wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivwng

রাব্বি যিদনী
ইলমা

wkÿv_xi
bvg :...................................................................................................................

‡kÖwY :..................................... wmU bs -3

Sagor’s Science Academy

Physicec/Science
Av‡jvP¨ welq:
KvR ÿgZv I kw³
cwikÖg mvd‡j¨i PvweKvwV&&

‡hvMv‡hvM :mvMi mvBÝ GKv‡Wgx ,

†Kqvi †KvwPs †m›Uvi
‡Mv`vMvox †cŠimfvi mvg‡b B`Mvn&
†ivW, †Mv`vMvox,ivRkvnx|
cwiPvjK: †gvt gvgyb iwk` (mvMi)
 e‡ji I Øviv W=Fs
cÖhy³ ej I mi‡Yi ¸Ydj KvR
GKK =J (Ryj)
Kv gvÎv [W]= ML2L-2
R
e‡ji weiy‡× w = -Fs
KvR

wewfbœ
cÖKvi kw³

hvwš¿K Zvc Av‡jvK ‡PŠ¤^K kã kw³ we`y¨r

kw³ kw³ kw³ kw³ kw³

ivmvqwbK
kw³

MwZ wefe ‡mŠi

kw³ kw³ kw³
w³
KvRÿgZvk

mv2 mgh wbDwK¬

q kw³
kw³

bevqb‡hv
M¨ kw³

kw³ Drm
Rjwe`y ev‡qvgv ‡mŠik evqyk wRI_vg
¨r m w³ w³ ©vj

Abevqb‡hvM¨
kw³

‡Zj M¨vm Kqjv wbDK¬x

q kw³

kw³i
wbZ¨Zv

E=mc2 fi I kw³i kw³i

m¤úK© iæcvšÍi

we`y¨r ivmvqwbK Zvc hvwš¿K fi kw³‡Z

kw³ kw³‡Z kw³‡Z kw³‡Z iæcvšÍi
iæcvšÍi iæcvšÍi iæcvšÍi iæcvšÍi
KvR Kivi nvi n‡jv
ÿgZv ÿgZv GKK = W
(IqvU) Kg©`ÿ
gvÎv [P] = ML2T-3 Zv
µg m~Î cÖZxK
cwiwPwZ
1 K…ZKvR, W = Fs W= K„ZKvR
F = ej, s=miY
2 1
MwZkw³, T = 2 mv =
2 p
2
T = MwZkw³, m = fi,
2m V = ‡eM, P = fi‡eM
3 wefe kw³, V= mgh V=wefe kw³,m = fi,
g = AwfKl©R Z¡iY , h = D”PZv
4 1 1 m = fi,v = ‡kl‡eM,
MwZkw³, 2 mv2 = 2 mu2+w
u = Avw`‡eM, W = K„ZKvR,
5 1 V = mwÂZ kw³, k = w¯úªs‡qi
mwÂZ kw³, V = 2 kx2
aªæeK,
x = w¯úªs‡qi ms‡KvPb
6 W mgh P = ÿgZv, m = fi,
ÿgZv, P = t = t
t = mgq, W = K„ZKvR,
g = Aw©fKl©R Z¡iY, h = D”PZv,
7 E' P'  = Kg©`ÿZv, E = jf¨ Kvh©vKi
Kg©©`ÿZv,  = E ×100 = P
kw³,
×100 E = †gvU cÖ`Ë kw³ , p jf¨ Kvh©Ki
ÿgZv,
P = †gvU cÖ`Ë ÿgZv

