ENG 516

Final term
Cross Cultural Communication
The three important changes which have been brought
about by globalization are the changes in transportation,
in communication technology, and in immigration
patterns.
Problems in Cross Cultural Communication
Without training in cultural awareness, problems in
interaction can occur. In conversations, problems emerge
because of:
• Different cultural
assumptions
• Different ideas
about cultural values
• Different use of
honorific titles, silence, and pauses, and turn-taking.
Views about appropriate use of language can cause
serious misunderstandings.
Ethnocentrism
The concept of Ethnocentrism is related to culture - the
view that one’s culture is the center of everything, and
other cultural groups are judged with reference to it and
are compared to one’s cultural group. Ethnicity is also
related to culture.
Ethnocentrism influences communication at the global
level and even within the neighborhood, in your own city
and country .
Other related and important concepts are as follows:
Essentialism: The assumption that groups, categories
have one or several defining features/characteristics
exclusive to all members of that category and that there
is an essential cultural identity for each cultural group.
Universality: The concept that features of human life
and experience exist beyond the constitutive effects of
local cultural conditions.
A Hegemonic view: A hegemonic view of things holds
that values, experiences, and expectations of a dominant
group are held to be true for all humanity.

The approaches to teaching writing are the process

approach which is based on the three steps of:
prewriting, writing and rewriting
The goals in writing are accuracy, conciseness,
effectiveness, organization and ethics.

The compilation of the content in a research article

(RA) usually follows the IMRD Model: Introduction,
methods, results, discussions.

external audience (multiple audience levels) -

vendors, companies, clients, letters and emails are
usually used

3 activities of teaching business english

1. Virtual Meeting Simulation
2. Email and Chat Etiquette Activity
3. Collaborative Business Document Task (using Google
Docs/Sheets)

Silence view in different culture

Culture can be analyzed by using a number of
dimensions. Five areas are usually seen in differentiating
culture.
The first one looks into how silence is viewed in different
cultures.
In some cultures, silence is favored, e.g. in Finns and
Asians.
In others, it is viewed as a breakdown in conversation
leading interlocutors to get uncomfortable to fill up the
silence.
In some societies, silence is important. It is a way to
guard your individuality and ward against the fear of
someone changing your opinion.

Functional and Chronological Resume

Both types of resumes provide same content information
regarding personal details, education, experience,
references. However the structure is different.
· Usually you write a reverse chronological resume if
you are a traditional job seeker, a recent high school
or college graduate, aged 18-25, and you hope to
enter the profession in which you have received your
college training or certification. In the resume you list
your education and experience in reverse
chronological order. If you are already working, then
you list your current job using present tense verbs,
 and for past jobs you use the past tense.
· You write a functional resume when you are a non-
traditional job applicant, returning to work after a
gap and are not fresh graduate. . You have not
received education for a job and have changed jobs
frequently or you plan to join a new profession.
Education and experience should be given in reverse
chronological order.

Rubric: Rubrics can be developed to help guide peer

feedback by providing necessary assignment or course
expectations.
Testing Writing Skills
Testing of writing skills can be carried out by using the
following:
 Non-weighted rubric
 Weighted rubric
 Holistic rubric
Holistic rubric describes in general terms the qualities of
excellent, good, and fair, and unsatisfactory assignments

Formats of Letters
There are three types of formats which are usually used
in business letters:
 Full Block
 Full block with subject line
 Simplified
In Full Block all the information is to the left side of the
paper without indenting of paragraphs.
In the Full Block format with the Subject - line is taken as
more popular and professional; the only difference is that
a subject-line is included.
The Simplified format omits the salutation and
complimentary close e.g. sincerely

Importance of telephone
Usually a telephone call catches you when you are in the
middle of something else.A lot of business is done over
the phone, so communication skills to use the phone are
an important part of BE learners’ training. In a telephone
call both interlocutors contribute in the conversation and
since the aim is to achieve success as far as the business
objective is concerned, it should not fail just because one
person does not have effective telephone skills. Some
telephone calls are quite easy to manage.

