MLS302 Practice Questions - Full Solutions (Detailed)
Question 1: Binomial Distribution
Given: p = 0.82 (probability of recovery), n = 30 (number of patients)
a) Probability that exactly 25 patients recover:
Use the binomial formula:
P(X = k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)
= C(30, 25) * (0.82)^25 * (0.18)^5
Using a calculator or software:
P(X = 25) ≈ 0.178
b) Probability that at least 24 patients recover:
P(X ≥ 24) = P(24) + P(25) + ... + P(30)
This is computed using the binomial distribution cumulative function.
Using software or summing values:
P(X ≥ 24) ≈ 0.404
Question 2: Poisson Distribution
Given: Total ICU admissions over 30 days = 78
Average rate (λ) = 78 / 30 = 2.6 admissions/day
a) Probability of exactly 2 admissions:
P(X = 2) = (e^(-λ) * λ^2) / 2!
= (e^-2.6 * 2.6^2) / 2
≈ 0.238
b) Probability of no admissions:
P(X = 0) = (e^-2.6 * 2.6^0) / 0!
= e^-2.6 ≈ 0.074
c) Probability of more than 3 admissions:
P(X > 3) = 1 - P(X ≤ 3)
= 1 - [P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)]
≈ 1 - 0.629 ≈ 0.371
Question 3: Chi-Square Test
Step 1: Calculate expected frequencies using:
E = (Row Total × Column Total) / Grand Total
Repeat for all cells.
Step 2: Compute the Chi-square statistic:
χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E) for all cells
Step 3: Degrees of freedom:
df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (4 - 1)(3 - 1) = 6
Step 4: Conclusion:
If χ² calculated ≈ 3.96 and critical χ² at 0.05 = 12.592,
Since 3.96 < 12.592, we do not reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion: No significant difference in treatment outcomes across hospitals.
Question 4: ANOVA (One-Way)
Step 1: Calculate the means for each protocol:
Protocol A: mean = 32 / 5 = 6.4
Protocol B: mean = 22 / 5 = 4.4
Protocol C: mean = 42 / 5 = 8.4
Grand Mean = (32 + 22 + 42) / 15 = 6.4
Step 2: Calculate SSB (Between Groups Sum of Squares)
SSB = Σ n_i * (mean_i - grand_mean)²
SSB = 5*(6.4-6.4)² + 5*(4.4-6.4)² + 5*(8.4-6.4)² = 100.0
Step 3: Calculate SSW (Within Groups Sum of Squares)
SSW = Σ(x - group mean)² = 22.4
Step 4: Calculate MSB and MSW
MSB = SSB / (k - 1) = 100 / 2 = 50
MSW = SSW / (N - k) = 22.4 / 12 ≈ 1.87
Step 5: F-statistic:
F = MSB / MSW = 50 / 1.87 ≈ 26.74
Conclusion: Since F is significantly large, there is a statistically significant difference in
means among the protocols.
Question 5: Conditional Probability
Given:
P(C) = 0.025 (prevalence)
P(+|C) = 0.92 (sensitivity)
P(-|¬C) = 0.85 → P(+|¬C) = 0.15
a) P(+) = P(+|C)*P(C) + P(+|¬C)*P(¬C)
= 0.92*0.025 + 0.15*0.975 = 0.023 + 0.14625 = 0.1725
b) PPV = P(C|+) = (0.92*0.025) / 0.1725 ≈ 0.1333
c) NPV = P(¬C|−) = (0.85*0.975) / (1 - 0.1725) ≈ 0.9986
d) False Positive Rate = P(+|¬C) = 0.15
Question 6: Normal Distribution
Given: Mean = 125 mmHg, SD = 18 mmHg
a) P(110 < X < 140)
Z1 = (110 - 125) / 18 = -0.83
Z2 = (140 - 125) / 18 = 0.83
P = P(Z < 0.83) - P(Z < -0.83) ≈ 0.7967 - 0.2033 = 0.5934
b) P(X > 150)
Z = (150 - 125) / 18 = 1.39 → P(Z > 1.39) ≈ 0.0823
c) 90th percentile:
Z = 1.28 → X = 125 + 1.28*18 = 147.0 mmHg
d) P(X < 100)
Z = (100 - 125) / 18 = -1.39 → P(Z < -1.39) ≈ 0.0823