vy (a phase difference between appigy AC. Fundamentals = 417 ae : pin wit vo ‘ 0 consumed etc: To begin with, we shalt study thet « png one cteuit element only (Rg po ae thes cha ite ements in the Tater chapters, 7 44 exte ite” 1, AC. CIRCUIT CONTAINING 2 jder a circuit containing a py consitel Let the altemating Voltage be gi a Wit current (if) circuit impedance acteristics for simple ac. circuits "wl Our discussion to the combination of RESIS, NCE ONLY © Of RO con nected alternating voltage Non by the equating Across an alternating voltage = V,,sin ay © resistane “) 5 Fig. 15.26 sare of this volgen altemating eurent wil ow t the circuit, i has Joeme te drop in the resistance only circuit. The applied voltage or Substituting the Value of v, we get, © °, i Yn ‘sin wr - R (i) The value of f will be maximum (i.e.,J,) when sin ox = 1. over Fig. 15,27 "esantancous power, p = vi=(V.,sin (I, sin a) = V1, sin?car (1-cos2an) Vilna Yan Ynlm os 2a Scanned with CamScanner418 = Principles of Electrical Engineering and Elect, a Thus power consists of two parts viz. a constant part (V,, 1,/2)and a Auctuating Cos 2 cor. Since power is a scalar quantity, average ee over a complete cycle i. ia Per For a complete cycle, the average value of (V,/q/2) 608 20 is zero, Vl _ Yon yetn. oi = Power consumed, Pann 2" or PsVI , where Verma. value of the applied voltage 1 = 1am, value of the circuit current Fig, 15.28 shows the power curve for a pure resistive circuit. It is clear th Positive, This means that the voltage source is constantly delivering power to the gas, consumed by the circuit, ; it Example 15.16. An ae. circuit consists ofa pure resistance of 10 9 and isco _ a.c. supply of 230 V, SOHz. Calculate (i) current (ii) power consumed and (iti) quan and curren i, Solution, @ Current, T= VR = 230/10 = 23A Gi) Power, VI =°230 x 23 = 5290 W Gif) Now, Vm = V2V = V2x230 = 325,27volts Ty= V2 = V2 x23 =3252A © = 2nf = 2x50 = 314 rad 5 ~ Equations of voltage and current are: e = 325,27 sin 3141 ; i = 32.52 sin 314r Example 15.17. Ina pure resistive circuit, the instantaneous voltage and curren ag v= 250 sin 314t ;1= 10 sin 314t, Determine (i) the peak power and (ii) average power. Solution, Ina pure resistive a.c. circuit, @ Peak power = V1, = 250 x 10 = 2500W V, (i) Average power, P=“) 5* CIRCUIT AC. Fundamentals = 419 gus MC as UIT CONTAINING INDUC NCE ONLY Pe pen an altlernating current flows tf “ er i ee to the inductance of the a i Pure “inductive coil, a back em.f. (= L dildt) is é Si sy ical Sinas tes wick eum, at every instant opposes the change in ae "6s no ohmic drop, the apie vollage has to overcome the back Applied alternating voltage = Back ems % — +4 V, sin ot Fig. 15.29 Fig. 1530 Consider an alternating voltage applied to a Pure inductance of L henry as shown in Fig. 15.29. the equation of the applied alternating voltage be: v= ¥,,sin ot @O Clearly, v,,sinot = 1 dt J, di =P sinordt or 5 Integrating both sides, we get, i=Y sinawrar L = vn (—cos ct) oF i= Ye singox 2/2) wii) The value of i will be maximum (i.e.,,) when sin (cot 7/2) is unity. : 1,= V,/al * Eq. (ii) becomes, i=/,, sin(wt—1/2) where J, =V,,/@L it) tis clear from eqs. (i) and (iii) that current lags behind the voltage by 1/2 radians or 90°. Hence eqs. (i) and (iii) that oltage by 0 4 2Pure inductance, current lags behind the voltage by 90°. This fact is also shown in the phasor ‘sam in Fig. 15,30 and wave diagram in Fig. 15.31. Ay cect that Fs flux has inductance as was i is capable of producing flux as pointe M8 current flows ireagh on a circuit, there is change in flux linking it and hence a! in the circuit. This e.m.f. opposes the applied voltage at every instan 4 Scanned with CamScanner420 = Principles of Electrical Engineering ang Elect, ONics ve V, sin wr i= 1, sin (01 ~ 1/2) apt Fig. 15.31 Inductive rea ice, We have seen above that : | Ig = Vp OL, *y, 2 = OL x, or L a Clearly, the opposition offered by inductance to current flow is «L, The quantity aL is called