Discussion proposal
The discussion is the longest part of the proposal,
containing most of the information. It is important to
organize your content, use graphics, and be ethical in
order to persuade the reader to your point of view.
Developing the content means that you develop your
ideas persuasively, observe ethical technical writing
norms, organize your content using graphics and
communicate persuasively.

length and scope in report

Reports vary as short reports, comprising of 1-5 pages,
scope on single topic, limited time frame, with fewer
audience or long reports which can be of more than 5
pages, can have momentous impact, address a larger
audience and cost more.

why cost factor is important in email

Cost is another important factor. There are no expenses
of paper and other writing postage items. Unlimited
attachments can be sent and shipping costs can be
avoided. The use of email has additional value of
documentation, establishing an ‘Email trail’, through the
threads or string of emails which can be
retrieved easily. Information can be archived in files for
future reference

Imrd model
The compilation of the content in a research article (RA)
usually follows the IMRD Model: Introduction, methods,
results, discussions.
In the traditional complex organization, the model is:
Introduction, review of literature, chapters, each following
IMRD mode, with a general summary chapter.
Humanities, these are usually topic based, with an
introductory chapter, followed by a series of chapters
based on the topic, with considerable overlapping of
methods

Informational report:
Purposes: Reports serve a number of functions, such as:
• Informational: Give factual information
They focus on facts. This helps the reader to understand
the context, the situation and the topic. The costs, the
time, and availability of resources should be conveyed.
The data can be conveyed through bullets, by asking
questions and giving answers and presenting facts and
figures in paragraphs.

Methods of Delivery
There are three ways in which you can deliver your
resume – by mail version or the traditional style, the
email version and the scan-able resume.
In the mail version, technology provides many tips
which can help the CV. writer. It keeps reminding the
writer about resume` essentials. In this the font and page
size are mandated, although uniqueness is limited.
References can take a lot of space so a printed copy can
be taken to the interview.
For the email resume, the quickest way is too send it as
an attachment. Many human resource professionals
prefer hiring via email. It is important to clarify which
software is used, e.g. Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, RTF
.Scan able Resumes: Most companies use computers to
screen resumes. They use a technique called
electronic applicant tracking, which scans the resume
for key words. The company’s computers scan the
resume as raster or ‘bitmap’ image. Then it uses an
artificial intelligence scanner to read the text,
looking for key words, so that it can be forwarded to the
concerned department. This is its most important feature,
which tells about job titles, skills, responsibilities,
corporate buzzwords, acronyms, abbreviations related to
hardware.

There are four important benefits of self-

assessments:
 Can be developed to administer
quickly.
 Involve students in the assessment
process.
 Involvement helps students
understand and learn a language autonomously.
 Both student involvement and their
greater autonomy can greatly increase students’
motivation to learn the target language.

Define telephoning
An instrument for reproducing sounds at a distance
specifically : one in which sound is converted into
electrical impulses for transmission (as by wire or radio
waves) A language for telephoning in DE programs refers
to the traditional categories of grammar, vocabulary and
pronunciation.

E-learning Possibilities
E-learning refers to learning which takes place with the
help of electronic media. The content is delivered
electronically rather than being paper-based or via a
person, i.e. the teacher. The electronic media can be CD-
ROM (Compact Disc, Read Only Memory, which is a data
storage device), the Internet, an intranet (a network of
connected computers similar to the Internet, but used
exclusively by a specific group of users, such as
employees within a company),E-learning offers some
advantages over more traditional paper-based materials

Long term orientation: This dimension highlights

differences between cultures that see short-term benefits
as important (consider, for example, the way some
company strategies focus on short-term profits), and
those that feel that time spent developing longer-lasting
relationships brings greater benefit

Three P’s of marketing

▪ Product: Product refers to item that satisfies consumers’
needs or wants.
▪ Price: Price is the amount a customer pays for a
product.
▪ Place: Placement is about a product’s market coverage
and how it gets to market through logistics through
company’s distribution channels.
Promotion: Promotion or advertising which may involve
public relations and marketing
campaigns, including in-store promotions.
Q. Three schools of thought which have exerted an
influence on management science?
i. Scientific
Theory
ii. Classical
Management
iii. Behavioral
movements

