Physical Sciences

(Chemistry, Physics, Physical Science)

Force
Units 02 Newton’s Laws, 03 Uniform Circular Motion, 04 Momentum
Average Level for All Three Units
Level 2.0: 70% on test, Level 3.0: 80% on test, Level 4.0: level 3.0 and success on bumper lab
Score I Can Statements
□ I can design a device that minimizes force on an object during a collision and justify its
4.0 design.
3.5 In addition to score 3.0 performance, partial success at score 4.0 content.
02 Newton’s Laws
□ I can use Newton's second law of motion to describe the mathematical relationships between
net force, acceleration, and mass.
03 Uniform Circular Motion
□ I can explain how unbalanced forces applied to a system can cause a change in its rotational
3.0
motion.
04 Momentum
□ I can explain how to minimize force on an object during a collision.
□ I can explain why the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no
net force on the system.
2.5 No major errors or omissions regarding score 2.0 content, and partial success at score 3.0 content.
02 Newton’s Laws
□ I can explain why force and acceleration are often represented with vectors.
□ I can defend Newton’s first law of motion by explaining what a balanced net force of zero
means when related to objects in motion and at rest.
□ I can explain the difference between mass and weight and their common measurement units.
□ I can recall the equation for Newton’s second law of motion.
□ I can explain Newton’s third law of motion.
03 Uniform Circular Motion
□ I can calculate torque on a rotating object.
2.0 □ I can calculate how changes in the moment of inertia cause changes to its rotational velocity.
04 Momentum
□ I can use Newton’s second law of motion and the equation for acceleration to find the
relationship between impulse and momentum change.
□ I can explain the inverse relationship between force and time using the equations for impulse
and momentum change.
□ I can explain why objects colliding for the same amount of time experience equal impulse in
opposite directions, and therefore equal and opposite changes in momentum.
□ I can recall the law of conservation of momentum.
□ I can
Copyright Adventist compare the initial
Education/Marzano’s and final momenta of objects in a collision.
Research
 □ I can determine the degree to which a collision is elastic or inelastic by determining whether
kinetic energy is conserved.
□ I can assess the force, momentum, impulse, and velocity associated with real-world
examples of the rebound effect and elastic and inelastic collisions.
1.5 Partial success at score 2.0 content, and major errors or omissions regarding score 3.0 content.
1.0 With help, partial success at score 2.0 content and score 3.0 content.
0.5 With help, partial success at score 2.0 content but not at score 3.0 content.
0.0 Even with help, no success.

Copyright Adventist Education/Marzano’s Research

Physics 02-01 Newton's Laws Name: _______________________________
Force
• A ________________ or a ________________
• Is a ________________
• Unit: ________________ (N)
• Measured by a ________________________________
Free-body Diagram
• Picture of object with all the __________________ acting _________ the object

Newton's First Law of Motion

A body at ________________ remains at ________________, or, if in motion, remains in ________________ at a __________________________ unless
acted on by a net external ________________.
Inertia
• Property of objects to remain in ________________ motion or rest.
• ________________ is a measure of inertia

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Acceleration of a system is directly proportional to and in the same ________________ of as the net ________________ and inversely
proportional to the ________________.
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒂= or 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒎

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Whenever one body exerts a ________________ on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in
________________ and opposite in ________________ to the force that it exerts.
• Every force has an equal and opposite reaction force.

A football player named Al is blocking a player on the other team named Bob. Al applies a 1500 N force on Bob. If Bob's mass is
100 kg, what is his acceleration?

What is the size of the force on Al?

If Al's mass is 75 kg, what is his acceleration?