welq msÁv/cwiPq cvV¨eB

‡qi
c„ôv
KvR ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘I Ici cÖhy³ ej Ges e‡ji w`‡K e¯‘I AwZµvšÍ 100
`~i‡Z¡I ¸Ydj‡K KvR ejv nq|
e‡ji Øviv ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¯‘i miY e‡ji w`‡K NU‡j ‡mB 100
KvR Kv‡R‡K e‡ji Øviv KvR e‡j|
Kv‡Ri GKK Kv‡Ri GKK Ryj (J)| 100
Kv‡Ri gvÎv Kv‡Ri gvÎv [W] =[ML2T-2] 100
abvZœK ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j hw` e‡ji cÖ‡qvMwe›`y e‡ji w`‡K 100
KvR m‡i hvq ev e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB
KvR‡K abvZœK KvR e‡j|
Ryj ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘I Ici GK wbDUb (N) ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j hw` 100
GK wgUvi (m)miY nq Z‡e m¤úbœ Kv‡Ri cwigvc‡K
GK Ryj (J) e‡j|
e‡ji weiy‡× hw` ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¯‘ e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hvq 101
KvR Zvn‡j †mB KvR‡K e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR e‡j|
FbvZœK ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j hw` e‡ji cÖ‡qvMwe›`y e‡ji wecixZ 101
KvR w`‡K hvq ev e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hvq ev e‡ji
wecixZw`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB KvR‡K
FbvZœK KvR e‡j|
kw³ e¯‘i KvR Kivi mvg_¨©‡K kw³ e‡j| 101
 welq msÁv/cwiPq cvV¨KeB
‡qi c„ôv
hvwš¿K kw³ ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘I Ae¯’vb ev MwZi Kvi‡Y Zvi g‡a¨ †h 103
kw³ wbwnZ _v‡K Zv‡K hvwš¿K kw³ e‡j|
MwZkw³ ‡Kv‡bv MwZkxj e¯‘ Zvi MwZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi †h 103
mvg_¨© jvf K‡I Zv‡K MwZkw³ e‡j|
MwZkw³i MwZkw³i gvÎv [K] = [ML2T-2] 104
gvÎv
w¯’wZkw³ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’v †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡I 106
†Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’vq Avb‡j
e¯‘ KvR Kivi †h mvg_¨© jvf AR©b K‡i Zv‡K
w¯ÍwZkw³ ev wefekw³ e‡j|
w¯’wZkw³i w¯’wZkw³ GKK Ryj (J)| 106
GKK
AwfKl©R AwfKl© e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR K‡I †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Ae¯’v‡bi 110
wefekw³ cwieZ©b Ki‡j e¯‘ KvR Kivi †h mvg_¨© jvf K‡i
Zv‡K AwfKl©R wefekw³ e‡j|
Rxevk¥ †KvwU ‡KvwU ermi c~‡e© MvQcvjv-RxeRš‘ 110
R¡vjvwb cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi Kvi‡Y e¯‘ gvwU
Pvcv c‡o KwVb,Zij I M¨vmxq AvKv‡I Lwb‡Z Rgv
nq hv Avgiv R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kwi e‡j Zvi
bvg Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb|
Abevqb‡hv ‡h kw³ mieivn mn‡R dzwi‡q hvq Ges bevqb Kiv 111
M¨ kw³ hvq bv †mwUB Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³|
wbDwK¬q wbDwK¬q wdkb wewµqvq Drcbœ kw³B 111
kw³ wbDwK¬vq kw³|
ev‡qvgvm ev‡qvgvm n‡jv †mB me ˆRe c`v_© hv‡`i‡K 111
kw³‡Z iæcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
ev‡qvgvm ev‡qvgvm n‡jv ‡mB mKj ˆRe c`v_© hv‡`i‡K 111
kw³ kw³‡Z iæcvšÍi Kiv hvq|Avi GB ev‡qvgvm †_‡K
cÖvß kw³‡K ev‡qvgvm kw³ e‡j|
bevqb‡hvM¨ ‡h kw³i mieivn mn‡R dzivq bv Ges bevqb Kiv 112
kw³ hvq †mwU bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³|
ev‡qvM¨vm ‡Mvei, gjg~Î, cvZv, LoKz‡Uv cÖf…wZ c`v_© 112
cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q evZv‡mi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †i‡L GK
ai‡Yi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi mvnv‡h¨ Gi MvRb cªwK&ªqv
NUv‡j 60-70%wg‡_b mg„× †h eY©nxb I `vn¨
M¨vm Drcbœ nq ZvB ev‡qvM¨vm|
nU¯úU f~-ZvwË¡K cwieZ©‡bi d‡j MwjZ g¨vMgv Dc‡ii 112
w`‡K D‡V †h ¯’v‡b Rgv nq ZvB nU¯úU|
‡mŠikw³ m~h© †_‡K †h kw³ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †mŠikw³ e‡j| 113
f~Zvcxq c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡I †h Zvcxq kw³ Rgv _v‡K ZvB 114
kw³ f~Zvcxq kw³|
kw³i kw³ Awebk¦i, kw³i m„wó ev aŸsm †bB| GwU †Kej 119
wbZ¨Zv GK iƒc n‡Z Ab¨ GK ev GKvwaK iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z
 m~Î n‡Z cv‡i| iƒcvšÍ‡ii c~‡e© I c‡i †gvU kw³i cwigvY
wbw`©ó Ges AcwieZ©bxq|
K‡›Uªvj iW wbDwK¬qvi weªwµqvi ‡ÿ‡Î wbDUªb‡K †kvlY Kivi 119
Rb¨ †h we‡kl ai‡Yi iW wbDwK¬qvi wi-A¨v±‡i
_v‡K Zv‡K K‡›Uªvj iW e‡j|
wbDwK¬q †h we‡kl ai‡Yi wbDwK¬q wewµqvq GKwU fvix 119
wdkb wbDwK¬qvm cÖvq mgvb fiwewkó `ywU
wbDwK¬qv‡m wef³ ev wefvwRZ nq ZvB
wbDwK¬q wdkb|
ÿgZv ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev ew³i GKK mg‡q K…ZKv‡Ri 120
cwigvc‡K ÿgZv e‡j|
ÿgZvi gvÎvi ÿgZvi gvÎv [P] = [ML2T-3] 120
ÿgZvi GKK ÿgZvi GKK IqvU (Watt) 120
GK IqvU GK †m‡K‡Û GK Ryj KvR Kivi ÿgZv‡K GK IqvU e‡j| 120
Kg©`ÿZv ‡Kv‡bv h‡š¿i jf¨ Kvh©Ki kw³ I †gvU cÖ`Ë kw³i 120
AbycvZ‡K H h‡š¿i Kg©`ÿZv e‡j|
wbDwK¬q ‡h wewµqvq cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b 120
wewµqv N‡U Zv‡K wbDwK¬q wewµqv e‡j|
‡mŠi‡Kv‡li ‡mŠi‡Kv‡li cÖavb ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv Gi Dci m~‡h©i 120
cÖavb Av‡jv co‡j mivmwim Zwor Drcbœ nq|
‰ewkó¨
cÖvK…wZK cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b| 121
M¨v‡mi
cÖavb
Dcv`vb
Rjwe`y¨r Rjwe`y¨r Drcv`‡b cvwbi wefekw³ e¨en„Z nq| 121
Drcv`b kw³
1 Mev 1 Mev mgvb 1.610-23J 121