3 principles of designing courses and writing

materials for use in distance learning
i. Setting
objectives
ii. Needs
Analysis
iii. Material
Development

Q. Enlist 3 areas of legal laws

i. Language
of contracts
ii. Language
of employment
iii. Language
of banking, business law, and company, etc

Q. Write a note on anglo saxon - future plan

An Anglo-Saxon perspective may be to view projects as
plans for the future, with clear aims, milestones, and
deadlines. Yet this perception is colored by the fact that
Anglo-Saxons, in general, tend to see time as a linear
concept, with one event following another. A culture
which views time differently may deal with projects in
other ways. Individual objectives, for example, may be
flexible, depending on factors seen as outside the control
of the project managers. Yet the project might still
succeed because that culture has a more holistic view
and takes better account of all factors.

Q. 3 assessment procedures in comprehension

i. One type involves a student
reading a passage that is at an
appropriate level for the student, and
then having the student answer factual
questions about the text.
ii. A second type involves a
student answering inferential questions
about implied information in the text.
iii. A third type involves a
student filling in missing words from a
passage.

Q. What do you mean by formality of the report

The tone in short reports is informal when written about
routine messages, written as letters, memos, emails while
long reports are formal, and have standardized
components like contents, abstracts, illustrations and
titles

Q. What is meant by wash back and how is it

achieved?
When the course is designed with the test in mind, its
effect is called washback. It may also be called backwash,
test impact, and measurement-driven instruction, and
test feedback. Beneficial washback is achieved by basing
achievement tests on objectives. Test makers should
ensure that the test is known and understood by students
and teachers. Assistance should be provided to teachers.

Q. Glossary of proposal
A glossary provides clarity for the less specialized
audience. Alphabetized glossaries serve the purpose of
defining jargon, high-tech terms, abbreviations
and acronyms. The purpose is not to burden the text or to
slow down the reader by using unfamiliar terms and
technical jargon. The provision of glossary helps the
reader to look up definitions of such items and those who
are familiar with them can continue to read without
interference.

Q. Three move model

▪ Discussions as a Genre: A three-move model is given by
Bitchener (2010b:4) and a nine-move model by Dudley-
Evans, 1994. The three-move model of Bitchener is as
follows:
1. Provide background
information
2. Present a statement of
result (SOR)
3. Evaluate/comment on
results or findings in a restatement of aims, research
questions, and hypotheses
Distance learning
Distance Learning (DE) is not a new concept. It has been
used in the 19th [Link] the postal services, and in the
20th C. through radio and television.
However, technological advances have given it a greater
impetus in the 21stC.
Computer mediated learning, two way interactive videos
and other modern technologies have made distance
education an important choice as compared to
traditional education.
Q. What are 3 types of rubric?
i. Non-
weighted rubric
ii.
Weighted rubric
iii. Holistic
rubric
Q. What is universalism and particularism
The Universalist says that rules and regulations are there
to be followed.
The particularist would argue that it depends on the
situation and people involved.
The following example is somewhat simplistic, but might
help to clarify the concept. If a cashier is caught stealing
from the till, in a Universalist culture, he or
she would probably lose their job. In a particularist
culture, the fact that the person was stealing to pay for a
child’s education might be seen as an excuse for
the behavior.
Q. What you mean by investigation report
Investigation report looks at the causes behind an
incident. It is not just document about why something
happened but why it happened, e.g. someone lost a
credit card at a party, and you have to write a report
about how and why this happened.
The components are an introduction, giving background
and an overview, the purpose: Date, objective rationale,
location, personnel, and authorization. In a
discussion which is the body of the report, the data,
findings and the agenda is given. In conclusion, what
learnt, discovered, accomplished is written and in
recommendations, suggestions are given.