A 0.046 kg golf ball hit by a driver can accelerate from rest to 67 m/s in 1 ms while the driver is in contact with the ball. How
much average force does the golf ball experience?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-01 Newton's Laws Name: _______________________________
Practice Work
1. Forces are vectors. Look back in previous lessons and explain how to add vectors.
2. You are riding in a car when it turns to the left abruptly. Why do you feel like you are being forced to the right?
3. Which statement is correct? (a) Net force causes motion. (b) Net force causes change in motion. Explain your answer and
give an example.
4. A system can have a nonzero velocity while the net external force on it is zero. Describe such a situation.
5. An airplane has a mass of 3.1 × 104 kg and takes off under the influence of a constant net force of 3.7 × 104 N. What is the
net force that acts of the plane's 78-kg pilot? (Cutnell 4.1) 93 N
6. In the amusement park ride known as Magic Mountain Superman, powerful magnets accelerate a car and its riders from
rest to 45 m/s (about 100 mph) in a time of 7.0 s. The mass of the car and riders is 5.5 × 103 kg. Find the average net force
exerted on the car and riders by the magnets. (Cutnell 4.3) 𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 N
7. When a 58-g tennis ball is served, it accelerates from rest to a speed of 45 m/s. The impact with the racket gives the ball a
constant acceleration over a distance of 44 cm. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the ball? (Cutnell 4.5) 130
N
8. A 1580-kg car is traveling with a speed of 15.0 m/s. What is the magnitude of the net force that is required to bring this car
to a halt in a distance of 50.0 m? (Cutnell 4.6) 3560 N
9. A person with a black belt in karate has a fist that has a mass of 0.70 kg. Starting from rest, this fist attains a velocity of 8.0
m/s in 0.15 s. What is the magnitude of the average net force applied to the fist to achieve this level of performance?
(Cutnell 4.7) 37 N
10. A 350-kg sailboat has an acceleration of 0.62 m/s2 at an angle of 64° north of east. Find the magnitude and direction of the
net force that acts on the sailboat. (Cutnell 4.12) 220 N at 64° N of E
11. A force vector has a magnitude of 720 N and a direction of 38° N of E. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the components of the force that point along the N-S line and the E-W line. (Cutnell 4.10)
440N, 570N
12. Only two forces act on an object (mass = 3.00 kg), as in the drawing. Find the magnitude and direction
(relative to the x axis) of the acceleration of the object. (Cutnell 4.13) 30.9 m/s2 at 27.2° above x-axis
13. What net external force is exerted on a 1100-kg artillery shell fired from a battleship if the shell is
accelerated at 2.40 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 2 ? What force is exerted on the ship by the artillery shell? (OpenStax
4.15) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 N, 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 N
14. Find the net force for the following forces: 3 N East, 2 N West, 5 N North, and 4 N South. (RW) 1.41 N at 45° N of E
15. Find the net force for the following forces: 10 N up and 14 N at 30° above the horizontal. (RW) 20.9 N at 54.5° above
horizontal

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-02 Weight and Normal Force Name: __________________________
Weight Mass

• Force of _____________ (𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎) • Measure of _____________

• Objects near earth _____________ downward at 9.80 • Unit: kg
m/s2 • _____________
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
• Unit: N
• Depends on local _____________
Force Problem Solving Strategy
1. Identify the ______________________ involved and _____________ a _____________
2. List your _______________ and _____________ a __________________ diagram
3. Apply _____________
4. Check your _____________ for ______________________
Free-body diagram
Draw only _____________ acting ____________ the object
Represent the forces with vector _____________
Normal Force

• _________________________component force between two objects when they _____________

• Weight pushes _____________, so the table pushes _____________
• Newton’s _____________Law
• Normal force doesn’t always = weight
• Draw a ___________________ diagram to find _____________________

When a problem asks for apparent weight, find the _________________________________

A 30-kg box of books is sitting on the floor. A 20-kg child is sitting on the box. What is the normal force between the child and
the box?

What is the normal force between the box and the floor?

A lady is weighing some bananas in a grocery store when the floor collapses. If the banana’s mass is 2 kg and the floor is accelerating
at −2.25 m/s2, what is the apparent weight (normal force) of the bananas?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-02 Weight and Normal Force Name: __________________________
A box is sitting on a ramp angled at 20°. If the box weighs 50 N, what is the normal force on the box?
𝐹𝑁

