Designation: E 2375 – 04

Standard Practice for

Ultrasonic Examination of Wrought Products1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes the minimum re- 2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
quirements for ultrasonic examination of wrought products. the extent specified herein:
2.2 ASTM Standards: 3
NOTE 1—This standard was adopted to replace MIL-STD-2154, 30
Sept. 1982. This standard is intended to be used for the same applications B 107 Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Extruded Bars,
as the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review its Rods, Shapes, Tubes, and Wire
requirements when considering its use for new, or different applications, B 221 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
or both. Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes
1.2 Application—This practice is applicable for examina- B 241 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
tion of materials such as, wrought metals and wrought metal Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube
products. B 594 Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-
1.2.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Products—Examination Alloy Wrought Products for Aerospace Applications
shall be in accordance with Practice B 594. E 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum
1.3 Acceptance Class—When examination is performed in Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
accordance with this practice, engineering drawings, specifi- E 164 Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weld-
cations, or other applicable documents shall indicate the ments
acceptance criteria. Five ultrasonic acceptance classes are E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipes
defined in Table 1. One or more of these classes may be used and Tubing
to establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternate E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
criteria may be specified. of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Examination Instruments and
1.4 Order of Precedence—Contractual requirements and Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement
authorized direction from the cognizant engineering organiza- Instruments
tion may add to or modify the requirements of this practice. E 428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Refer-
Otherwise, in the event of conflict between the text of this ence Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
practice and the references cited herein, the text of this practice E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
takes precedence. Nothing in this practice, however, super- Testing
sedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp- E 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
tion has been obtained. Search Units
1.5 Measurement Values—The values stated in inch-pounds E 1158 Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of
are to be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents are in Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultra-
brackets. sonic Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy Production
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Material
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Standards:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

3
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Ultrasonic Testing Procedures. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. the ASTM website.
2
When accepted by DoD this standard is expected to replace MIL-STD-2154.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 2375 – 04
TABLE 1 Ultrasonic Classes
C
Single Discontinuity Multiple LinearD Discontinuity Loss of Back
Class NoiseG,H
ResponseA,B Discontinuities Length and Response Reflection PercentE,F
AAAH ⁄
2 64 in. [0.794 mm] ⁄
1 64 in. [0.397 mm] 18 ⁄ in. [3.175 mm] 50 alarm level
FB FB long
1⁄64 in. response [0.397 mm]

FB
AAH 3 64 ⁄ in. [1.19 mm] ⁄
2 64 in.I [0.794 mm] 1⁄2 in. [12. 7 mm] 50 alarm level
FB FB long
2⁄64 in. response [0.794 mm]

FB
A 5 64 ⁄ in. [1.98 mm] ⁄
3 64 in. [1.191 mm] 1 in. [25.4 mm] 50 alarm level
FB FB long
3⁄64 in. response [1.19 mm]

FB
B 8 64 ⁄ in. [3.18 mm] ⁄
5 64 [1.98 mm] 1 in. [25.4 mm] 50 alarm level
FB FB long
5⁄64 in. response [1.98 mm]

FB
C 8 64 ⁄ in. [3.18 mm] Not Applicable Not Applicable 50 alarm level
A
Any discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnoteB) at the estimated discontinuity depth and the
discontinuity size given is not acceptable.
B
See Fig. 3, Fig. 4, or Fig. 5 for dimensions of notches and holes when these are required for angle beam examination of tube walls and near-surface regions of
cylindrical parts and other products.
C
Multiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a reference flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the size
given (diameter) are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).
D
Any discontinuity longer than the length given with indications equal to or greater than the response given (flat-bottom hole or notch response) is not acceptable. Not
applicable to Class C).
E
Loss of back reflection by more than 50 %, when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part, is not acceptable.
F
For longitudinal examination of material over 6-in. [152.4-mm] thick in the short transverse direction, any loss of back reflection equal to or greater than 12 dB over
an area 2 by 2 in. [50.8 by 50.8 mm] is rejectable. (Noise level is not relevant to this back reflection evaluation.
G
Noise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see [Link]), is not acceptable, except for titanium. For titanium alloys, the alarm level may be set just above the noise
level, but shall not exceed 70 % of the reference standard response.
H
When examining titanium, Class AA and Class AAA, no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise” level, if within the limits specified in footnoteG.
I
Evaluation may be done by setting up on a 3⁄64 in. [1.19 mm] hole and adding 7 dB of gain. (Also see Note 5 under Table 5.)

SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi- 2.7 Military Standards:7

cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4
NOTE 2—For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified, the issues of
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and the documents which are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel4 DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications Standards) cited
2.4 Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standards: in the solicitation.
AMS 4928 Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings
6Al-4V Annealed5
AMS 6409 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8 3. Terminology
Ni, 0.25 Mo, (0.38 - 0.45 C), (SAE 4340) Special Aircraft 3.1 Definitions—Definitions relating to ultrasonic examina-
Steel Cleanliness, Normalized and Tempered5 tion, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to the
AMS 6415 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8 terms used in this standard.
Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340)5 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
AMS 6484 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 080 Cr, 1.8 3.2.1 back surface resolution—the minimum distance be-
Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340) Normalized and tween the back surface and a discontinuity of known size that
Tempered5 will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as
2.5 Aerospace Industries Association Standard: indicated by the trace recovering to 20 % or less of disconti-
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive nuity or back surface amplitude (whichever is lower) between
Test Personnel6 the indications at the sensitivity required for the specified
2.6 Federal Specifications: examination.
QQ-A-225/6 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire, Rolled, 3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization—the company,
Drawn, or Cold Finished, 20246 government agency, or other authority responsible for the
QQ-A-225/9 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, Wire, and Special design, or end use, of the system or component for which
Shapes, Rolled, Drawn, or Cold Finished, 70756 ultrasonic examination is required. This, in addition to design
personnel, may include personnel from engineering, material
and process engineering, stress analysis, NDT or quality
4
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. groups and others, as appropriate.
Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
5
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
7
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications required by
6
Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye Street NW, manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
Washington, DC 20005. from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.