Enlist 3 point for writing a good resume

i.
Review Successful Examples.
ii.
Use a Template. .
iii.
Choose the Best Resume Format. ...
iv.
Choose a Basic Font. .
v.
Add Numbers That Quantify Accomplishments. ..

What is cover letter?

In a cover letter you have to specify why and what you
are writing about in the introduction, and if the
information was requested. In the discussion, it says what
you are enclosing and its value. Lists important points
and in the conclusion say what will happen next and
when and why the date is important.
The cover letter prefaces the reports, provides the reader
with an overview and tells the reader what the report
holds.

Q. Aims of external proposal

External proposals are aimed for an external audience.
They are written to sell a service or a product outside
your company. If your company has developed new
software, it will need a proposal to market the new item
as well as the services which go towards its installation. It
will cover such issues as marketing, purchases,
contractors and trainers

Three moves of cars

For introductions, the CARS Model (Create a
Research Space), is followed. It is a three step
model, with the following moves:
▪ Move 1. Establishing a
territory
▪ Move 2. Establishing a
niche
▪ Move 3. Occupying the
niche

Q. Challenges in multicultural communication how

can be addressed
Challenges in multicultural communication have to be
addressed to communicate with a diverse audience.
Internet affects the global economy, and while the use of
emails and Facebook facilitates business with better and
faster communication, they also pose challenges. For
example, a multilingual report, addresses an audience of
various cultures who have disparate notions/norms about
communication

Q. Two factors on which adaptation of language

policy depends
Employee buy-in and belief-in capacity.
i. Buy-in is the degree to which employees believe that a
single language will produce benefits for them or the
organization.
ii. Belief in their own capacity is the extent to which they
are confident that they can gain enough fluency to pass
muster.

Q. Internal proposal
Internal proposals are aimed for an audience within the
company. They relate to issues which are addressed by –
company management. When topics are large, then a
longer report or proposal is needed to cover such diverse
topics as extensive financial budgeting, time for planning
and a commitment to new
staffing.

Q. Name of the measure of assessment test for the

reading comprehension of learners
 ▪ Degrees of
Reading Power (DRP)
▪Early Reading
Diagnostic Assessment (--------- ERDA
▪ Gray Oral Reading
Test IV-----------GORT4
▪ ITBS
▪ TPRI

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS),

Q. problem of intercultural communication

Intercultural communication takes place when the
conversation between two speakers is carried out in a
language which is not the L1 of either. Many
conversations that bilinguals have, take place in the L1 of
one speaker, but not the other.

Q. feedback in distance learning

Giving feedback in a DE program is crucial for its success
as students have fewer opportunities to ask for
clarification. For maximizing the potential of the program,
and raise awareness about strengths, and areas for
improvement and to identify action for improved
performance, learners need to be aware of their strengths
and weaknesses. One of the key reasons for the teacher
being involved at all is to provide the kind of specific and
targeted response that it is difficult for self- study
materials to offer. In some programs occasional meetings
or talking on the telephone between teacher and learner
are planned, but
mostly in DE the feedback is in the form of written
feedback on assignments, comments or suggestions
about how the learner can improve his/her work. The
written comments should be personalized and on a
regular basis.

Q. issues to access internet materials

The issue of access to Internet material is another
concern, referred to as the ‘digital divide’. The speed and
quality of access, and the right to uncensored material as
well as the right to participate in the production of
material on the Internet, is a serious concern. There are
issues of disparities of access,
which depend on political and economic factors. One
response to this is to use open access materials, e.g. the
website Language Learning Technology ([Link]), or
Journal of Writing Research ([Link] [Link]).

Q. 3 activities during online learning environment.

i. Create an effective course outline that communicates
course expectations
ii. Create guidelines of online behavior, and course
organization
iii. Effectively use the learning management system (LMS)
and other technologies selected to support the course,
including Microsoft Office and Adobe Acrobat

Q. recommendation letters
A recommendation letter is written to recommend an
employee, a project or a service. Perhaps an employee
deserves a promotion or has to be nominated for an
award. Another needs a reference for an educational
scholarship or the government wants a reference of
someone. In the introduction you state your position,
relationship, the applicant’s position, the duration you
have known him/her, mention the applicant’s skills and
say why you think he/she deserves consideration for
job/award/ scholarship. contact information is also shared.