20°
20°

Practice Work
1. A rock is thrown straight up. What is the net external force acting on the rock when it is at the top of its trajectory?
2. When a body is moved from sea level to the top of a mountain, what changes—the body's mass, its weight, or both?
3. Object A weighs twice as much as object B at the same spot on the earth. Would the same be true at a given spot on Mars?
Explain.
4. What direction is the normal force? (RW)
5. A space traveler whose mass is 115 kg leaves earth. What are his weight and mass (a) on earth and (b) in interplanetary space
where there are no nearby planetary objects? (Cutnell 4.21) m=115 kg, W=1130 N; m=115 kg, W=0 N
6. A dumbbell weighs 200 N. What is its mass? (RW) 20.4 kg
7. A rock of mass 45 kg accidentally breaks loose from the edge of a cliff and falls straight down. The magnitude of the air resistance
that opposes its downward motion is 250 N. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the rock? (Cutnell 4.20) 4.2 m/s2
8. A 35-kg crate rests on a horizontal floor, and a 65-kg person is standing on the crate. Determine the magnitude of the normal
force that (a) the floor exerts on the crate and (b) the crate exerts on the person. (Cutnell 4.34) 980 N, 640 N
9. A 10-kg goat stands on a kid’s back while playing. (a) What is the normal force on the goat? (b) The goat pushes down with 5 N in
order to jump. What is the normal force while the goat is jumping? (RW) 98 N, 103 N
10. A rocket blasts off from rest and attains a speed of 45 m/s in 15 s. An astronaut has a mass of 57 kg. What is the astronaut's
apparent weight during takeoff? (Cutnell 4.35) 730 N
11. A 50-kg woman is riding on an elevator. What is her apparent weight when it is accelerating upward at 1.5 m/s 2? (RW) 565 N
12. What is the apparent weight of an 80-kg man riding tower drop ride that is accelerating at 8.9 m/s2 downward? (RW) 72 N
13. What is the apparent weight of a 60-kg woman that is accelerating upwards at 7 m/s2 while being launched on a slingshot ride?
(RW) 1000 N
14. A 5-kg block rests on a frictionless plane inclined at 10°. What is the acceleration of the block as it slides down the incline? (RW)
1.70 m/s2
15. A 0.05-kg cookie is on a non-stick (frictionless) cookie sheet inclined at 30°. What is the acceleration of the cookie as it slides
down the cookie sheet? If the cookie sheet is 0.75 m long, how much time do you have to catch the cookie before it falls off the
edge (Note: This is a review question.)? (RW) 4.9 m/s2, 0.55 s

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 02-03 Friction Name: ____________________________
Normal force – _______________________ to surface

Friction force – ____________ to surface, and ____________ motion

Comes from ________________________

Static Friction
Keeps things from ____________.
Cancels out _______________ force until the applied force gets too ____________.
Depends on force pushing ____________ and _______________________ of surface.
𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
𝜇𝑠 is ____________ ____________ of static friction (0.01 to 1.5)

Kinetic Friction
Once motion ____________
𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
𝑓𝑘 is usually ______________________ 𝑓𝑠
A car skids to a stop after initially going 30.0 m/s. μ = 0.800. How far does the car go
k

before stopping? FN

fk

A 65-kg skier is coasting downhill on a 15° slope. Assuming the coefficient of friction is that of waxed wood on snow (𝜇𝑘 =
0.1), what is the skier's acceleration?
𝐹𝑁
𝑓𝑘