inductive reactance X, of the'coil and is measured in Q. Note that X, (= @L=2z fL) will bein Qif Lisi henry and fin Hz. Since X, = 2r fl, X, =f. Therefore graph between X, and f= is a straight line passing through the origin as shown in Fig. 15.33, Power 0 Instantaneous power, p = vi = V, sin@rx I, sin (or—n/2) Fig. 1533, V, Vly Sin ct cose = — ‘he in 2oxt Average power, P = Average of p over one cycle ap 1 = Lf — ele sin 20rd (wr) = 0 2n 0 2 Hence, power absorbed in pure inductance is zero. | Fig. 15.32 shows the power curve for a pure inductive crit An examination oo over one cycle shows that positive power is equal to the negative power. Hence the els over one cycle is zero i.e., pure inductance consumes no power. The electric power from the source to the coil and back again. Example15.18. A pure inductive coil allows a cu Find (i) inductive reactance (i) inductance of the coil {for voltage and current. st fof 10A to flow from a 230% power absorbed. Write dove ee Solution. @ Circuit current, I= VX, Inductive reactance, X, = V/'= 230/10 = 230 (ii) Now, X, = 2nfL 4 If Vand J are the rms. values,AC. Fundamentals = 421 oe ex 5g ~ 1.0731 M1450 = 20x50 = Ahdrads! juctive circuit, cUrFeNE Lags behind the volta " 4.14 sin (3141 — 7/2) ise by 102 radians, the equations are: Scanned with CamScanner“nf 2nx250 /AC, CIRCUIT CONTAINING CAPACITANCE ONLY vamatemating voltage is applied across the plates of a capacitor, the capacitor is charged in ston and then in the other as the voltage reverses. The result is that electrons move to and fro iecireuit, connecting the plates, thus constituting alternating current. aa | | ie | ae Fig. 15.36 Fig. 15.35 eres Scanned with CamScannerGeet et 422 m Principles of Electrical , ve applied to a capacitor of Capacitance attage applic mee Consider an alternating ve . ating voltage be: Fig ot the equation of the applied alterna Fig. 15.35, Let the equation of the ap rao As aresult of this alternating voltage, rernating current will flow through the instant be the curnent and q be the charge on the Charge on capacitor, 4 | Engineering and Electronic, CV, sin (oF 5 1d , d=“ (cy, =O (= 5) = (CVn SIO) = LV, cosy Cirenit current, {= @CV,, sin (t+ 70/2) or The value of f will be maximum (ie.,/,,) When sin (0+ 7/2) is unity, 1,2 OCV, neq. (ii), We Bet, = Ip sin (wt-+10/2) Itis clear from eqs. (i) and (if) that current leads the voltage by 72 radians or ggp pure capacitance, current leads the voltage by 90°. This fact is also shown in the pha Fig, 15.36 and wave diagram in Fig, 15.37. . Substituting the value @CV,, Fig. 1537 Capacitive reactance. We have seen above that: 1,=0CV,, or Vn 1 In OC Clearly, the opposition offered by it Ww o c °Y capacitance to currel is WoC. The quantity 1/aC is called capacitive reactance % a the c ; capacitor and is measured in Q. Note that X¢ (=1/@C=1/2n fC) will och - be in Q if Cis in farad and fin Hz, Since X¢=1/2nfC, Xoet/ f Ace Therefore, graph between X, is saat fc and fis a hyperbola as shown in Fig. Power Instantaneous power, p = Yo sin rx 1, sin (t+ /2) * If Vand Jare the rms. values, In Scanned with CamScanner“= A.C. Fundamentals = 423 Vial, = Val sine coscor =~ gin 2ey p= Average of p over one cycle cf. ary j a sin 2ard (a) = 0 0 ow' ge P° oft ayer Be = le shed in a pure capacitance is zero, psorbes paver : ne power curve for a pure capacitive circuit, ‘The power curve is similar to that sshows Meee now current leads the voltage by i 90°. It is clear that positive power is power over one eyele, Hence net power absorbed in a pure pacitor is zero. A 31SUF capacitor is connected across a 230¥, SOHz system: Détevmbne i reactance (ii) rms. value of current and (iii) equations for voltage and current. 1 10° 2m fC 2nX50x318 alue of current, J = WX_= 230/10 = 234, sive reactance, Xo = = 00, | Rus. Uy. 2230xV2 = 325.27 volts; Ip, = V2 x23 =32.53As@ = 2nx50 =314rads ns for voltage and current are : v = 325.27 sin 3141 ; 32.53 sin (314t + 7/2) Scanned with CamScanner