuits
I have designed and simulate,i can now practically build
them.
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