2
 E 2375 – 04
3.2.3 contract document—any document specified in the TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as
contract, including the purchase order, specification, drawing, applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be
or other written material. used when specified in the contract or purchase order.
3.2.4 display—the display on which ultrasonic data are 6.3 Agency Evaluation—If required by contract, evaluation
presented, including, but is not limited to, cathode ray tubes, of the agency performing examination shall be in accordance
liquid crystals, electro-luminescent phosphors, or plasmas. with Practice E 543.
3.2.5 entry surface resolution—the minimum distance be- 6.4 Written Procedure—A detailed procedure (general pro-
tween the entry surface and a discontinuity of known size that cedure, or part specific technique, or both) shall be prepared for
will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as each part and type of examination to be performed. The
indicated by the trace recovering to 20 % or less of the procedure shall meet the requirements of this practice and shall
discontinuity amplitude between the indications at the sensi- provide consistency for producing the results and quality level
tivity required for the specified examination. required by this practice and other contractual documents. The
3.2.6 full scale deflection (FSD)—the maximum displayable procedure shall be approved by an individual qualified and
signal amplitude on the display device, or any signal reaching certified as a Level III in the practice of ultrasonic examination.
or exceeding the 100 % amplitude scale graduation. The procedure shall be submitted upon request to the contract-
3.2.7 horizontal limit—the maximum readable length of ing agency for approval, or review, or both (see 8.1). The
horizontal position that is determined either by electrical or a procedure shall cover all of the specific information required to
physical limit in the A-scan presentation of an ultrasonic set-up and perform the examination, such as the following:
examination instrument. 6.4.1 Name and address of examination facility,
3.2.8 immersion ultrasonic examination—the use of a water 6.4.2 Number of the procedure including latest revision
medium to couple the search unit to the part surface. This designation, if applicable, and date.
technique includes immersion in a tank of water, the use of
6.4.3 Number of this standard including latest revision
water columns, bubblers, or similar device.
designation letter, if applicable, and date.
3.2.9 primary reference response—the maximized signal
amplitude obtained from the applicable reference reflector that 6.4.4 Examination method and acceptance criteria to be
produces the lowest amplitude signal. applied.
3.2.10 vertical linearity limit (upper and lower)—values of 6.4.5 Examination zones, if applicable.
the vertical amplitude at which a proportional relationship with 6.4.6 Specific part number and configuration or product
the input signal deviates from or exceeds a prescribed amount. form for which the procedure is being prepared.
6.4.7 Manufacturer and model numbers of any instrumen-
4. Significance and Use tation to be used in the examination. Any external recording
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the examination equipment, alarm equipment and electronic distance-amplitude
of wrought metals, forged, rolled, machined parts or compo- correction equipment shall be included.
nents to an ultrasonic class most typically specified in the 6.4.8 Type and size of search unit. Include frequency, focal
purchase order or other contract document. length, as applicable, manufacturer, sound beam angle and
description of any wedges, shoes, saddles, stand-off attach-
5. Basis of Application ments, bubblers, or squirters.
6.4.9 Description of manipulating and scanning equipment.
5.1 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice
that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering 6.4.10 Couplant: type and manufacturer.
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the 6.4.11 Scanning plan which describes, for each portion of
cognizant engineering organization. the examination, the surfaces from which the examination will
be performed, the ultrasonic modes, and directions of the sound
6. General Requirements beam.
6.4.12 Method of applying transfer (see [Link]), if ap-
6.1 Specifying—When ultrasonic examination is specified
plied.
in accordance with this practice, the ultrasonic technique
(immersion, contact, angle beam, straight beam, and so forth) 6.4.13 Reference blocks, water path (if applicable) and
and acceptance criteria should be specified. Suggested classes methods of standardization and scan index determination,
in Table 1 may be specified to establish acceptance criteria. A maximum scanning speed, and minimum pulse repetition rate.
contract document shall specify zones, when applicable, to 6.4.14 Method of establishing scan sensitivity for concave
indicate different quality level acceptance criteria based on the and convex surfaces, if applicable.
criticality of each zone. When directions of maximum stressing 6.4.15 Discontinuity evaluation procedure.
are indicated on a contract document and configuration allows, 6.4.16 Any other pertinent data which would be needed to
ultrasonic examination shall be performed to locate disconti- duplicate the original examination.
nuities oriented perpendicular to the directions of maximum 6.5 General Procedures—General procedures are accept-
stressing. able for common product forms such as plate, bar stock,
6.2 Personnel Qualification/Certification—Personnel per- extrusions, forgings, tubing and cylindrical stock, and desig-
forming examinations to this practice shall be qualified in nated thickness ranges. The general procedure shall include the
accordance with ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS-410, or SNT- applicable items of 6.4.