Q. multiple choice test

Multiple choice - items consist of a statement (question
stem), plus a selection of alternativen statements/choices
(distracters), with one correct option. The research
literature suggests including a minimum of 3 answer
choices. MCQs are effective items, they are flexible, easy
to implement and to
grade. Teachers can access test bank questions through
their departments, previous courses, or online resources.
Reliability of MCQs depends on grading procedure of
question format.

Q. Three finance and accounting vocabulary which

learner familiar
i. Balance sheet
ii. Assets
iii. Liability

Q. Three ways suggest by brown and

abeywickrama ensuring a test reliable.
 It is consistent to be administered for two or more
applications.
 It gives clear instruction and uniform rubrics about
scoring.
 It lends itself to consistent application by the evaluator
and contains items/tasks that are unambiguous for the
test-taker.

Q. Three varieties of elements in company culture.

 Work environment
 Company mission
 Values, ethics

Q. Describe the term ling term?

Long term orientation: This dimension highlights
differences between cultures that see short-term benefits
as important (consider, for example, the way some
company strategies focus on short-term profits), and
those that feel that time spent developing longer-lasting
relationships brings greater benefit.

Q. Five departments which the administration has

to liaison in vertical and horizontal communication.
i. Administrative Staff
ii. Information
organization
iii. Equipment
iv. Human resource
 v. Standards

Q. Five factors of cost analysis part of language

report
i. Profit and Loss
ii. Survey results
iii. Lab report results
iv. Warranties
v. Maintenance

Q. Thompson's five move model

Move 1: restatement
of aims and research questions
Move 2: consolidation
of present research (findings, limitations)
Move 3: practical and
theoretical implications
Move 4:
recommendations for further research
Move 5: concluding
restatement

Q. Language of telephoning
A language for telephoning in DE programs refers to the
traditional categories of grammar, vocabulary and
pronunciation. The social aspect of how to converse on
the telephone have to be kept in mind, how socializing on
telephone follows cultural norms of interaction. Activities
for practice could be ringing
someone and inviting them for a party, cancelling an
engagement, and changing the program of an event, etc.
You (or the learner) transcribe the conversation and use
the transcription as a basis for feedback

• Activities for practicing telephoning skills: Role plays

based on client conversations, complaint letters.
• Social aspect: Conversation routines, e.g. inviting,
informing, (cancellation or conforming time, date, venue
of appointment). Asking opinions, asking for information

Q. Categories of self and peer assessment

i. Direct assessments of a specific performance
ii. Indirect assessment of general competence
iii. Metacognitive assessment
iv. Socio-affective assessment
v. Student-generated tests

Q. 3 elements of ethnocentrism
1. Essentialism: The assumption that groups, categories
have one or several defining features/characteristics
exclusive to all members of that category and that there
is an essential cultural identity for each cultural group.
2. Universality: The concept that features of human life
and experience exist beyond the constitutiveb effects of
local cultural conditions.
3. A Hegemonic view: A hegemonic view of things holds
that values, experiences, and expectations of a dominant
group are held to be true for all humanity.

Q. PPP
A typical approach here is PPP, where language is
presented, practiced using a variety of different activities,
and finally produced through some sort of communicative
activity. A variation on this is the deep-end approach,
where learners are asked to perform a task that makes
demands on their competence
in using language, and then their performance is
diagnosed, leading to a focus on the specific language
items.

Q. information report
They focus on facts. This helps the reader to understand
the context, the situation and the topic. The costs, the
time, and availability of resources should be conveyed.
The data can be conveyed through bullets, by asking
questions and giving answers and presenting facts and
figures in paragraphs

Q. diffrence b/w low and high context of societies

The main difference in between these two types of
societies is that high-context conversations do not reveal
much information about what people really consider when
they organize their lives. Highcontext conversations do
not reveal much information. In individualistic societies,
there is an ongoing public debate about social issues
which means that there is a lot of talk. In collectivistic,
Asian societies would count as high-context societies,
people tend to think of people in low-context societies, as
being less attractive, and credible, perhaps because of
their lack of talk.

