SirDIFFERENTIAL
Zaheer'sEQUATION
Academy
100
1 in partial fractions. [4]
x2 (10 − x)
(i) Express
(ii) Given that x = 1 when t = 0, solve the differential equation
dx
= 1 x2 (10 − x),
dt 100
obtaining an expression for t in terms of x. [6]
2 Given that y = 0 when x = 1, solve the differential equation
= y2 + 4,
dy
xy
dx
obtaining an expression for y2 in terms of x. [6]
3 The variables x and t are related by the differential equation
dx
e2t cos2 x,
dt
where t ≥ 0. When t = 0, x = 0.
(i) Solve the differential equation, obtaining an expression for x in terms of t. [6]
(ii) State what happens to the value of x when t becomes very large. [1]
(iii) Explain why x increases as t increases. [1]
4 Given that x = 1 when t = 0, solve the differential equation
dx 1 x
= − ,
dt x 4
obtaining an expression for x2 in terms of t. [7]
5 The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
= xex+y ,
dy
and it is given that y = 0 when x = 0. d x
(i) Solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for y in terms of x. [7]
(ii) Explain briefly why x can only take values less than 1. [1]
6 The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
= ky3 e−x ,
dy
dx
where k is a constant. It is given that y = 1 when x = 0, and that y = e when x = 1. Solve the
differential equation, obtaining an expression for y in terms of x. [7]
7 The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
dy 1 + 4y2
.
=
It is given that y = 0 when x = 1. dx ex
(a) Solve the differential equation, obtaining an expression for y in terms of x. [7]
(b) State what happens to the value of y as x tends to infinity. [1]
1
8 in partial fractions. [2]
x 2x + 3
(i) Express
(ii) The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
dy
x 2x + 3 = y,
dx
and it is given that y = 1 when x = 1. Solve the differential equation and calculate the value of y
when x = 9, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. [7]
1
9 (i) Differentiate with respect to 1. [2]
sin2 1
(ii) The variables x and 1 satisfy the differential equation
dx
x tan 1 + cosec2 1 = 0,
d1
for 0 < 1 < 12 0 and x > 0. It is given that x = 4 when 1 = 16 0. Solve the differential equation,
obtaining an expression for x in terms of 1. [6]
10 The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
dy
x + 1y = y2 + 5.
dx
It is given that y = 2 when x = 0. Solve the differential equation obtaining an expression for y2 in
terms of x. [7]
11 The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
=
dy 6x e3x
.
dx y2
It is given that y = 2 when x = 0. Solve the differential equation and hence find the value of y when
x = 0.5, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [8]
12 The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
= e2x+y ,
dy
dx
and y = 0 when x = 0. Solve the differential equation, obtaining an expression for y in terms of x. [6]
+ +
1 A B C
x 2x + 1
13 (i)
x 2x + 1
Express 2
in the form 2
. [4]
x
(ii) The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
y = x2 2x + 1
dy
,
dx
and y = 1 when x = 1. Solve the differential equation and find the exact value of y when x = 2.
Give your value of y in a form not involving logarithms. [7]
14 The variables x and θ are related by the differential equation
dx
sin 2θ = (x + 1) cos 2θ ,
dθ
where 0 < θ < 12 π . When θ = 121 π , x = 0. Solve the differential equation, obtaining an expression for
x in terms of θ , and simplifying your answer as far as possible. [7]
15 During an experiment, the number of organisms present at time t days is denoted by N , where N is
treated as a continuous variable. It is given that
dN
= 1.2e−0.02t N 0.5 .
dt
When t = 0, the number of organisms present is 100.