3
 E 2375 – 04
7. Detail Requirements equal to the area of the beam intersection on the near surface. The spot
shall be passed through the search unit beam at full scanning speed. When
7.1 Couplants: this is done the means used for loss- of-back signal shall indicate at least
7.1.1 Immersion Method—For the immersion method (see 50 % reduction in back signal amplitude.
7.2.8), water shall be free of air bubbles and other foreign (2) An alternate method is to use a near zone FBH with only the back
material that could interfere with ultrasonic examinations. A wall gated.
suitable corrosion inhibiting agent, or a wetting agent, or both,
7.2.2 Alarm—An instrument used for other than manual
shall be added to the water, if necessary. The specific inhibiting
scanning of a part with constant visual observation of the
and wetting agents including mixing concentrations shall have
instrument display shall contain a means for automatically
been previously determined to be compatible with the materials
indicating the presence of a signal that exceeds a predeter-
to be examined.
mined amplitude threshold within a gated time period. The
7.1.2 Contact Method—For the contact method, a liquid or
alarm threshold level shall be adjustable. The alarm means may
semi-liquid that forms a thin film between the search unit and
be an amplitude, visual, stop-on-defect, part marking or sort-
the part is required. The couplant material used shall not be
ing, analog or digital recording, or other form of indication of
injurious to the material to be examined and will permit
the presence of potential defects. If automatic means are used
detection of applicable discontinuity sizes. Glycerin (Pure),
for detection of rejectable discontinuities, it shall be demon-
silicones and graphite greases shall not be used as couplants,
strated during initial standardization that the speed of response
unless specifically permitted by the cognizant engineering
of such means is adequate to detect, at actual scanning speeds,
organization.
a rejectable amplitude from a target at any depth in the
7.2 Equipment:
examination range.
7.2.1 Electronic Equipment—The equipment when used 7.2.3 Voltage Regulator—If fluctuations in line voltage
with appropriate search units shall be capable of producing cause an amplitude change greater than 62.5 % of full scale of
ultrasonic examination frequencies as required by the applica- a signal of half full-scale amplitude, a voltage regulator shall
tion. The electronic equipment shall be calibrated after any be required on the power source.
repair or part/component replacement which could affect its 7.2.4 Search Units—Search units are acceptable if they
response characteristics, or once each year, whichever occurs provide the required examination characteristics including
first. Records of the current calibration shall be retained and sensitivity, resolution, and penetration. Search units shall have
available for review. active dimensions (diameter for circular elements, length for
[Link] The equipment shall meet the following require- rectangular elements) equal to or greater than 0.25 in. [6.35
ments as directed in Practice E 317 or other approved proce- mm]. For contact examination of all convex surfaces of 1.5 in.
dure: [38.1 mm] radius or less, and all concave surfaces of 4 in.
(1) Vertical Limit—100 % of full scale. [101.6 mm] radius or less, a curved shoe or wedge, made to
(2) Horizontal Limit—100 % of full scale. match as closely as possible the radius of the part be examined,
(3) Vertical Linearity Limit Range—The vertical linearity shall be required for examination. All search units shall be
of the instrument shall meet the requirements of A3.3. serialized. General search unit characteristics are typically
(4) Horizontal Linearity Limit Range—The instrument evaluated by the methods described in Guide E 1065. Such
shall be linear within 65 % of full scale between 0 and 85 % evaluation does not necessarily determine suitability for any
of the horizontal limit. This step may be omitted if the specific material evaluation.
instrument is used within a limited depth of material and is 7.2.5 Rectangular “Paintbrush” Search Units—
verified on standards of that depth at each standardization. Rectangular “paintbrush” search units shall be allowed for
(5) Calibrated gain controls shall meet the requirements of straight beam longitudinal immersion scanning if it is demon-
A3.2.2 unless an alternate method for verification has been strated that the search unit provides the required examination
approved by the cognizant engineering organization. characteristics specified in this practice or the contract docu-
[Link] Attenuator and decade switches as applicable shall ment. The written procedures (see 6.4) shall include at least the
meet the requirements of A3.2. additional items specified in [Link] through [Link].
[Link] If automatic means are used for detection of loss- [Link] A method shall be established for determining that
of-back reflection amplitude, it shall be demonstrated that the the sensitivity profile along the major axis of the search unit
speed of response of such means is adequate to detect, at actual does not vary more than 610 % of the vertical limit when the
scanning speeds, at least a −6 dB reduction in back reflection sensitivity is adjusted to provide a nominal 50 % response from
signal from an area no larger than the theoretical area of search a reference reflector (either a steel ball, wire, or flat-bottom
unit beam intersection on the near surface of the material. An hole) as shown in Fig. 1. The profile shall have been verified
alternate method such as a near zone FBH with only the back within a period not exceeding twelve months prior to the date
wall gated may be used if approved by the Level III of the of use of the search unit, unless masking is used to suppress the
cognizant engineering organization. peaks. If masking is used, the search unit profile shall have
NOTE 3—This shall be demonstrated by one of the following techniques been verified within a period not exceeding three months prior
or a technique approved by the Level III of the cognizant engineering to the date of use.
organization. [Link] A method shall be established for masking the ends
(1) Place on the surface of the material a temporary spot, consisting of of the search unit, if required, to eliminate over-sensitive
a double layer of masking tape, or other absorptive material, nominally responses as determined in the sensitivity profile, see A4.1.3.

