1) Surface area of part of a cone
Problem: Find the surface area of the portion of the cone z = sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
that lies between the planes z = 1 and z = 3.
Solution:
1. Interpret: The cone z = sqrt(x^2 + y^2) is equivalent to r = z in cylindrical
coordinates. Between z = 1 and z = 3, r runs from 1 to 3.
2. Parameterization: x = r cos t, y = r sin t, z = r, with 0 <= t <= 2π, 1 <= r
<= 3.
3. Compute derivatives: r_r = <cos t, sin t, 1>, r_t = <-r sin t, r cos t, 0>.
4. Cross product magnitude: |r_r x r_t| = r * sqrt(2).
5. Surface area A = ∫0^{2π} ∫1^3 r sqrt(2) dr dt = 8 π sqrt(2).
Answer: 8 π sqrt(2).
2) Work along a helix
Problem: Let F(x,y,z) = (-y, x, z) and C be r(t) = (cos t, sin t, t), 0 <= t <= 2π.
Compute W = ∫_C F · dr.
Solution:
1. r'(t) = (-sin t, cos t, 1).
2. F along curve: (-sin t, cos t, t).
3. Dot product: sin^2 t + cos^2 t + t = 1 + t.
4. W = ∫0^{2π} (1 + t) dt = 2π + 2π^2 = 2π(1 + π).
Answer: 2π(1 + π).
3) Flux through a paraboloid patch
Problem: Compute the upward flux of F = (x, y, -1) through z = x^2 + y^2,
for x^2 + y^2 <= 4.
Solution:
1. g_x = 2x, g_y = 2y, normal = (-2x, -2y, 1).
2. F · n = -2x^2 - 2y^2 - 1.
3. In polar: integrand = -(2 r^2 + 1), dA = r dr dt.
4. Flux = ∫0^{2π} ∫0^2 -(2 r^3 + r) dr dt = -20 π.
Answer: -20 π.
4) Change of variables on a triangular region
Problem: Evaluate ∬_R (x - y)/(x + y) dA over triangle (0,0),(1,0),(0,1), with u
= x + y, v = x - y.
Solution:
1. x = (u+v)/2, y = (u-v)/2.
2. Jacobian = 1/2.
3. Region: 0 <= u <= 1, -u <= v <= u.
4. Integrand = v/u.
5. Inner v-integral symmetric => 0.
Answer: 0.
5) Length of a space curve
Problem: C: intersection of x^2 + y^2 = 4 and z = x + y. Find length for 0
<= t <= 2π.
Solution:
1. Param: x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 2 cos t + 2 sin t.
2. Derivatives: (-2 sin t, 2 cos t, -2 sin t + 2 cos t).
3. Speed = sqrt(8 - 4 sin 2t) = 2 sqrt(2 - sin 2t).
4. Length = 2 ∫0^{2π} sqrt(2 - sin 2t) dt ≈ 19.247.
Answer: ≈ 19.247.