Selecting The Research Topic Classification of Research according to

method:
1. WHAT- the questions that
1. Qualitative research
are to be addressed.
2. Quantitative research
2. WHY- purpose in doing the research.
What is QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
3. WHO- your participants.
Quantitative Research
4. WHERE- where will you conduct the
study.  generates results by applying
numerical data and is focused on a
5. WHEN- time of conduct of the study.
wider populace.
What is Research?  is a form of research that uses
statistical data as the main source of
Research – is a careful examination of a
knowledge.
particular fact by looking into the evidence
 this form of research would like to
needed to clarify concepts.
operationalize reality into numbers
The root word “SEARCH” – means looking that can be easily analyzed.
into something closely and systematically (Francisco et. al., 2016).
 It is more valid, objective and
while the prefix “re” – means again. Thus,
reliable research design.
RESEARCH is a process of looking for
 This form of research is often done
something again thoroughly.
in the physical and natural sciences
Research is defined as a purposive and because there is a need for a higher
scientific process of gathering, analyzing, degree of control that can be done
organizing, presenting and interpreting in laboratories.
data.  It can establish causal relationships
among different variables
Functions of Research (dependent and independent) it
 corrects perceptions. studies.
 gathers information on subjects or  the goal is to determine the
phenomena relationship between variables
 develops and evaluates within a population.
 concepts, practices and theories  The objective of the quantitative
 obtains knowledge for practical research is to develop and employ
purposes mathematical models, theories and
hypothesis pertaining to phenomena
(Ricarto, n.d.)
Characteristics of Quantitative Research (as
cited in Spalding Universitz, 2020)
 Relatively easy to analyze
1. The data is usually gathered using  Data can be very consistent, precise
structured research instruments. and reliable
 Research can be replicated and then
2. The results are based on larger sample
analyzed and compared with similar
sizes that are representative of the
studies
population.
 Summarize vast source of
3. The research study can usually be information and make comparisons
replicated or repeated, given its high across categories and over time
reliability.  Personal bias can be avoided by
keeping a distance from
4. Researcher has a clearly defined research
participating subjects and using
question to which objective answers are
accepted computational techniques
sought.
Weakness
5. All aspects of the study are carefully
designed before data is collected.  Related secondary data is
sometimes not available or
6. Data are in the form of numbers and
accessing available data is
statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
difficult/impossible
figures, or other non-textual forms.
 Difficult to understand context of a
7. Project can be used to generalize phenomenon
concepts more widely, predict future  Data may not be robust enough to
results, or investigate causal relationships. explain complex issues
 Results provide less detail on
8. Researcher uses tools, such as
behavior, attitudes and motivations
questionnaires or computer software, to
 Uses a static and rigid approach and
collect numerical data.
so employs an inflexible process of
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative discovery
Research  Quantitative data is more efficient
Strength and able to test hypothesis, but may
miss contextual detail resulting to
 Findings can be generalized if less elaborate accounts of human
selection process is well-designed perception
and sample is representative of
study population
Quantitative Research is “explaining Weaknesses Of Quantitative Research
phenomena by collecting numerical data
Weaknesses
that are analyzed using mathematically
based methods,” according to Aliaga and 1. Employs inflexible research design
Gunderson (2000). because of the rigidity and robustness of
the instrumentation
Quantitative Research emphasizes the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical 2. Numerical data do not provide detailed
analysis of data collected through polls, accounts of the phenomenon and do not
questionnaires, and surveys. capture accounts of human perception

Strengths Of Quantitative Research 3. Instrument Dependence: Quality depends

on the accuracy of instruments used.
Strengths
4. Cost and Time: Large-scale studies can be
1. It has a large sample size that
expensive and time-consuming.
conclusion can be generalized.
5. Lacks depth in understanding complex
2. Data and findings are reliable that human behaviors.

they can be used as a guide in policy Kinds of Qualitative Research

making.
Descriptive
3. It has replicability. Data questionnaires
Goal- to observe and report on a certain
and sets can be replicated to test more
phenomenon
findings.
Variables and Experimental Manipulation-
4. Personal interaction is not part of the
Experimental manipulation is NOT used.
research process, so that personal biases
can be avoided. Data Collection Technique- Questionnaire,
Observation
5. Standards are used in choosing the
instruments, statistical treatment, and Sample Title- Assessing Nurses’ Attitude
sampling procedure to ensure validity and Toward Death and Caring for Dying Patients
reliability of data. in a Comprehensive Cancer Center