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 E 2375 – 04

FIG. 1 Acceptable Sound Beam Profile of “Paintbrush” Search Unit

[Link] A method shall be established for determining effec- the applicable examination as the reference reflector). Varia-
tive beam width. The scan index established in accordance tions from these requirements are acceptable for phased array
with [Link] shall be based on the beam width so determined. search units.
[Link] The reference standard shall provide a uniform entry 7.2.7 Focused Search Units—Focused search units may be
surface for the full extent of the sound beam for equipment used unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
standardization. order documentation.
[Link] A method shall be established to use the least active 7.2.8 Tank—Tanks used for immersion examination shall be
portion of the search unit to adjust scan sensitivity at each of sufficient size to permit submersion of the part, material, or
portion of the DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction) curve to the area of interest to be examined with proper orientation of
be used. the search unit and allow sufficient water path.
[Link] Search units meeting the requirements of 7.2.4 shall [Link] Attachments—For special applications attachments
be used for evaluations of indications detected while scanning may be used with the search unit to provide the required water
with paintbrush search units. path distances or coupling, see 3.2.8.
7.2.6 Array Search Units—Array search units (multiple- 7.2.9 Manipulating Equipment—For immersion examina-
element) may be used for initial immersion scanning provided tion, manipulating equipment shall adequately support a search
each element is pulsed independently and produces a beam that unit and shall provide angular adjustment within one degree in
sufficiently overlaps each adjacent beam so that the maximum two planes and demonstrate control for following part geom-
allowable drop in signal amplitude between elements is not etry. Examinations not requiring angulation shall be docu-
more than 3 dB from the peak response (when the peak is set mented on the scan plan. The bridge shall have sufficient
to 80 % of full scale using the primary reference response for strength to provide rigid support for the manipulator and shall

5
 E 2375 – 04
allow smooth, accurate positioning of the search unit. The of the reference block material corrected to the depth of
scanning accuracy of the apparatus shall permit adjustment of examination. Transfer per [Link] is not allowed if the
the scan index distance within 60.1 in. [2.54 mm], or unless differences are greater than these limits unless a documented
otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization. plan adequately compensates for the cause and is approved by
Water travel distance shall be adjustable. When part size, or the cognizant engineering organization.
configuration, or both, prevent the use of manipulating equip- [Link] Material to be used for the fabrication of reference
ment, search unit stand-off attachments which provide for blocks shall be scanned ultrasonically in the mode(s) to be used
control of water travel distance and sound beam angle shall be in the examination at a sufficiently high sensitivity to detect
used. Provisions shall be made to ascertain that wear of any existing anomalies that might produce signals that could
stand-off attachments does not exceed limits which will de- obscure, or be confused with, those from holes, notches or
grade the examination. other targets in the reference block to be fabricated.
7.3 Reference Block Fabrication—Reference blocks with 7.3.2 Alternate Flat-bottom Hole Sizes—If blocks with the
flat-bottom holes with diameters equal to those specified in the specified flat-bottom hole sizes are not available, alternative
acceptance criteria shall be used for defect detection and sizes may be used provided the instrument gain is changed by
evaluation unless alternate hole sizes are used in accordance a factor given by the ratio of the areas of the two relevant holes.
with 7.3.2. The blocks shall meet the response characteristics For cases where only a larger size is available, the gain must be
of and be certified to the requirements of Practice E 127, E 428, increased by the ratio (dr/ da)2, where dr and da are respectively
E 1158, as specified in 7.3.1 through [Link] of this practice, or the diameters of the reference and specified acceptance flat-
to the documented requirements of the cognizant engineering bottom holes (see Table 5, Note 1). With instruments having
organization. IIW-type blocks shall be certified with respect to gain controls calibrated in dB, the required change is given by
alloy and dimensions specified on the purchase order. 40 3 log(dr / da) dB. Table 5 can be used for the extrapolation
7.3.1 Reference Block Materials—Reference blocks should of gain between any standard hole sizes in the range of 1⁄64
be fabricated from the same alloy, surface finish and heat through 8⁄64. Gain extrapolation shall be restricted to hole
treatment as the part to be examined. Where this is not diameters having ratios no greater than 2:1, requiring gain
available, or practical, reference blocks may be fabricated from changes no greater than 12 dB.
materials listed in Table 2 so that any ultrasonic transmission 7.3.3 Curved Surface Reference Blocks—Blocks used on
differences are minimized. Other material may be used for cylindrically or irregularly shaped products shall meet the
working reference blocks provided the velocity and attenuation following requirements:
difference between the reference block and the examination [Link] Examination of Cylindrical Parts of Greater Than 4
material are within the limits shown below: in. [101.6 mm] Radius—Reference blocks shall be of material
[Link] The longitudinal wave velocity of the material for a specified in 7.3.1 and shall be the stepped type shown in Fig.
reference standard for straight beam (normalized longitudinal 2 (with correspondingly larger dimensions) or, of the type
wave) shall be within 610 % of the velocity of the examina- specified in 7.3.2 machined to within 10 % of the radius of
tion material. Material for reference standards to be used for curvature of the part being examined, or of the alternate type
angle beam examination shall have a velocity, in the propaga- described in 7.3.7 in which case larger holes may be used to
tion mode to be employed, that is within 65 % of that of the clear a holding fixture for the flat-bottom hole drill as described
examination material. This may be determined by comparing in [Link].
the sweep distance, on the ultrasonic instrument display, of [Link] Examination of Cylindrical Parts of Less Than 4 in.
back or end reflections from equal thicknesses of reference [101.6 mm] Radius—Reference blocks shall be fabricated
block and examination material. from material of the same alloy, heat treatment and surface
[Link] The back or end surface reflections of the examina- finish as the part to be examined, and have a radius of curvature
tion material shall be within +4 dB (160 %) to −12 dB (25 %) within 5 % of those parts. The blocks shall be, where practical,
of full round cross-section. Reference holes may be drilled by

TABLE 2 Recommended Reference Block Material

TABLE 3 Surface Resolution Requirements
Reference Typical
Material to be
Material Specification Examination Material Required
Aluminum 7075-T6 ASTM B 221 Up to 2.50 in. [63.5 mm] 0.25 in. [6.35 mm]
ASTM B 241 Over 2.50 in. [63.5 mm] ⁄ thickness or
1 10

QQ-A225/9 ⁄ in. [12.7 mm] whichever is less.