Q. why email unsuitable for formal communication

Their casual tone makes them unsuitable for formal
communication, like contracts, where a certain degree of
formality is required. Emails are almost always deleted as
soon as read, as inbox fills quickly, so emails which are
considered not important are deleted. Letters allow a
better “paper trail” as compared to
emails and for a better record of documentation.

Q. function and importance globalization

Globalization has impacted all areas of human life. There
is more cultural interaction between culturally diverse
groups. A hundred years ago a person would live and die
in his/her own culture without confronting another person
with a different worldview and belief system. Now, due to
globalization, easier and faster means of travel and ITC
development, communication all over the world can
happen with the push of a button. This has led to the
internationalization of education and business, more
professional migration, and faster means of travel for
education, entertainment and tourism.

Q. diference B/W masculine and feminine cultures

In masculine cultures, achievement is often measured in
terms of power and wealth, and emphasis placed on work
goals and assertiveness. Feminine cultures see personal
goals, human contact, and relationship building as more
valuable.
Q. Three components of long report
 Front matter
 Text
 Back matter

Q. importance of in-groups
The importance of in-groups can be seen in strong ties
within the family. However, the influence of ingroup
differs, affects behavior, but it lasts throughout life. For
example, the university one attends can influence an
individual’s life in the way he/she acts and thinks. The
importance of in-group is embedded in social networks,
and in group membership. In-group views dominate and
the emphasis is not on individual’s goals but in group
cooperation. Intercultural communication differs in
societies.

Q. Three levels of spoken accuracy in English for

medical purposes
The pronunciation of the initial and final consonants
and of suffixes and prefixes is crucial to effective
communication. Phonemic contrasts, e.g. ‘low blood
pressure’ vs. ‘No blood pressure’ can become problematic
in clinical settings. Also specific nursing words, related to
terminologies, procedures, and
diagnosis have to be focused on as do terms, procedures,
and diagnosis. General words, patients’ names and
commonly confused words, and intonation and stress,
mispronunciation at suprasegmental level and misplaced
stress all need to be addressed in teaching.
The vocabulary, word choice becomes crucial in medical
settings. There are synonyms with many connotations,
e.g. stomach, belly, gut, tummy. Appro. priacy of a term is
related to the age, gender, social class and the degree of
formality required for the addressee. Abbreviations,
idioms and metaphor, and
parts of speech, common collocations, and colloquial
English are part of vocabulary training.
Accuracy in speech production is related to following
syntactic and morphological rules of grammar. The
correct use of tenses and pronoun usage, the use of
relative clauses to specify someone, e.g. ‘The patient
[who is scheduled for surgery] wants a bath”, have to be
taught. Grammatical structures describing
procedures use the third person subjects, passives and
imperatives.

Q. style and tune of an email are determined by

the audience
Style and tone are determined by the audience. The use
of simple words and short sentences makes for better
reception by the audience. Specific detail and concise
information should be provided as with other modes of
business communication, keeping the tone informal and
friendly tone. Formats for emails vary.
Microsoft Word offers many templates from which to
choose which suits your purpose and audience.

Q. Three format of writing letter

Writer’s address includes either the writer’s address or
the company’s address. If it is writer’s address, it will give
the house address, the street, the city, state and zip
code. If the heading consists of the company’s address, it
should include the name of company, street address, city,
state, country and zip
code. The date should document the date, month, and
year in which the letter is being written.
The reader’s address should be placed two spaces
below the date and should include the reader’s name. In
case that is not known, the department or the reader’s
job title should be given. The reader’s title (optional) and
the company’s name are given, followed by street
address, the city, state and zip code.
Salutation starts with ‘dear’ with your reader’s last
name followed by a colon. You can also use his/her first
name if you are on first name basis with your reader. If
marital status of a woman is unknown ‘Ms’ should be
used, and if known then ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs.’.