Reliable- It can show clear patterns, Correlational

correlations, and cause-and-effect
Goal- to determine the nature of the
relationships (when designed
relationship between variables without
appropriately).
looking into the cause
Variables and Experimental Manipulation- Sample Title- Comparison of Personal,
Experimental manipulation is NOT used. Social and Academic Variables Related to
Senior High School Drop-out Rate and
Data Collection Technique- Questionnaire,
Persistence.
Tests, Observation
Experimental
Sample Title- The Relationship Between
Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Goal- to establish cause-and-effect
the Telecommunication Industry: Evidence relationship
from Philippines
Variables and Experimental Manipulation-
Quasi-Experimental Experimental manipulation is USED.

Goal- to establish cause-and-effect Intact (established) groups are used are NOT
relationship used; individual subjects are randomly
assigned to the treatment or control groups.
Variables and Experimental Manipulation-
The random assignment of individual
Experimental manipulation may have
subjects provides more conclusiveness as to
LIMITED USE.
the causal relationships between the
Intact (established) groups are used; each variables.

intact group is not randomly assigned to the Data Collection Technique- Tests
treatment or control groups.
Sample Title- Effects of Mobile Technology
Data Collection Technique- Tests Use on Walking

Sample Title- The Impact of Smoking Bans Importance Of Quantitative Research

on Smoking and Consumer Behavior: Quasi-
1. EDUCATION
Experimental Evidence from Philippines
 Quantitative research is used to
Ex post facto (a Latin term that means measure the level of performance of
"after the fact”) the learners and the factors that
influence it.
Goal- to infer the causes of a phenomenon
 Quantitative research is important in
which has already occurred conducting educational researches
that can improve the educational
Variables and Experimental Manipulation-
system through generalized data and
Experimental manipulation is NOT used.
tested studies.
Groups exposed to the presumed cause are
compared with those who are not exposed
to it.

Data Collection Technique- Questionnaire

2. BUSINESS hypotheses in improving quality of
life.
 Quantitative research, when used
effectively in business, can improve Variables
the marketing strategy, soliciting
 Variable comes from the root
consumer opinion for productivity,
word “vary”, which means
helping the company improve their
“change”
product, and understanding
 Variables are changing qualities
consumer satisfaction.
or characteristics in research.
 Indeed, quantitative research can
 Variables are factors or
create an effective product
properties that the researcher
campaign and identify marketable
measures, observe, control and
demographics, among others.
or manipulates.
3. HEALTH SERVICES
Variables can be classified as
 Quantitative research is being used
 Numeric,
in scientific investigations in medical
 Categorical,
and health services. It is used to
 Experimental, and
analyze the effectiveness of a certain
 Non-Experimental.
drug in the cure of diseases,
statistical comparison on the rate of 1. Numeric Variable- A variable that answers
recoveries, sickness, or deaths. the question “how many” or “how much”.
 Experimental research on the It represents variables with values that
efficacy of medicines, vaccines, and describe a numerical quantity.
medical practices is being tested
Numeric variables are classified as
through quantitative research.
 1.1 Continuous- Also known as an
4. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
interval variable. Data is infinite. It
 Quantitative research is used in can assume any value between a
science and technology, mostly in certain set of real numbers.
testing the efficacy of new
Examples: time, age, weight, and height.
inventions, gadgets, machines,
devices, and innovations.  1.2 Discrete- Data can be counted in
 It is also used to determine factors a finite manner. These variables
that affect different phenomena in assume any whole number within
the environment through the limits of a given variable.
experimental research.
Examples: The number of the registered car
 It is used in testing different
in Navotas City, the population of grade 12
scientific models, theories, and
students, the number of Covid19 survivors, Examples: Level of Performance – good,
and the total population of Senior citizens in
very good, poor, satisfactory
Barangay Tangos.
Colors – red, pink, blue, green
2. Categorical Variable- From the root word,
3. Experimental Variable- An experimental
“category” categorical variables are
variable has three types, independent,
variables with values that describe the
dependent, and extraneous. Experimental
quality or characteristics of a given data. It
variables describe the factors that differ
describes categories or groups.
between the sample being tested and the
Kinds Of Categorical Variable sample being controlled.