12

2024 ASTM B 221

Solid Round Stock
ASTM B 241
QQ-A225/6 0.5 to 5.0 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] 0.25 in. [6.35 mm]
Magnesium ZK60 ASTM B 107 Over 5.0 in. [127 mm] 0.38 in.
Titanium T1-6A1-4V annealed AMS 4928
Low-Alloy Steels (4130, 4340); 4340 annealed AMS 6484 Aluminum
High-Strength Low-Steels AMS 6415 Up to 2.0 in. inclusive [50.8 mm] 0.12 in. [3.05 mm]
(such as NAX, T-300M); AMS 6409 Over 2.0 to 10.0 in. [50.8 to 254 mm] 0.25 in. [6.35 mm]
Straight Carbon and H-11 Tool Over 10.0 to 15.0 in. [254 to 381 mm] 0.38 in. [9.65 mm]
Over 15.0 in. [381 mm] 0.50 in. [12.7 mm]
NOTE—Other materials may be used when documented and approved by
the cognizant engineering organization. NOTE—Unless otherwise specified in a contract document.

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 E 2375 – 04
TABLE 4 Flat Surface Reference Standard Metal Travel as an aid in determining proper positioning for contact angle
Depth of Reference Standard Metal beam examination, and to determine beam exit point from the
Discontinuity, Travel Distance Tolerance,
in. [mm] in. [mm]
search units and angle of the sound beam. The material from
which the blocks are to be made must be specified by the
Up to 1⁄4 [6.35] 61⁄16 [1.59]
0.250 [6.35] to 1.0 [25.4] 61⁄8 [3.18] purchaser.
1.0 [25.4] to 3 [76.2] 61⁄4 [6.35] 7.3.7 Alternate Reference Blocks—Other reference reflec-
3.0 [76.2] to 6 [152.4] 61⁄2 [12.7]
Over 6.0 [152.4] 610 % of metal travel tors, as approved by the cognizant engineering organization
may be used.
7.3.8 Alternate Reference Block Fabrication—If other types
of reference blocks, reflectors and materials are used as
using a larger diameter hole drilled to no closer than 0.5 in. approved by the cognizant engineering organization, material
[12.7 mm] to the final depth of the flat-bottom hole, permitting for these blocks shall meet the requirements of 7.3.1 and,
the use of a holding fixture for the drill for the flat-bottom where applicable, reference targets shall meet the requirements
holes. An acceptable alternate to full round blocks is the of 7.3.7.
stepped type shown in Fig. 2. Flat-bottom holes, of the sizes
required for the appropriate examination class per Table 1, 7.3.9 Additional Fabrication Requirements—The following
shall be placed in the block at the metal travel distances additional fabrication/verification requirements apply to refer-
specified in [Link]. The sizes and depths of the flat-bottom ence blocks specified herein:
holes shall be verified by calibrated measuring instruments and [Link] Flat-bottom holes shall be dimensionally evaluated
the holes should be plugged to prevent water entry and to in accordance with Practice E 428. As an alternate, the holes
create an air interface at the hole bottom. If it is not possible to may be verified in accordance with Practice E 127.
use the same material for reference blocks, the provisions of [Link] The angular alignment of holes in reference blocks
7.3.1 shall apply. shall have a tolerance of 630 min and be perpendicular to the
[Link] Alternate Tolerances for Straight-Beam Examina- beam entry surface or other surface or direction as required or
tion of Cylindrical Parts—In the case of straight-beam exami- intended by the governing specification.
nation only, where detection of indications of the class speci-
[Link] Reference standards shall be clearly identified so
fied is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the cognizant
that the hole size, depth and material type (refracted angle, if
engineering organization, the use of reference standards with
greater departure of radius from that of the test material than used) are discerned on the block or a drawing of the block. If
that listed above, may be permitted. this data is only on the drawing then the reference standard
shall be traceable to its drawing.
NOTE 4—The use of round cross-section blocks allows the dynamic
[Link] All reference blocks shall be visually examined prior
verification of instrument and system standardization. Such dynamic
verification may be difficult, or not possible, using stepped blocks. to each use for signs of surface and sealing-plug damage or
deterioration. Any block which exhibits significant rusting,
7.3.4 Rectangular Angle Beam Reference Blocks—Fig. 3 is
corrosion or surface damage, which may interfere with the
the configuration for rectangular angle beam blocks using
examination process, shall be either discarded and replaced, or
flat-bottom holes for use with contact examination only.
cleaned and recertified per Practice E 127, E 428, or the
Side-drilled holes may be used to obtain graphic distance-
amplitude curves with sensitivity corrected by using the original surface finish requirements as appropriate.
end-drilled holes of the applicable ultrasonic class size (see [Link] After all flat-bottom holes are verified, they shall be
A1.3.4). Other block configurations and reflectors may be used plugged as specified in Practice E 127 or E 428, to protect the
if they meet the requirements of 7.3.7 and 7.3.8, or comply hole from corrosion when that is a potential problem.
with documented requirements approved by the cognizant [Link] Reference standards shall be dried, or couplant
engineering organization. The vee-path options illustrated in removed, or both, after use. Reference standards shall be
Fig. A1.4 shall not be used to obtain standardization of handled and stored in a manner to preclude damage.
immersion examinations because of the loss of sound energy at 7.4 Examination Procedures:
the apex of the vee-paths if the block is immersed.
7.4.1 Visual Examination—Prior to ultrasonic examination
7.3.5 Hollow Cylindrical Angle Beam Reference Blocks—
Reference blocks for shear wave examination of tubing and visually examine the part or material for cleanliness, surface
ring forgings shall have an outer ring diameter that is within roughness, cracks, burrs, nicks, gouges, raised areas, irregular
65 % of the outside diameter of the examination material and machining and tool tears. Any surface anomalies that will
the thickness shall be 610 % of the examination material. The impair ultrasonic examination shall be removed prior to
reference block shall contain reference reflector notches per examination. If removal is not possible or practical, mark such
Fig. 4 based on the applicable class of examination per Table discrepancies on the part for later analysis during evaluation of
1. ultrasonic indications.
7.3.6 International Institute of Welding (IIW) Type Refer- 7.4.2 Coverage—The sound beam direction required for
ence Block—Blocks derived from the International Institute of examination of various wrought shapes shall be in accordance
Welding (IIW), Reference Block, Practice E 164 Annex A, with Figs. 6 and 7. Additional coverage requirements shall be
shall be used for evaluation of contact angle beam search units as specified below:

