Components of Farm Buildings
1. Foundations
2. Walls
3. Floors
4. Roof
5. Door and Windows
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Types of Building
1. Load Bearing Building- wall system building
2. Non-load Bearing Building- Farmed Building
• Consist of columns and beams
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A. Types of Foundation
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Types of Shallow Foundation
• Spread Footing
• Combined Footing
• Strap Footing
• Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation
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Spread Footing
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Strap Footing
• If isolated footings of two columns are connected by a beam,
it is called a strap footing.
• A strap footing may be used where the distance between the
column is so great that trapezoidal footing becomes quite
narrow.
• The strap does not remain in contact with soil and does not
transfer any pressure to the soil.
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B. Floors
• Floors are horizontal elements of building structures which divide
building into different levels for the purpose of creating more
accommodation with the restricted space, one above the other
and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and
equipment of a building.
TYPES OF FLOORING
• Mud flooring
• Brick flooring
• Stone flooring
• Cement Concrete flooring
• Terrazzo or Mosaic flooring
• Marble flooring
• Tile flooring
• Wooden flooring
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FLOORING
• It should be durable
• It should be easy to clean
• It should be Noiseless
• It should have good appearance
• It should be free from dampness
• It should be fire resistant
• It should have low maintenance cost
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C. Wall
• Load bearing wall
• Non-load bearing wall
• Cavity wall
• Shear wall
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Dampness
• Dampness prevention is a chief requirement to ensure
safety of building against dampness.
• One of the basic requirements in all the buildings is that
structure should be dry as far as possible.
• If this is not satisfied it is likely that building may
become inhabitable and unsafe from structural point of
view.
• In order to prevent entry of damp into a building the
courses known as Damp Proofing Courses are provided
at various levels of entry of damp into a building.
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Causes of Dampness
• Faulty design of structure
• Faulty construction/poor workmanship
• Use of poor quality of material in construction
Prevention of Dampness
1. Use of Damp proofing Courses
2. Waterproof surface treatment
3. Integral damp-proofing treatment
4. Cavity Wall
5. Plastering
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1. Use of Damp proofing Courses
• These are the layers or membranes of water repellent
material such as bituminous, asphalts, plastic sheets,
cement concrete, mortar which are interposed in the
building structure at all location wherever water entry is
anticipated.
• Should be provided at appropriate location for their
effective use.
• DPC is provided to prevent the water rising from sub-soil
and getting into different part of the buildings.
• Best location for DPC in case of buildings without basement
lies at the plinth level
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2. Waterproof surface treatment
• The surface treatment consists in filling of the pores
of the material exposed to moisture by providing a
thin film of water repellent material over the surface.
• These surface treatments can be either external or
internal
• The external treatment is effective in preventing
dampness where as internal one only reduces it to a
certain extent.
• Many surface treatments like pointing, plastering.
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[Link] damp-proofing treatment
• Consists adding certain compounds to the
concrete or mortar during the process of mixing,
which when used in construction act as barriers
to moisture penetration under different
principles.
• Like chalk, talc, alkaline, silicate, aluminum
sulphate, calcium chlorides, soaps, petroleum
oils, fatty acid compounds, etc
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4. Cavity Wall
• Consist of two parallel walls of masonry,
separated by a continuous air space/cavity
– Out wall (10 cm thick)
– Cavity/air space (5cm – 8 cm)
– Inner wall ( minimum 10 cm thick)
– Under hot climatic conditions, cavity type
construction is most desirable as it offers many
advantages such as better living and comfort
conditions, economic construction and preservation
of buildings against dampness.
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D. Doors and Windows
Types of Windows
1. Casement Windows
2. Sliding Windows
3. Metal Windows
4. Corner Windows
5. Bay Windows
6. Lantern Windows
7. Skylight Windows
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Doors
• Is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access
to, an entrance to or within an enclosed space.
• Normally consist of a panel that swings on hinges or that
slides or spins inside of a space.
Types of Door
• Panel Doors
• Plank and battens Doors
• Ledged and Braced Doors
• Frame and Filled Doors
• Collapsible Steel Doors
• Revolving Doors
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Panel Doors
• Also called stile and rail doors, are built with
frame and panel construction.
• The main parts are :
1. Stiles: Vertical boards that run the full
height of a door and compose its right and
left edges. The hinges are mounted to the
fixed side (Hanging Stile), and the handle,
lock, bolt, are mounted on the swinging
side.
2. Rails: horizontal boards at the top , bottom,
and optionally in the middle of a door that
join the two stiles and split the door into
two or more rows of panels.
3. Panels: large, wider boards used to fill the
space between the stiles, and rails.
4. Lite: a piece of glass used in place of a
panel, essentially giving the door a window.
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Ledged and Braced Doors
• Consists of vertical tongue
and grooved boards held
together with battens and
diagonal braces
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Frame and Filled Doors
• Consists of a solid
timber frame, filled on
one face with tongue
and grooved boards.
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Collapsible Steel Doors
• Consists of a mild steel
frame.
• Collapsible steel door
works without hinges and
is used for compound
gates, residential building,
schools, sheds, godowns,
workshop, public building,
etc.
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Revolving Doors
• Consists of a centrally placed mullion in a
circular opening revolving shutters which are 4
in number are radially attached to pivot.
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