(i) Find an expression for N in terms of t. [6]
(ii) State what happens to the number of organisms present after a long time. [1]
16 The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
= 1 − y2 .
dy
x
dx
When x = 2, y = 0. Solve the differential equation, obtaining an expression for y in terms of x. [8]
17 The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
dy
(x2 + 4) = 6xy.
dx
It is given that y = 32 when x = 0. Find an expression for y in terms of x. [6]
18 y
A
x
O
A particular solution of the differential equation
= 4 y3 + 1 cos2 x
dy
3y2
dx
is such that y = 2 when x = 0. The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of this solution for 0 ≤ x ≤ 20;
the graph has stationary points at A and B. Find the y-coordinates of A and B, giving each coordinate
correct to 1 decimal place. [10]
19 (i) Using partial fractions, find
1
dy. [4]
y(4 − y)
(ii) Given that y = 1 when x = 0, solve the differential equation
dy
= y(4 − y),
dx
obtaining an expression for y in terms of x. [4]
(iii) State what happens to the value of y if x becomes very large and positive. [1]
20 A certain curve is such that its gradient at a point (x, y) is proportional to xy. At the point (1, 2) the
gradient is 4. 2
(i) By setting up and solving a differential equation, show that the equation of the curve is y = 2ex −1 .
[7]
(ii) State the gradient of the curve at the point (−1, 2) and sketch the curve. [2]
21 In a chemical reaction, a compound X is formed from two compounds Y and Z . The masses in
grams of X , Y and Z present at time t seconds after the start of the reaction are x, 10 − x and 20 − x
respectively. At any time the rate of formation of X is proportional to the product of the masses of Y
dx
and Z present at the time. When t = 0, x = 0 and = 2.
dt
(i) Show that x and t satisfy the differential equation
dx
= 0.01(10 − x)(20 − x). [1]
dt
(ii) Solve this differential equation and obtain an expression for x in terms of t. [9]
(iii) State what happens to the value of x when t becomes large. [1]
22 In a certain chemical process a substance A reacts with another substance B. The masses in grams of
A and B present at time t seconds after the start of the process are x and y respectively. It is given that
dy
= −0.6xy and x = 5e−3t . When t = 0, y = 70.
dt
(i) Form a differential equation in y and t. Solve this differential equation and obtain an expression
for y in terms of t. [6]
(ii) The percentage of the initial mass of B remaining at time t is denoted by p. Find the exact value
approached by p as t becomes large. [2]
23 Liquid is flowing into a small tank which has a leak. Initially the tank is empty and, t minutes later,
3
the volume of liquid in the tank is V cm . The liquid is flowing into the tank at a constant rate of
3
80 cm per minute. Because of the leak, liquid is being lost from the tank at a rate which, at any
instant, is equal to kV cm3 per minute where k is a positive constant.
(i) Write down a differential equation describing this situation and solve it to show that
V = 80 − 80e−kt .
1
7
k
(ii) It is observed that V = 500 when t = 15, so that k satisfies the equation
4 − 4e−15k
k= .
25
Use an iterative formula, based on this equation, to find the value of k correct to 2 significant
figures. Use an initial value of k = 0.1 and show the result of each iteration to 4 significant
figures. [3]
(iii) Determine how much liquid there is in the tank 20 minutes after the liquid started flowing, and
state what happens to the volume of liquid in the tank after a long time. [2]
24 The variables x and t satisfy the differential equation
dx k − x3
t = ,
dt 2x2
for t > 0, where k is a constant. When t = 1, x = 1 and when t = 4, x = 2.
(i) Solve the differential equation, finding the value of k and obtaining an expression for x in terms
of t. [9]
(ii) State what happens to the value of x as t becomes large. [1]
25 In a model of the expansion of a sphere of radius r cm, it is assumed that, at time t seconds after the
start, the rate of increase of the surface area of the sphere is proportional to its volume. When t = 0,
dr
r = 5 and dt = 2.
(i) Show that r satisfies the differential equation
dr
= 0.08r2 . [4]
dt
[The surface area A and volume V of a sphere of radius r are given by the formulae A = 4π r 2 ,
V = 43 π r 3 .]
(ii) Solve this differential equation, obtaining an expression for r in terms of t. [5]
(iii) Deduce from your answer to part (ii) the set of values that t can take, according to this model.