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 E 2375 – 04
TABLE 5 Appropriate dB Gain Changes between Flat-Bottom Hole (FBH) Sizes
Acceptable Flat-Bottom Reference Flat-Bottom Hole Diameter, 1⁄64 in. [mm]
Hole Diameter, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1⁄64 in. [mm]
[0.4] [0.8] [1.2] [1.6] [2.0] [2.4] [2.8] [3.2]
1 0 dB +12 dB
[0.4]
2 −12 dB 0 dB +7 dB +12 dB
[0.8]
3 −7 dB 0 dB +5 dB +9 dB +12 dB
[1.2]
4 −12 dB −5 dB 0 dB +4 dB +7 dB +10 dB +12 dB
[1.6]
5 −9 dB −4 dB 0 dB +3 dB +6 dB +8 dB
[2.0]
6 −12 dB −7 dB −3 dB 0 dB +3 dB +5 dB
[2.4]
7 −10 dB −6 dB −3 dB 0 dB +2 dB
[2.8]
8 −12 dB −8 dB −5 dB −2 dB 0 dB
[3.2]

NOTE 1—Blank areas contain absolute values of gain changes greater than 612 dB and are not applicable, see [Link].
NOTE 2—Reference FBH diameter refers to the size of the FBH in the reference blocks. Acceptance FBH diameter refers to the extrapolated FBH. Table
entries are calculated as follows:

S reference FBH diameter

40 log10 acceptance FBH diameter 5 dB D
NOTE 3— +dB = instrument gain increase; −dB = instrument gain decrease.
NOTE 4—If the dB control has a minimum incremental change of 2 dB and the extrapolation requires an uneven dB change, the dB control shall be
adjusted for 1 dB more gain than required. For instance, in this case note the dB control in Note 5 would be increased by +10 dB instead of +9 dB.
NOTE 5—Explanation of Extrapolation: With a reference FBH of 5⁄64 in. [1.98 mm] and an acceptance FBH of 3⁄64 in. [1.191 mm], the difference is
+9 dB. Since the acceptance FBH is smaller than the reference FBH, the gain must be increased by 9 dB from the reference FBH setting.
NOTE 6—This table assumes a linear relationship between the amplitude of the response of an instrument and the area of a flat-bottom hole target. This
assumption is approximately valid only for certain material configurations and combinations of search units and instrument parameters.

[Link] When directions of maximum stressing are indicated provide the penetration and resolution required for valid
on contract documents, scanning shall be performed to locate examination of the production material. Examination per-
discontinuities that are oriented perpendicular to the specified formed with transmitting and receiving search units of different
directions (see 6.1). frequencies shall be considered to be performed at the fre-
[Link] When entry surface resolution is not sufficient to quency of the transmitting search unit for broadband systems.
resolve discontinuities near the part surface, as required by For tuned systems, the operating system frequency is estab-
Table 3, while achieving at least a 2:1 or greater signal-to-noise lished by either the transmitting or receiving system whichever
ratio, additional examinations shall be performed from the is tuned.
opposite side, or, different examination zone depths shall be 7.4.5 Water Travel Path for Immersion Method—The dis-
established, or the examination frequency may be changed as tance from the face of the search unit to the front surface of a
long as all other requirements are met. Also, for each exami- part shall be such that the second front reflection from the
nation direction, examinations from opposite sides are required examination material does not appear between the first front
when the maximum metal travel distance is such that the and first back reflections. This distance (water travel) must be
minimum size discontinuity of the applicable class cannot be the same within 60.25 in. [66.35 mm] for standardization,
detected by examination from only one side. initial scanning and final evaluation. When possible, examina-
[Link] When the length of any of the examination dimen- tion shall be performed using water paths that result in
sions (distance sound beam travels through the material) examinations being performed in the far field of the search
exceeds 18 in. [457 mm] supplementary examinations may be unit, or in the depth of field of a focused search unit approved
additionally required to locate discontinuities that are not by the cognizant engineering organization. When focused
detectable by straight beam examination. This is based on the search units are used, the distance shall be such that the search
fact that it would be very difficult to detect discontinuities unit focus is within the material at the depth required to meet
greater than 9 in. [228 mm] in depth for a Class A, or higher, front surface resolution requirements. For angle beam exami-
examination. It shall be verified that the side walls do not give nation of curved or cylindrical parts the water path distance
erroneous examination results. must be maintained at a length which does not vary during
7.4.3 Scanning Speed—The scanning speed shall not ex- material examination or between standardization and examina-
ceed the maximum scanning speed which provides for detec- tion by more than 60.02 times the radius of curvature of the
tion of the reference reflectors in the reference standards used material.
to set up the examination. 7.4.6 Lateral Position Stability for Examination of Cylindri-
7.4.4 Ultrasonic Frequency—Standardization and examina- cal Parts—During dynamic scanning, variation in position of
tion shall be performed at the ultrasonic frequency which will the vertical centerline of a flat or focused search unit beam with

