Effect of a Foreign Substance on
Colligative Properties
Given Data (used across problems):
- Solute: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), Molar mass = 180 g/mol
- Mass of glucose = 18 g
- Mass of water = 180 g (0.180 kg)
- Molality (m) = (18 g / 180 g/mol) / 0.180 kg = 0.555 mol/kg
- Temperature: 298 K
- R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K
- Constants for water:
- Kb = 0.512 °C·kg/mol
- Kf = 1.86 °C·kg/mol
- P° = 23.8 mmHg (pure water at 25°C)
1. Vapour Pressure Lowering (ΔP)
Problem: What is the vapour pressure of the solution?
Step 1: Calculate mole fraction of water (solvent)
Moles of glucose = 18 / 180 = 0.1 mol
Moles of water = 180 / 18 = 10 mol
X_water = 10 / (10 + 0.1) ≈ 0.9901
Step 2: Apply Raoult’s Law
P_solution = X_water × P° = 0.9901 × 23.8 ≈ 23.57 mmHg
Result: Vapour pressure decreases from 23.8 mmHg to 23.57 mmHg.
2. Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb)
Problem: What is the new boiling point of the solution?
ΔTb = Kb × m = 0.512 × 0.555 ≈ 0.284 °C
Normal boiling point of water = 100°C
Boiling point of solution = 100 + 0.284 = 100.28 °C
Result: Boiling point increases by 0.28°C.
3. Freezing Point Depression (ΔTf)
Problem: What is the freezing point of the solution?
ΔTf = Kf × m = 1.86 × 0.555 ≈ 1.031 °C
Normal freezing point = 0°C
Freezing point of solution = 0 − 1.031 = −1.03 °C
Result: Freezing point decreases to −1.03°C.
4. Osmotic Pressure (Π)
Problem: What is the osmotic pressure of the solution at 25°C?
C = 0.1 mol / 0.180 L ≈ 0.556 mol/L
Π = C × R × T = 0.556 × 0.0821 × 298 ≈ 13.6 atm
Result: Osmotic pressure increases to 13.6 atm.
Final Summary Table (with Calculations)
Property Change Calculation Result
Vapour Pressure ↓ 23.8 → 23.57 mmHg
Boiling Point ↑ 100 → 100.28°C
Freezing Point ↓ 0 → −1.03°C
Osmotic Pressure ↑ 13.6 atm