ME F314 /
Design of Machine Elements
MF F314
M S Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Evaluation
Components
• Best 4 performance in evaluated tutorials will counted towards grading.
• Tests will be OB, Text book only, Fresh copy of text books are only
permitted without any markings in it.
M S Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Design of Machine Elements
The machine elements covered are Shafts, Screw fasteners,
Welded joints, Springs, Brakes & Clutches, Bearings and Gears.
Text Book:
Budynas, R. G. and Nisbett, K. J., “Shigley's
Mechanical Engineering Design" Tata–McGraw Hill. 10th
SI ed. or later
e-copy of the 11th edition available at Library site
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Design Thinking
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TRIZ (Theory of
Systematic Design (VDI Design Structure Matrix
Axiomatic Design Inventive Problem
2221) (DSM)
Solving)
Developed by Genrich
German engineering standard Developed by Nam P. Developed at MIT (Steward,
Origin (VDI); late 1980s Suh (MIT), 1990
Altshuller, USSR,
1981)
~1950s
Structured product Achieve optimal design Solve technical
Analyze and optimize
Primary Goal development through via independence of contradictions & boost
interdependencies in systems
sequential stages functions innovation
Stepwise refinement: Clarify Two design axioms: Use of 40 inventive
Matrix-based representation of
Key Principle → Conceptual → Functional Independence principles &
system/component interactions
Embodiment & Info. Content contradiction matrix
Functional requirements Innovation & problem
Engineering design process Managing complexity in system
Focus Area flow and documentation
(FRs) and design solving through pattern
architecture
parameters (DPs) recognition
Prescriptive, structured, Analytical, axiomatic, rule- Structural, analytical, system-
Approach Type stage-based based
Heuristic, pattern-driven
level
Optimizing robustness Creative ideation and
Use Case / General mechanical/product Project planning, systems
and clarity in function- resolving difficult design
Strength design workflow engineering, modularity
structure conflicts
Tools / 40 principles,
Flowcharts, morphological Design matrices (FR-DP DSM matrix, reordering
Representation charts, design catalogs mapping)
contradiction matrix,
algorithms
s ARIZ process
Level of Mid to high (system → sub- High (abstract functional Variable (can be very Mid to high (component/task level
Abstraction system → component) modeling) abstract to very specific) in systems)
Applicability to Moderate – emphasizes Moderate – encourages
High – designed to
Moderate – supports modular
correctness and stimulate innovation and
Innovation optimal mapping innovation and reengineering
completeness breakthroughs
Product and mechanical M S Dasgupta, BITS R&D,
Pilaniinvention, patent Systems engineering, aerospace,
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Commonly Systems engineering,
design, engineering analysis, creative
Used In software & product design project planning
curriculum engineering
Basics
Chapter 1
1. The Design Language
2. Purpose
3. Definition
4. Phases of Design
5. Constraints of Design
6. Types and Classification
7. Standards
8. Concept of Factor of Safety
9. Concept of interchangeability
[Link] Units
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• BIS / IS – Indian Standard
• BS – British Standard
• AISI – American Standard
• DIN – German Standard
• JIS – Japanese Standard
• GOST – (old) Russian Standard
• CSN – Czech Standard
• AFNOR – French Standard
• ISO - International Standard
AISI, ASM, ASTM, SAE, AWS, - - -
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• Factor of safety (FoS):
Also Known as Safety factor (SF), is a term
describing the structural capacity of a
system beyond the expected loads or
actual loads. Essentially, how much
stronger the system is than it usually
needs to be for an intended load.
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• Design factor and Safety factor:
The safety factor is how much the designed
part actually will be able to withstand. The
design factor is what the item is required
to be able to withstand
loss - of - function parameter
Design factor
maximum allowable parameter
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• Margin of safety
Many government agencies and industries
(such as aerospace) use margin of safety
(MoS or M.S.) to describe the ratio of the
strength of the structure to the
requirements. There are two separate
definitions for the margin of safety
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• Reserve factor
A measure of strength (used in Europian
countries) is the Reserve Factor (RF).
With the strength and applied loads
expressed in the same units, the Reserve
Factor is defined as:
RF = Proof Strength / Proof Load
Or
RF = Ultimate Strength / Ultimate Load
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Ranges of safety factor
The Buildings commonly use a factor of safety of 2.0 for each
structural member. The value for buildings is relatively low because
the loads are well understood and there are redundant structures.
Pressure vessels use 3.5 to 4.0, automobiles use 3.0, and aircraft
and spacecraft use 1.2 to 3.0 depending on the application and
materials. Ductile, metallic materials tend to use the lower value
while brittle materials use the higher values. The field of aerospace
engineering uses generally lower design factors because the costs
associated with structural weight are high (i.e. an aircraft with an
overall safety factor of 5 would probably be too heavy to get off the
ground). This low design factor is why aerospace parts and
materials are subject to very stringent quality control and strict
preventative maintenance schedules to help ensure reliability. A
usually applied Safety Factor is 1.5, but for pressurized fuselage it is
2.0, and for main landing gear structures it is often 1.25.
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• Interchangeability:
• Interchangeable parts are parts
(components) that are, for practical
purposes, identical. They are made to
specifications that ensure that they are so
nearly identical that they will fit into any
assembly of the same type.
• One such part can freely replace another,
without any custom fitting.
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