 2.1. Ordinal Variable- Variables with Kinds Of Experimental Variable

the value which CAN BE logically
 3.1. Independent Variable- Variable
arranged, ranked, or ordered.
that the researcher manipulates in
Examples: Academic grades – an experiment or research. The
independent variable is the variable
with honors, with high honors,
that is different between the groups
with highest honors compared.

Clothing size – extra small (xs), Example: A study on Learning Styles of

Grade 12 STEM students in Ligao National
small (s), medium (m), large (l)
High School and its effect on their Academic
 2.2. Nominal Variable- Variables with Performance.
the value which CANNOT BE logically
 3.2. Dependent Variable (Predicted
arranged, ranked, or ordered.
Variable)- These are the variables
Examples: Religion, Colors, Languages, affected by the manipulation of the
Subjects independent variable.
 2.3. Dichotomous- Variables that Example: A study on Learning Styles of
represent ONLY two categories. Grade 12 STEM students in Ligao National
High School and its effect on their Academic
Examples: Sex – Male and Female;
Performance.
Veracity – True or False

 3.3. Extraneous Variable (Intervening

 2.4. Polychotomous- Variables that Variable)- These are variables that
have many categories the researcher does not include in
 the study but are present in the 2. Academic Readings
environment where the research is 3. Personal Hobbies
to be conducted and may affect or 4. Social Issues
influence the conduct of the study. 5. Existing Theories
6. Previous studies
Example: A study on Learning Styles of
7. Literature Review
Grade 12 STEM students in Ligao National
High School and its effect on their Academic What is the FIRST STEP in making a research
Performance. study?

4. Non-Experimental- Type of research that  READING ON RELATED LITERATURE

does not involve the manipulation of and STUDIES
control or independent variable. In non-
RS vs. RL
experimental research, researchers measure
variables as they naturally occur without Related Studies are studies, inquiries, or
any further manipulation. investigations already conducted to which
the present proposed study is related or has
Kinds Of Non-Experimental Variable
some bearing or similarity.
 4.1. Predictor Variable- A variable
Related Literature is composed of
that changes the other variable in
discussions of facts and principles to which
non-experimental research. Similar
the present study is related.
to the independent variable in
experimental research. Why should review of related literature
(and studies) be conducted?
Example: Conduct of Career Orientation
Program and Choice of Senior High School  separate the known from the
Specialization among Grade 10 students. unknown
 It clarifies the research focus
 4.2. Criterion Variable- Variable that
 It would give direction
may be influenced or changed by
 gives pointers on formulating your
the predictor variable. Similar to
research objectives and questions.
dependent variable in experimental
 the literature review gives a warning
research.
against copying existing research
Example: Conduct of Career Orientation
Plagiarism is using someone else's words or
Program and Choice of Senior High School
ideas as your own without giving credit to
Specialization among Grade 10 students.
that person or without citation.
Research Title Sources of Research Topics
PLAGIARISM IS PUNISHABLE UNDER
Sources
CYBERCRIME LAW.
1. Daily Life Experiences
Review of Related Literature- gives an most of the time. So, it needs to be properly
overview of all the writings relative to a written, clear, and could create interest.
specific topic.
How To Write?
In writing the RRL, we must consider the
1. Ask yourself a few questions about your
SOURCE where you get the information.
research paper.
Types of Sources:
• What is the paper about, what
Primary source – publications or writings design/techniques were used, who/what is
wherein a researcher reports the result of studied, what were the results?
his studies. Ex. Journals & articles
2. Use your answers to list keywords
Secondary source – publications or writings
wherein a certain author describes the work 3. Build a sentence using these keywords.
Of Another Author. Ex. Textbooks,
4. Delete all waste words and repetitive
encyclopedias, yearbooks etc.
words; link the remaining words
Where do you search your related
5. Delete non-essential information and
literature?
reword
 Google Scholar
Characteristics Of Good Research Title
 JSTOR
 EBSCO Characteristics
 Medline (life sciences and
1. Describe the content of the paper
biomedicine)
 summarize the main idea
 Inspect
 concise statement of the main topic
 Springer Link
 include the major variable
 ERIC
 Show relationship of the main
Writing A Research Title variable of the study
 Includes the main task of the
Research Title- The research title should
researcher
summarize the main idea or ideas of your
 Mention the participants of the
paper. It should not be too long but should
study
include important concepts about your
 Must be 10 to 15 words only
study.
2. Catch the reader’s attention and
interest.
3. Distinguish the paper from others on
A good research title is very important in
a similar topic
writing your paper as it is the first thing
4. Match search queries so people will
people will look at or read in your paper
find your paper (and cite it).
Background of the Study statement that will guide your
research.
Background of the Study- it establishes the
3. Write the research/problem
context of the research
statement or research question.
- This section explains why this 4. Complete your research using your
particular research topic is essential problem statement and research
to understanding the main aspects question as your guide.
of the study. 5. Create five separate sections that
- The Background Forms The First cover the key issues, major findings
section of research, justifies the and controversies surrounding your
need for conducting the study, and research.
summarizes what the study aims to 6. Conclude by identifying and further
achieve. study what needs to be done in the
- Preferably, this part is written once area or provide possible solutions to
done conducted the literature the issue that haven’t been
review and has conceptualized the considered before.
research problem. 7. Revise and edit your background of
- hooking the reader, filling the gap the study.