[1]
26 The temperature of a quantity of liquid at time t is θ. The liquid is cooling in an atmosphere whose
temperature is constant and equal to A. The rate of decrease of θ is proportional to the temperature
difference (θ − A). Thus θ and t satisfy the differential equation
= −k(θ − A),
dθ
dt
where k is a positive constant.
(i) Find, in any form, the solution of this differential equation, given that θ = 4A when t = 0. [5]
(ii) Given also that θ = 3A when t = 1, show that k = ln 32 . [1]
(iii) Find θ in terms of A when t = 2, expressing your answer in its simplest form. [3]
27 A certain substance is formed in a chemical reaction. The mass of substance formed t seconds after
the start of the reaction is x grams. At any time the rate of formation of the substance is proportional
to (20 − x). When t = 0, x = 0 and = 1.
dx
dt
(i) Show that x and t satisfy the differential equation
= 0.05(20 − x). [2]
dx
dt
(ii) Find, in any form, the solution of this differential equation. [5]
(iii) Find x when t = 10, giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. [2]
(iv) State what happens to the value of x as t becomes very large. [1]
28 A biologist is investigating the spread of a weed in a particular region. At time t weeks after the
√ covered by the weed is A m . The biologist claims that the rate of
2
start of the investigation, the area
increase of A is proportional to (2A − 5).
(i) Write down a differential equation representing the biologist’s claim. [1]
(ii) At the start of the investigation, the area covered by the weed was 7 m2 and, 10 weeks later, the
area covered was 27 m2 . Assuming that the biologist’s claim is correct, find the area covered
20 weeks after the start of the investigation. [9]
29
hm
A water tank has vertical sides and a horizontal rectangular base, as shown in the diagram. The area
of the base is 2 m2. At time t = 0 the tank is empty and water begins to flow into it at a rate of 1 m3
per hour. At the same time water begins to flow out from the base at a rate of 0.2 h m3 per hour,
where h m is the depth of water in the tank at time t hours.
(i) Form a differential equation satisfied by h and t, and show that the time T hours taken for the
depth of water to reach 4 m is given by
4
T=Ô
10
5− h
dh. [3]
0
(ii) Using the substitution u = 5 − h, find the value of T .
[6]
30 The variables x and 1 satisfy the differential equation
dx
x cos2 1 = 2 tan 1 + 1,
d1
for 0 ≤ 1 < 12 0 and x > 0. It is given that x = 1 when 1 = 14 0 .
d 2 tan 1
(i) Show that tan2 1 = . [1]
d1 cos2 1
(ii) Solve the differential equation and calculate the value of x when 1 = 13 0, giving your answer
correct to 3 significant figures. [7]
31 In a certain chemical process a substance A reacts with and reduces a substance B. The masses of A
= −0.2xy and
dy
and B at time t after the start of the process are x and y respectively. It is given that
dt
x= . At the beginning of the process y = 100.
10
1 + t2
(i) Form a differential equation in y and t, and solve this differential equation. [6]
(ii) Find the exact value approached by the mass of B as t becomes large. State what happens to the
mass of A as t becomes large. [2]
32 In a certain chemical reaction, a compound A is formed from a compound B. The masses of A and
B at time t after the start of the reaction are x and y respectively and the sum of the masses is equal
to 50 throughout the reaction. At any time the rate of increase of the mass of A is proportional to the
mass of B at that time.
= k 50 − x, where k is a constant.
dx
(i) Explain why [1]
dt
It is given that x = 0 when t = 0, and x = 25 when t = 10.
(ii) Solve the differential equation in part (i) and express x in terms of t. [8]
33 In a certain chemical reaction the amount, x grams, of a substance is decreasing. The differential
equation relating x and t, the time in seconds since the reaction started, is
= −kx t,
dx
dt
where k is a positive constant. It is given that x = 100 at the start of the reaction.
(i) Solve the differential equation, obtaining a relation between x, t and k. [5]
(ii) Given that t = 25 when x = 80, find the value of t when x = 40. [3]