Abykxjbxi mvaviY cÖkœ I DËi

 cvV¨eB‡qi Abykxjbxi mvaviY cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ 1| Nl©YRwbZ ej w`‡q Kiv KvR me mgqB †b‡MwUf nq †Kb?

DËi : ej cÖ‡qv‡M e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`y e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K m‡i ‡M‡j †h KvR
m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K †b‡MwUf KvR e‡j| Avgiv Rvwb, Nl©Y ej me©`v MwZ Z_v
mi‡Yi wecixZ w`‡K KvR K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Dc‡iv³ mÁvbymv‡i Nl©RwbZ ej Øviv
Kiv KvR me mgq †b‡MwUf nq| A_©¨vr, W = F(-s) = -Fs

cÖkœ 2|GKUv w¯úªs‡K †K‡U `yÕUzK‡iv Ki‡j UzK‡iv¸‡jvi w¯úªs ayªeK k

evo‡e bv Kg‡e ?
 F
DËi : w¯úªs‡qi ‡ÿ‡Î, F = kx ev, k = x

F ej cÖ‡qv‡M Av¯Í w¯úªs-Gi cÖmviY x1 Ges †K‡U `y UzK‡iv Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨K

UzK‡ivi cÖmviY x2 n‡j, x2 x1 Ges G‡ÿ‡Î w¯úªs ayªeK h_vµ‡g k1 I k2 n‡j,
F
 k1 = x
1

F
Ges k2 = x
2

k1 F x2 x2
ev, k = x × F = x
2 1 1

k1
ev, 1
k2

ev, k1k2

AZGe, w¯úªs‡K †K‡U `y UzK‡iv Ki‡j w¯úªs ayªeK k evo‡e|

cÖkœ 3| c„w_ex mPj ivL‡Z wK kw³i cÖ‡qvRb bvwK ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb?

DËi : kw³ n‡”Q †gvU K…ZKvR Avi ÿgZv n‡”Q GKK mg‡q K…ZKvR A_¨vr KvR
Kivi nvi| c„w_ex mPj ivL‡Z n‡j kw³ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY kw³ Av‡Q e‡jB G RMr
MwZkxj| kw³ bv _vK‡j RMr APj n‡q co‡e| Av‡jvK kw³ Av‡Q kw³ Av‡Q e‡jB
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB , kã kw³ Av‡Q e‡jB Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB | hvwš¿K kw³ e‡`Šj‡Z
Avgiv Pjv‡div Kwi| we`y¨r kw³i mvnv‡h¨ cvLv Nyo‡Q, Kj-Kvi Lvbv Pj‡Q| G
gnvwe‡k¦ kw³ bvbviƒ‡c weivR Ki‡Q| kw³i cÖwZwU iæc ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_
m¤úK©hy³| cÖwZwbqZ kw³ iæcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡K mPj ivL‡Q|

cÖkœ 4| fi‡K wK kw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePYv Kiv hvq?