8
 E 2375 – 04

NOTE 1—Primary units are inches, [ ] are millimetres.

NOTE 2—An approved alternate configuration to that of Fig. 2 is to divide and construct each of the ten reference blocks as three separate blocks; one
containing the “C” dimensions, one containing the “B” dimensions, and one containing the “A” dimensions. For this alternate construction, all dimensions
of Fig. 2 apply except as follows:
(1) For each C block, the F dimension shall equal the listed E dimension.
(2) For each B block, the F dimension and the sketched 0.5 in. [12.7 mm] dimension shall be 1.0 in. [25.4 mm].
(3) For each A block, the sketched 0.5 in. [12.7 mm] dimension shall be 1.0 in. [25.4 mm].
(4) The I thickness shows an alternate design based on the H dimension.
NOTE 3—Alternate forms and dimensions of reference standards may be used in accordance with 7.3.3 that contain only the flat-bottom hole
diameter(s) necessary to meet Table 1 requirements for the specified examination class and which contain metal travel distances to meet [Link] and that
have radii of curvature to meet [Link].
FIG. 2 Typical Convex Reference Block Configuration for Longitudinal Wave Examination

respect to a radius perpendicular to that centerline shall not (FBH) diameters or reference reflectors for the applicable class
exceed 60.02 times the radius of curvature. (Table 1). Diameters other than specified may be used provided
7.4.7 Reference Blocks—Select reference blocks that have the diameters are within a factor of two and, after the response
been prepared in accordance with 7.3 with flat-bottom-hole from the reflector is set to be not less than 80 % FSD, or other

9
 E 2375 – 04

NOTE 1—A block fabricated with flat-bottom holes with diameters as shown will cover all classes in this practice. A narrower block with fewer holes
may be used if the block is to be used for a fewer number of classes.
NOTE 2—Side-drilled holes shall not be used for T less than 3⁄4 in. [19.05 mm].
NOTE 3—A shorter block than shown may be used for thicker materials when only 1⁄2 or 1 vee-path examining distance is to be used. For shorter
reference blocks the side-drilled holes shall be relocated along L so that each hole lies at least 3⁄4 in. from all sound beam paths used for the other holes.
NOTE 4—D = hole diameter for applicable class.
NOTE 5—u is the nominal angle of the sound beam in the part with respect to the normal to the sound entry surface. Typical examples: u = 60° for
T = (1⁄2 in. [12.7 mm] to 1 in. [25.4 mm]) and u = 45° for T = (Over 1 in.).
NOTE 6—f is the angle of the entering sound beam with respect to the normal to the sound entry surface.
NOTE 7—Primary dimensions are in inches, metric [XX mm].
NOTE 8—All dimensions 6 0.03 in. [0.762 mm] except for hole diameters which are 63 % of diameter specified.
NOTE 9—Surface A and Surface B must be flat and within 0.001 in. per in. [0.025 mm per mm].
NOTE 10—For blocks thicker than one inch, additional 5⁄64 in. [1.98 mm] diameter side-drilled holes shall be drilled from Surface C with the axes of
the holes located 1⁄4 in. [6.35 mm], 1⁄2 in. [12.7 mm], 1 in. [25.4 mm], 1-1⁄2 in. [38.1 mm] and so forth, from surface A until the T/4 distance is reached.
No specific location along L is required for these holes except that they shall be located at least 3⁄4 in. [19.05 mm] from the sound beam paths used for
other side-drilled holes.
NOTE 11—All holes should be permanently plugged in a manner to ensure that they are water-tight and that an air-metal interface is preserved.
FIG. 3 Typical Reference Block for Angle Beam Examination

amplitude approved by the cognizant engineering organization, (3) A metal path equal to or greater than the thickness of
and the gain is adjusted by an amount equal to the ratio of the the part or zone to be examined.
areas of the two reflectors. The examination shall be performed (4) When examining parts greater than 2 in. [50.8 mm]
at the equivalent gain level for the specified hole. thickness or diameter, reference reflectors shall be provided
[Link] Reference Block Metal Path Increments—Select ref- with metal paths throughout the examination zone at intervals
erence block(s) containing at least three of the following metal sufficient to establish total gain requirements and amplitude
paths distances, unless an alternate plan demonstrates, and is interpolation.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, that only
7.4.8 Preparation for Standardization:
the extremes of the examination depth of interest are necessary:
(1) A metal path equal to or less than the front surface [Link] Immersion—Using the reference blocks selected per
resolution. When examination is performed from both surfaces 7.3, immerse the reference standards and search unit in the
of a part, or if solid cylindricals are rotated during examination, water bath. Normalize the search unit to maximize the reflected
examination of only the center-to-far-wall region of the part signal from the water-metal interface by manipulating the
may be used if defect detection is demonstrated. search unit.
(2) A metal path equal to half of the examination piece or [Link] Contact—Using the reference standards selected in
zone thickness 60.125 in. [3.2 mm]. 7.3, apply the couplant selected per 7.1.2.

