DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE

CALOOCAN

ORAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION

Communication is the act of transferring information from one person to another person or a
group. Communication involves at least one sender, a message, and a receiver; but
communication is more than just a transmission of information. It requires success in
transmitting or sending a message.

Functions of Communication ​

1. Regulation / Control – Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to

regulate the nature and number of activities people engage in. “Take your medicine before
you go to bed.” “Finish your work before you go.”

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows people to interact with others to develop

bonds or intimacy.

3. Motivation – Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her

opinion, attitude, and behavior. .

4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings

such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion.

5. Information – Communication functions to convey information. It can be used in giving

and getting information.

The Elements in The Process of Communication

Sender- The sender is the one who initiates the message that needs to be transmitted. He
sends the message that may be in different forms such as pictures, symbols, postures,
gestures, or even just a smile.

Message- refers to the information intended to be communicated by words as in speech,

letters, pictures, or symbols. It can be verbal or non-verbal. It is the content the sender wants
to convey to the receiver.
Channel- It refers to the medium or passage through which an encoded message is passed to
the receiver. It may be transmitted through face-to-face communication, telephone, radio,
television, memorandum, or computer.

Receiver- refers to whom the message is meant for. He plays a significant role in the
communication process like the sender.

Decoding- It means translating the encoded message into a language that can be understood
by the receiver. After receiving the message, the receiver interprets it and tries to understand
it.

Feedback- It refers to the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her by the
sender. Feedback ensures that the message has been effectively encoded and decoded.

Noise- It is a hindrance to clear communication.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
BERLO’S MODEL

Berlo’s model of communication is composed of several factors under each element.

The SOURCE is where the message originates. The person should have communication
skills like the ability to read, write, speak, and listen to the right attitude towards the listeners,
subject, and oneself.

The individual must be knowledgeable about the topic he is communicating and the
audience’s familiarity with it. In communicating, the social system must be considered such
as the culture of the audience. The sender of the message from where the message originates
is referred to as the encoder.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION-

Verbal Communication Verbal communication is the use of words in sharing information with
other people. It can include both spoken and written communication. Spoken communication
is mostly face-to-face, but nowadays, technology such as phone and internet allow people to
communicate with others without being at the same place at the same time.

The verbal element of communication is all about the words one chooses and how the
receiver interprets it. The purpose of communication is to convey information to others.
Through the choice of written and spoken words, ideas are exchanged. Unfortunately,
miscommunication is common, many times that participants in a communication process fail
to understand what are said or written.

●​ Opinions and beliefs color our message or our response. The participants, both
speaker and listener have opinions and beliefs that belong to a culture and a gender.
●​ Gender comes into communication when people categorize certain ways of speaking
or using words as being masculine or feminine. Many people do not expect men to be
soft spoken or have a high-pitched voice or women having harsh and a low-pitched
voice.
●​ The topic may also be a barrier to communication because of its vagueness,
complexity, emotional pull, or hidden agenda. The speaker must avoid these qualities
in the topic of the message so that, instead, it will be clear, simple, restrained, and
with no hidden motives.
●​ Communicative Situation is another group of possible barriers to communication.
There may be “noise” in the physical setting and in the participants themselves. The
actual noise from the surrounding may cause the participants to understand one
another. At the same time, the participants may have their own motives for
 participating, motives that are not aligned with or support the speaker’s purpose for
communicating.
●​ The audience must know whether the speaker is there to entertain or to persuade. The
listener may not have enough knowledge or experience to form a basis for interpreting
and responding to the message.
●​ Language Choice also leads to communication breakdown. The linguistic differences
among the participants can be a barrier to communication. Some words used by the
speaker may mean different things to others. Depending on how a word is used, it can
easily be misinterpreted by another person. The speaker must be very careful with the
words he uses.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Non-Verbal Communication Transmitting messages without using words is called non-verbal

communication. It is conveyed as visual cues. Gestures, facial expressions, giving flowers,
choosing a color of what to wear, or putting a forefinger in front of lips are just some
examples of non-verbal communication. Although no word is used, non-verbal
communication can effectively communicate many human feelings.

1. Language of gestures- Gestures are the most often used type of non-verbal
communication. To be more understandable and interesting to a listener, the speaker must
accompany his/her speech with gestures but one has to consider the culture of the receiver
because gestures have different meanings in other places.

2. Facial Expression- The face plays a very important role in communication. It expresses
various types of emotions or feelings such as joy, sorrow, anger, annoyance, confusion, fear,
hatred or surprise. Within the facial area, eyes are especially effective for indicating attention
and interest. However, interpretations of facial expressions differ from culture to culture.

3. Colors- People choose colors based on the meaning of each. Colors have certain meanings
based on the dictates of culture and gender. In the Philippines, most parents prepare
everything in blue for baby boys and pink for baby girls. People wear black when they grieve
while others wear white.

4. Flowers- are also used to say what we cannot be expressed in words. These meanings are
also influenced by culture and gender. In the Philippines, men send flowers to women. When
men give flowers, it reflects their reference to women as delicate and feminine. It indicates
special treatment. When a man gives a woman flowers, it's a sure sign that she is someone
very dear to him.

5. Proxemics- is the use of space based on importance. This type of non-verbal

communication is similarly used as chronemics by people who want to show who they are. In
some companies, the one who holds the highest position usually has the biggest office and in
the best location such as on the top floor or penthouse of the building. Distance can express
the degree of intimacy and individual acceptance.
6. Language of time Language of time or chronemics- is the use of time based on position
and power. In the Philippines, time is most often used to convey how powerful a person is.
Someone in authority may show that his/her time is more important than that of the visitors
by making them wait.

7. Language of touch Language of touch also known as Haptics- can also be used to
expressed what cannot be said. It is also one of the most powerful of the types of non-verbal
communication. Unlike the other types, in Haptics, there is contact between the sender and
the receiver of the message. Touch can comfort, encourage, dissuade, or aggravate.
Paralanguage Paralanguage refers to the “how” of saying something other than what is said.
The meaning of words spoken depends on how they are said. Tones, voices, and rhythm must
match the content of the message if the message is to be understood at all; they reinforce the
message. The words with strong points to deliver must be emphasized with strong
paralanguage.