DËi : AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb Abymv‡i AvBb÷vB‡bi fi kw³ mgxKiY e¨envi

K‡i fi‡K kw³‡Z iæcvšÍi Kiv hvq| G mgxKiY Abymv‡i E = mc2;

‡hLv‡b E = m„ó kw³, m = fi Ges c = Av‡jvi †eM|

AZGe fi‡K kw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

cÖkœ 5| †eM 1 kZvsk evov‡j MwZkw³ KZ kZvsk evo‡e?

101
DËi : v2=v1 Gi 101% = 100 v1= 1.01v1

2
T2 v2
Avgiv Rvwb, T =
1 v1
 v2
ev, T2= ( v ) 2×T1
1

101
ev, T2 = ( V ) 2T1
1

ev,T2 = 1012 × T1 = 1.0201 T1

 T2 = T1Gi 102.01%
MwZkw³ evo‡e = (102.01100)% =2.01%

AZGe, †eM 1 kZvsk evov‡j MwZkw³ 2.01kZvsk evo‡e|

cÖkœ 6| GKwU †`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV †`qvkjvB ev‡K&ª 5 N e‡j Nlv n‡jv|

KvwVwU‡K 5 cm Uvbv n‡jv|

K. KvwV Nlv‡Z KZ kw³ e¨q n‡jv?

DËi : Avgiv Rvwb,
e¨wqZ kw³ = K…ZKvR

= ej × miY GLv‡b,
= F×s ej, F = 5 N
= 5 N × 0.05 m miY, s =5 cm
= 0.25 J = 0.05m

AZGe, KvwV Nl‡Z 0.25 J kw³ e¨vq n‡e|

L. KvwV Uvb‡Z hw` 0.5 s mgq jv‡M Zvn‡j KZ ÿgZv jvMj ?

DËi : Avgiv Rvwb,

W
ÿgZv = t GLv‡b,

0.25 J
= 0.5 s mgq, t = 0.5 s
=0.5 W K…ZKvR, W = 0.25 J
AZGe, KvwVwU Uvb‡Z 0.5 W ÿgZv jvMj|

cÖkœ 7| GKwU Rjwe`y¨r cÖK‡íi wiRvf©vi ev Rjvavi mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K 800 m
DuPz‡Z Ges cvIqvi ‡÷kwU 250 m DuPz‡Z Aew¯’Z| wiRvfv‡ii cvwb cvB‡ci
gva¨‡g G‡m cvIqvi †÷k‡bi Uve©Bb Nyivq| wiRvf©v‡i 2×108 wjUvi cvwbi fi 1
kg nq, Z‡e wiRvf©v‡ii cvwb‡Z KZ wefekw³ mwÂZ Av‡Q?
DËi : Avgiv Rvwb, wefekw³,

V = mgh GLv‡b, D”PZv , h = 800m

=(2×10× 9.8× 800) J fi, m = 2×108L=2×108kg

= 1.568×1012 J AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 m s-2

AZGe, wiRvfv©‡ii cvwb‡Z 1.568×1012J wefekw³ mwÂZ Av‡Q|

cÖkœ 8| 40 kg f‡ii GK evjK wmwo w`‡q evjK 12 s G Qv‡` D‡V| wmwo‡Z av‡ci
msL¨v 20 wU Ges cÖwZwU av‡ci D”PZv 20 cm|

(K) H evj‡Ki IRb KZ?

DËi : evj‡Ki IRb,

W = mg GLv‡b,
= 40 kg×9.8 m s -2
evj‡Ki fi, m = 40 kg
=392 N AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 m s-2
H evj‡Ki IRb 392 N |

(L) evjK †gvU D”PZvq Avn‡ivY K‡iwQj?

DËi : evj‡Ki IRb,

DËi : D”PZv, h=20 cm×20 =400 cm = 4 m

evjKwU 4 m D”PZvq Av‡nviY K‡iwQj|

(M) Qv‡` DVv‡Z ‡m KZ KvR Kij ?

DËi : KvR, W = IRb×D”PZv = 392 N×4 m =1568 J

ছাদে ওঠাতে 1568 J কাজ করল।

(N) wmwo w`‡q †`Š‡o DV‡Z †m KZ ÿgZv jvMj?

DËi : ÿgZv =