15° 𝑊

While hauling firewood to the house, you pull a 100-kg wood-filled wagon across level ground at a constant velocity. You pull
the handle with a force of 230 N at 30° above the horizontal. What is the coefficient of friction between the wagon and the
ground?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-03 Friction Name: ____________________________
Practice Work
1. A box rests on the floor of an elevator. Because of static friction, a force is required to start the box sliding across the
floor when the elevator is (a) stationary, (b) accelerating upward, and (c) accelerating downward. Rank the forces
required in these three situations from smallest to largest.
2. Define normal force. What is its relationship to friction?
3. When you learn to drive, you discover that you need to let up slightly on the brake pedal as you come to a stop or the
car will stop with a jerk. Explain this in terms of the relationship between static and kinetic friction.
4. A block whose weight is 45.0 N rests on a horizontal table. A horizontal force of 36.0 N is applied to the block. The
coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.650 and 0.420, respectively. Will the block move under the influence of
the force, and, if so, what will be the block's acceleration? (Cutnell 4.37) 3.72 m/s2
5. A 20.0-kg sled is being pulled across a horizontal surface at a constant velocity. The pulling force has a magnitude of
80.0 N and is directed at an angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction. (Cutnell
4.39) 0.444
6. A cup of hot chocolate is sitting on the dashboard of a car that is traveling at a constant velocity. The coefficient of
static friction between the cup and the dashboard is 0.30. Suddenly, the car accelerates. What is the maximum
acceleration that he car can have without the cup sliding backward off the dashboard? (RW) 2.94 m/s2
7. An 81-kg baseball player slides into second base. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the player and the ground
is 0.49. (a) What is the magnitude of the frictional force? (b) If the player comes to rest after 1.6 s, what was his initial
velocity? (Review) (RW) 389 N, 7.68 m/s
8. What is the maximum frictional force (μ =0.016) in the knee joint of a person who supports 66.0 kg of her mass on
that knee? (OpenStax 5.3) 10 N
9. Suppose you have a 120-kg wooden crate resting on a wood floor (μs = 0.5, μk = 0.3). (a) What maximum force can you
exert horizontally on the crate without moving it? (b) If you continue to exert this force once the crate starts to slip,
what will its acceleration then be? (OpenStax 5.4) 588 N, 1.96 m/s2
10. (a) If half of the weight of a small 1.00 × 103 kg utility truck is supported by its two drive wheels, what is the
maximum acceleration it can achieve on dry concrete (𝜇𝑠 = 1.0)? (b) Will a metal cabinet lying on the wooden bed of
the truck slip if it accelerates at this rate (𝜇𝑠 = 0.5)? (OpenStax 5.5) 4.9 m/s2, No
11. Calculate the deceleration of a snow boarder going up a 5.0° slope assuming the coefficient of friction for waxed wood
on wet snow (𝜇𝑘 = 0.1). (OpenStax 5.10) 1.83 m/s2
12. (a) Calculate the acceleration of a skier heading down a 10.0° slope, assuming the coefficient of friction for waxed
wood on wet snow (𝜇𝑘 = 0.1). (b) Find the angle of the slope down which this skier could coast at a constant velocity.
(OpenStax 5.11) 0.737 m/s2, 5.71°
13. A contestant in a winter sporting event pushes a 45.0-kg block of ice across a frozen lake as shown in the picture (𝜇𝑠 =
0.1, 𝜇𝑘 = 0.03). (a) Calculate the minimum force F he must exert to get the block moving. (b) What is its acceleration
once it starts to move, if that force is maintained? (OpenStax 5.18) 51.0 N, 0.719 m/s2

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-04 Tension, Hooke's Law, and Equilibrium Name: __________________________
Hooke's Law Tension
For _________________ or forces that _________________ (change shape) _________________ force from rope, chain, etc.
For _________________ deformations (no permanent change) _________________ the rope connects to something, there is an
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑘Δ𝑥 _________________ tension
𝑘 = _____________________________________ and is unique to each spring Equilibrium
Δ𝑥 = the _________________ the spring is stretched/compressed
No _________________
Hooke's Law is the reason we can use a _________________ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
scale to measure _________________

The helicopter in the drawing is moving horizontally to the right at a constant velocity. The weight of the helicopter
is 53,800 N. The lift force L generated by the rotating blade makes an angle of 21.0° with respect to the vertical.
What is the magnitude of the lift force?

A stoplight is suspended by two cables over a street. Weight of the light is 110 N and the cables make a 122° angle with each side of the light.
Find the tension in each cable. 𝑇1 𝑇2
122°

A mountain climber, in the process of crossing between two cliffs by a rope,

pauses to rest. She weighs 535 N. Find the tensions in the rope to the left
and to the right of the mountain climber.