Narrative Hook Background of the Study

cause the reader to: 1. Introduce and briefly define

the variables under study;
 pay attention
2. cite the most important
 elicit emotional or attitudinal
study or related literature;
responses,
be consistent with terms
 spark interest, and
used;
 encourage the
3. ensure that paragraphs summarize
reader to continue
unresolved issues, conflicting
reading.
findings, social concerns, or
In writing a background of the study these educational, national, or
are some suggested things to be done: international issues. This will serve
to highlight the gap in knowledge
1. Conduct primary research (literature
that can be addressed by doing the
review) at the beginning stages of
study;
formulating a problem when many
4. write the last paragraph to express
issues are unclear.
the intent or ultimate purpose of the
2. Read the information and develop a
study;
research question of problem
2 Types of Research Questions
Non-Researchable organization, institution, social
group, or society.
Questions are answerable by “yes” or “no”.
 The problem statement should
Examples: Will critical thinking be affected frame how you intend to address the
by playing video games? Should playing problem. The statement of the
video games by prevented to school-age problem is divided into two parts;
learners? the general problem and the
specific problem.
Researchable
Research questions classified into two:
Are questions of value, opinion, or policy
raised to gather data. It involves questions 1. general
using what, where, why, when, who, and 2. specific
how.
The general question of the study is derived
Examples: How does playing video games from the research problem while the
affects the critical thinking of learners? Why specific questions are anchored on the
does playing video games should be general research problem.
prevented from school-age learners?
Questions for Experimental Research
Research Problem suggest that answers to these questions are
brought about by manipulation or control of
 is a statement about an area of
a certain variable during the conduct of the
concern, a condition to be improved,
study.
a difficulty to be eliminated, or a
troubling question that exists in Scope And Delimitations
scholarly literature, in theory or in
The scope specifies the coverage of your
practice.
studies, such as variables, population or
 it points to the need for meaningful
participant, and timeline.
understanding and deliberate
investigation. Delimitation cites factors of your study that
 it is typically posed in the form of a are not included or excluded or those you
question. will not deal with in your study.

Statement of the Problem Components of Scope and Delimitations

 A practical research problem is Scope

directly relevant to a specific
problem that broadly affects an
 1. What the study covers? (topics, presented as possibly true but that is not
focus, participants, methods) known or proven.
2. What are the variables to be
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
included or explored?
provide evidence of academic standards
3. Objectives or Problems to be
and procedure.
Addressed. Why are you doing this
study? Conceptual Framework

Delimitation - is an analytical tool that explains the

main concepts to be studied or
1. [Link] the study DOES NOT cover?
investigated in one’s research.
Why?
2. Time Frame. When are you going to It is most commonly used to visually explain
conduct this study? the key concepts or variables and the
3. Locale of the Study. Where are you relationships between them that need to be
going to gather your data? studied.