A 10-g toy plastic bunny is connected to its base by a spring. The spring is compressed and a suction cup on the bunny holds it to
the base so that the bunny doesn't move. If the spring is compressed 3 cm and has a constant of 330 N/m, how much force must
the suction cup provide?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-04 Tension, Hooke's Law, and Equilibrium Name: __________________________
Practice Work
1. A stone is thrown from the top of a cliff. As the stone falls, is it in equilibrium?
2. During the final stages of descent, a sky diver with an open parachute approaches the ground with constant velocity. The wind does not
blow him from side to side. Is the sky diver in equilibrium, and if so, what forces are responsible for the equilibrium?
3. A supertanker (𝑚 = 1.70 × 108 kg) is moving with a constant velocity. Its engines generate a forward thrust of 7.40 × 105 N. Determine
(a) the magnitude of the resistive force exerted on the tanker by the water and (b) the magnitude of the upward buoyant force exerted
on the tanker by the water. (Cutnell 4.47) 𝟕. 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N, 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 N
4. A stuntman is being pulled along a rough road at a constant velocity, by a cable attached to a moving truck. The cable is
parallel to the ground. The mass of the stuntman is 109 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the road and
him is 0.870. Find the tension in the cable. (Cutnell 4.51) 929 N
5. (a) Calculate the tension in a vertical strand of spider web if a spider of mass 8.00 × 10−5 kg hangs motionless on it. (b)
Calculate the tension in a horizontal strand of spider web if the same spider sits motionless in the middle of it. The strand
sags at an angle of 12° below the horizontal. (OpenStax 4.19) 𝟕. 𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 N, 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 N
6. Superhero and Trusty Sidekick are hanging motionless from a rope. Superhero’s mass is 90.0 kg, while Trusty Sidekick’s
is 55.0 kg, and the mass of the rope is negligible. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the situation showing all forces acting
on Superhero, Trusty Sidekick, and the rope. (b) Find the tension in the rope above Superhero. (c) Find the
tension in the rope between Superhero and Trusty Sidekick. (OpenStax 4.34)1420 N, 539 N
7. Consider the 52.0-kg mountain climber in the picture. (a) Find the tension in the rope and the force that the
mountain climber must exert with her feet on the vertical rock face to remain stationary. Assume that the
force is exerted parallel to her legs. Also, assume negligible force exerted by her arms. (b) What is the
minimum coefficient of friction between her shoes and the cliff? (OpenStax 5.17) 273 N, 512 N; 0.268
8. A monkey (m = 4 kg) is in a harness connected to a rope that goes up over a pulley on the ceiling. If the
monkey pulls on the other end of the rope, it will go up. It is climbing at a constant velocity, what is the
tension in the rope? (RW) 19.6 N
9. A toy dart gun uses a spring to shoot a dart. (a) If you have to use 25 N to compress the spring by 6 cm, what
is the spring constant? (b) If it fires a 50-g dart, what will be the acceleration of the dart assuming no air
resistance? (RW) 417 N/m, 500 m/s2
10. An 80-kg bungee jumper jumps off a bridge. Rubber bungee cords act as a large spring attaching the jumper to the bridge. A bear
standing in the river below catches the jumper. If the spring constant of the bungees is 20 N/m and they stretch 50 m. How much force
must the bear apply to keep the jumper from moving? (RW) 216 N

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-05 Nonequilibrium and Fundamental Forces Name: _______________________________
Four Basic Forces • Scientists are trying to combine all forces together
in ______________________________
All forces are made up of only _______________ forces
• Have combined
• ______________________________– gravity
_____________________________________________
• _______________________– static electricity, magnetism
• ______________________________– radioactivity
_______________ is the weakest
• ______________________________– keeps nucleus of
We feel it because the electromagnetic _______________ out
atoms together
over _______________ areas
All forces occur because _______________ with that force
_______________ forces are _______________ but only over
_______________play _______________with a different ______________
_______________ distance
• Electromagnetic uses _______________
A 1380-kg car is moving due east with an initial speed of 27.0 m/s. After 8.00 s the car has slowed down to 17.0 m/s. Find the
magnitude and direction of the net force that produces the deceleration.

A supertanker of mass 𝑚 = 1.50 × 108 kg is being towed by two tugboats, as in the picture. The tensions in the towing cables
apply the forces 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 at equal angles of 30.0° with respect to the tanker's axis. In addition the tanker's engines produce a
forward drive force D, whose magnitude is 𝐷 = 75.0 × 103 N. Moreover, the water applies an opposing force R, whose
magnitude is 𝑅 = 40.0 × 103 N. The tanker moves forward with an acceleration of 2.00 × 10−3 m/s2. Find the magnitudes of
the tensions 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 .

A flatbed truck is carrying a crate up a 10.0° hill as in the picture. The coefficient of the static friction between the truck bed
and the crate is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.350. Find the maximum acceleration that the truck can attain before the crate begins to slip backward
relative to the truck.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics 02-05 Nonequilibrium and Fundamental Forces Name: _______________________________
A window washer on a scaffold is hoisting the scaffold up the side of a building by pulling downward
on a rope, as in the picture. The magnitude of the pulling force is 540 N, and the combined mass of the
worker and the scaffold is 155 kg. Find the upward acceleration of the unit.

Practice Work
1. A circus performer hangs stationery from a rope. She then begins to climb upward by pulling herself up, hand over hand.
When she starts climbing, is the tension in the rope less than, equal to, or greater than it is when she hangs stationary?
Explain.
2. Only two forces act on an object (m = 4.00 kg): 60.0 N in the +y direction and 40.0 N in the +x direction. Find the
magnitude and direction (relative to the x-axis) of the acceleration of the object. (Cutnell 4.63) 18 m/s2 at 56.3°
3. A 292-kg motorcycle is accelerating up along a ramp that is inclined at 30.0° above the horizontal. The propulsion force
pushing the motorcycle up the ramp is 3150 N, and air resistance produces a force of 250 N that opposes the motion.
Find the magnitude of the motorcycle's acceleration. (Cutnell 4.68) 5.03 m/s2
4. A rescue helicopter is lifting a man (weight = 822 N) from a capsized boat by means of a cable and harness. (a) What is
the tension in the cable when the man is given an initial upward acceleration of 1.10 m/s 2? (b) What is the tension during
the remainder of the rescue when he is pulled upward at a constant velocity? (Cutnell 4.70) 914 N, 822 N
5. To hoist himself into a tree, a 72.0-kg man ties one end of a nylon rope around his waist and throws the other end over a
branch of the tree. He then pulls downward on the free end of the rope with a force of 358 N. Neglect any friction
between the rope and the branch and determine the man's upward acceleration. (Cutnell 4.75) 0.14 m/s2
6. A 95.0-kg person stands on a scale in an elevator. What is the apparent weight when the elevator is (a) accelerating
upward with an acceleration of 1.80 m/s2, (b) moving upward at a constant speed, and (c) accelerating downward with
an acceleration of 1.30 m/s2? (Cutnell 4.94) 1100 N, 931 N, 808 N
7. A 15-g bullet is fired from a rifle. It takes 2.50 × 10−3 s for the bullet to travel the length of the barrel, and it exits the
barrel with a speed of 715 m/s. Assuming that the acceleration of the bullet is constant, find the average net force exerted
on the bullet. (Finding the acceleration is review.) (Cutnell 4.95) 4290 N
8. Suppose a 60.0-kg gymnast climbs a rope. (a) What is the tension in the rope if he climbs at a constant speed? (b) What is
the tension in the rope if he accelerates upward at a rate of 1.50 m/s 2? (OpenStax 4.20) 588 N, 678 N
9. A 5.00 × 105 -kg rocket is accelerating straight up. Its engines produce 1.250 × 107 N of thrust, and air resistance is
4.50 × 106 N. What is the rocket’s acceleration? (OpenStax 4.23) 6.20 m/s2
10. The wheels of a midsize car exert a force of 2100 N backward on the road to accelerate the car in the forward direction. If
the force of friction including air resistance is 250 N and the acceleration of the car is 1.80 m/s 2, what is the mass of the
car plus its occupants? (OpenStax 4.24) 1030 kg
11. Calculate the force a 70.0-kg high jumper must exert on the ground to produce an upward acceleration 4.00 times the
acceleration due to gravity. (OpenStax 4.25) 3430 N
12. A nurse pushes a cart by exerting a force on the handle at a downward angle 35.0° below the horizontal. The loaded cart
has a mass of 28.0 kg, and the force of friction is 60.0 N. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the system of interest. (b) What
force must the nurse exert to move at a constant velocity? (OpenStax 4.35) 73 N