Limitation - It is used in research to plan possible

sequence of action or to present an
1. What are the factors beyond your
ideal method to an idea or thought.
control that may affect the validity,
reliability, or generalizability of your Purpose of Conceptual Framework
findings?
1. Explain ideas and suggest
Conceptual Framework associations among the ideas in a
study;
Framework- is a set of concepts that serves
2. Provide an outline for interpreting
as scaffolding to something. In research, it
the findings of the study, since
serves as the building foundation.
conceptual framework defines the
Research Framework- It is like a blueprint, a scope and the limitations of the
master plan, or a recipe that provides an study;
outline of the plan on how the research is to 3. Explain observations; and
be conducted. 4. Encourage the formulation of useful
and practical theories.

Common Examples of Conceptual

Theoretical Framework- Theory is an idea or
Framework
set of ideas that is intended to explain facts
or events. It is an idea that is suggested or
 1. IPO Model- The Input-Process- 1. It can clarify the definition of the
Output Model (IPO) conceptual term, especially if it has a different
paradigm indicates the inputs, meaning. Define the term according
required process, and output. This to how it was used in the study.
approach is seated on the premise 2. It makes it easier to revisit or check
of acquiring essential information by the meaning of a term instead of
converting inputs into outputs locating it through the paper.
through the required processing 3. Helps to ensure that the reader can
steps in obtaining the result. understand the technical
2. IV-DV Model- stands for terminologies and jargon while
independent variable-dependent reading the paper.
variable model. This conceptual
Writing the D.O.T.
framework shows the independent
and dependent variables of the 1. Write a brief introductory
study. statement. It shortly describes the
content of the definition of terms.
Guide Questions in Constructing the CF
2. List/write the words/terms (which
1. What are the key elements in your are technical) that would be
study (input, process, output)? included (make sure that the
2. How does these concepts relate? variables and key terms found in the
3. How does your framework support title are included).
your research problem? 3. The terms should be arranged
alphabetically.
How to create a Conceptual Framework:
4. It does not have to be lengthy, be
1. Conduct a Literature Review direct to the point in providing the
2. Create a Flow Chart definition of a term.
3. Write a Narrative 5. Acronym/initials should be defined
4. Return and Revise clearly. Complete name should be
written first, followed by the
Definition of Terms
acronym/initials in open-close
Definition of Terms- defining important parenthesis, then the
terms is essential to ensure a common definition/meaning.
understanding of key concepts and
terminology between the researcher and
the readers. 6. Do not overflow with technical
terms (only those relevant and
Why is there a need to define terms?
significant to the study).
 7. Keep the definition brief and basic. It - states a tentative answer to the
will be elaborated in the body of the existing research question that can
paper. be tested by further investigation
using scientific research methods.
2 Types of Definition
2 Types of Hypotheses
1. Conceptual- the conceptual
definition is the meaning of the term 1. Null- denoted by H0, posits a
based on how it is defined in the negative statement to support the
dictionary . researcher’s findings that there is no
relationship between two variables
Conceptual Definition: Face to face. It is
or that any findings are the mere
when the people involved are being close
result of chance.
together and looking directly at each other.
2. Alternative- denoted by H1 or Ha,
2. Operational- is the meaning of the challenges the null hypothesis and is
term based on how it was used in a positive statement that there is a
the study. relationship between the two
variables and that the results are
Operational Definition: Face to face. This
significant to the research topic.
refers to one of the modalities used in
learning delivery in which the teacher and Formulating Hypothesis
students should be in the same place or
Guide questions when formulating
setting, such as the classroom.
hypothesis:
Hypothesis
1. What is the connection between
- is a tentative statement about the your hypothesis and your research
relationship between two or more question?
variables. 2. Is your hypothesis testable?
- is a specific and testable prediction 3. What potential explanations or
of what you expect to happen with justifications of the hypothesis could
the variables in your study you explore?
- it proposes a possible relationship 4. What are the counter-arguments to
between the independent variable your hypothesis?
(what the researcher changes) and
the dependent variable (what the
researcher measures) 5. Does your hypothesis include an
- is an integral part of the scientific independent as well as a dependent
method that forms the basis of variable?
scientific experiments
Note:
A testable hypothesis is not a simple
statement. It is rather an informed,
predictive statement that provides a clear
introduction to a study, its goals, and the
possible outcomes.

Addition

Mediator variable (why are they related)

why/how a relationship between the
variables exists?

Moderator variable (strength/direction of

the relationship)- when/for whom a
relationships hold true?

Confounding variable- influences both

independent and dependent variable

Control variable- constant or limited to

prevent from influencing both iv and dv