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax High School Physics
Physics Unit 2: Forces Review
1. Know about force, free-body diagrams, Newton’s Laws of Motion, inertia, weight, normal force, apparent weight, static
friction, kinetic friction and which is greater, tension, Hooke’s Law, equilibrium, fundamental forces
2. What is the net force required to stop a 635-kg moose if it stops with a −2.35 m/s2 acceleration?
3. What is the acceleration of a 1000-kg car that stops with a braking force of 500 N?
4. A 900-kg elephant is standing on the ground. If there are no other forces, what is the normal force between the
elephant and the ground?
5. Francis rides a freefall drop ride at the fair. What is her apparent weight if her mass is 60 kg and the ride is
accelerating down at 8.0 m/s2?
6. A 15-kg wagon is pulled across the ground with a constant speed by a rope making an 30° angle with the ground. If
the pulling force is 90 N, what is the coefficient of friction between the wagon and the ground?
7. A box is sitting on a table. The coefficient of friction between the table and box is 0.4. If a 70-N horizontal force is
required to slide the box across the table, what is the box’s mass?
8. A 70-kg sled slides across the level ground and is slowing down due to friction. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2, what
is acceleration of the box?
9. A 20-kg child sits on a spring attached to the ground. The spring is compressed 20 cm. If it is in equilibrium, what is
the spring constant?
10. An elevator is hung from a cable which is attached to a pulley. If the elevator’s mass is 5000 kg and it is rising with a
constant velocity, what is the tension in the cable?
11. A 0.1-kg soup can is pulled behind a car by a string. If the string is horizontal and the coefficient of friction is 0.7, what
is the tension in the string when the car accelerates at 3 m/s2?
12. A spring with k = 5000 N/m is stopping a 2×105-kg train. If the spring is compressed 90 cm, what is the acceleration of
the train?
13. A 5-kg monkey has a rope tied around her waist. That rope goes up to the ceiling and around a pulley. Then the rope
goes back down to the monkey. The monkey pulls on the rope so that she goes up towards the ceiling. If she pulls with
30 N, what is her acceleration?
Physics Unit 2: Forces Review
Answers
2. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 8. y-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (635 𝑘𝑔) (−2.35 2 ) = −𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝑵
𝑠 𝑚
3. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐹𝑁 − (70 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = 0
𝑠
500 𝑁 = (1000 𝑘𝑔)𝑎 𝐹𝑁 = 686 𝑁
𝒎
𝟎. 𝟓 =𝑎 x-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝒔𝟐
4. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 −𝑓𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 −𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 −0.2(686 𝑁) = (70 𝑘𝑔)𝑎
𝐹𝑁 − (900 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = 0 𝒎
𝑠 −𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 =𝑎
𝒔𝟐
𝐹𝑁 = 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟎 𝑵
9. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
5. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑘𝛥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑘(0.2 𝑚) − (20 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = 0
𝐹𝑁 − (60 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = (60 𝑘𝑔) (−8.0 2) 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑘(0.2 𝑚) = 196 𝑁
𝐹𝑁 − 588 𝑁 = −480 𝑁
𝑘 = 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝑵/𝒎
𝐹𝑁 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑵
10. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
6. y-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 sin 𝜃 = 0
𝑚
𝑚 𝑇 − (5000 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = 0
𝐹𝑁 − (15 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) + (90 𝑁) sin 30° = 0 𝑠
𝑠
𝑇 = 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝐹𝑁 = 102 𝑁
11. y-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
x-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 cos 𝜃 − 𝑓𝑘 = 0 𝑚
𝐹𝑁 = (0.1 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2) = 0.98 𝑁
𝐹𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 cos 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 0 𝑠

(90 𝑁) cos 30° − 𝜇𝑘 (102 𝑁) = 0 x-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎

−𝜇𝑘 (102 𝑁) = −77.94 𝑁 𝑇 − 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎
𝜇𝑘 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚
7. y-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑇 − 0.7(0.98 𝑁) = (0.1 𝑘𝑔) (3 2)
𝑠
𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝑇 − 0.686 𝑁 = 0.3 𝑁
𝑚
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 = (9.8 2 ) 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝑵
𝑠
x-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 12. x-direction: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝑓𝑠 = 0 −𝑘𝛥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑁
𝐹𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 = 0 − (5000 ) (0.9 𝑚) = (2 × 105 𝑘𝑔)𝑎
𝑚
𝑚
70 𝑁 − 0.4 (9.8 2 ) 𝑚 = 0 −4500 𝑁 = (2 × 105 𝑘𝑔)𝑎
𝑠 𝒎
𝑚 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓 =𝑎
(−3.92 2) 𝑚 = −70 𝑁 𝒔𝟐
𝑠
13. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗 𝒌𝒈
2𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚
2(30 𝑁) − (5 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = (5 𝑘𝑔)𝑎
𝑠
11 𝑁 = (5 𝑘𝑔)𝑎
𝒎
𝟐. 𝟐 =𝑎
𝒔𝟐