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 E 2375 – 04

Notch Size Notch Size

UT Class (Solid Bars) (Tubes)
DepthA 3 Length,B in. [mm] DepthA 3 Length,B in. [mm]
AAA 0.004 [0.10] 3 0.188 [4.76] 3 % of WallC 3 0.063 6 0.005 [1.60 6 0.13]
AA 0.005 [0.13] 3 0.250 [6.35] 5 % of WallD 3 0.250 [6.35]
A 0.100 [2.54] 3 0.500 [12.7] 10 % of WallE 3 0.500 [12.7]
B 0.150 [3.81] 3 1.000 [25.4] 12.5 % of WallF 3 1.000 [25.4]
C Not Applicable Not Applicable
A
Depth tolerance = 60.0005 in. [6 0.013 mm] for notches 0.005 in. [0.13 mm] or less in depth, and = +10 %, −15 % for notches over 0.005 in. [0.13 mm] depth, except
as noted.
B
Length tolerance = 6 0.010 in. [6 0.254 mm] except as noted.
C
3 % of wall or 0.003 in. [0.076 mm] whichever is greater.
D
5 % of wall or 0.004 in. [0.102 mm] whichever is greater.
E
10 % of wall or 0.004 in. [0.102 mm] whichever is greater.
F
12.5 % of wall or 0.004 in. [0.102 mm] whichever is greater.

NOTE—Notch width to be as small as practical but shall not exceed twice the nominal notch depth.
FIG. 4 Rectangular Notch for Angular Beam Reference Reflectors

UT Hole Diameter / Depth, in. [mm]

Class Multiple Single
A 0.020 [0.508] diameter / 0.25 [6.35] depth 0.020 [0.508] diameter / 0.50 [12.70] depth
B 0.020 [0.508] diameter / 0.50 [12.70] depth 0.047 [1.19] diameter / 1.00 [25.4] depth
C Not Applicable 0.047 [1.19] diameter / 1.00 [25.4] depth

NOTE 1—Tolerance for location of side-drilled holes is 60.010 in. [0.254 mm].
NOTE 2—All surfaces Roughness = 125 Ra.
NOTE 3—Multiple and single discontinuity size and spacing requirements are defined in Table 1.
NOTE 4—Since reflections are from the hole side, hole bottoms need not be flat.
Side-Drilled Hole (A, B, C, E, F, and G)
Diameter of FBH for which
Side-Drilled Hole is to be Substituted, in. [mm] Diameter Depth
6 0.001 in. [6 0.025 mm] 6 0.020 in. [6 0.503 mm]
⁄ [1.190]
3 64 0.020 [0.508] 0.25 [6.35]
⁄ [1.980]
5 64 0.020 [0.508] 0.50 [12.7]
8⁄64 [3.175] 0.047 [1.190] 1.00 [25.4]
NOTE 5—Side-drilled holes may be used when specified, but are not necessarily equivalent. Holes should be plugged to keep out dirt and water.
FIG. 5 Side-Drilled-Hole Reference Block

7.4.9 Use of Reference Curve and Direct Comparison Meth- relationship for the reference blocks selected in 7.4.7. Com-
ods for Standardization—Standardization of the examination pensation for the variation of detection sensitivity with distance
shall be accomplished by determining the distance-amplitude from the entry surface shall be accomplished by using either

11
 E 2375 – 04

FIG. 6 Sound Beam Direction for Various Shapes

the reference curve method of [Link], the direct comparison indication from each reference standard on the display and
method of [Link], or electronic distance-amplitude correction connect the points with a smooth curve. When material
(EDAC) as described in [Link] and [Link]. thickness and attenuation do not permit the above, zoning and
[Link] Reference Curve Method—Position the search unit multiple curves or examination from the opposite side may be
on each reference block and maximize the signal amplitude. required. Once this is done, display time based controls (for
Set the instrument to achieve the required resolution (for example, sweep delay and length) shall not be changed.
example, pulse length and tuning). Select the reference stan- [Link] Direct Comparison Method—Use block(s) with the
dard that provides the largest amplitude and adjust the gain to proper hole sizes at sufficient metal travel depth to establish the
obtain an indication that is not less than 80 % FSD or other gain relation of the beam profile throughout the full examina-
approved amplitude. Mark the amplitude of the maximized tion depth.

12
 E 2375 – 04

FIG. 7 Sound Beam Direction for Various Shapes

7.4.10 Establishment of Scanning Gain, Index, and Alarm required, adjust the gain as determined by the transfer tech-
Level for Standardization—Determine the gain setting for nique, [Link]. This gain setting is the initial scanning gain
initial scanning with or without electronic distance-amplitude level.
correction (EDAC). For the applicable class, the multiple [Link] Scanning Gain with EDAC—For systems that em-
discontinuity hole size of Table 1 shall be used to establish the ploy time-varying gain amplifiers, adjust the gain compensa-
scanning gain, index, and alarm level, except for Class C, tion control so that the indication amplitudes of the reference
where the single discontinuity hole size shall be used. reflectors in all reference blocks selected per 7.4.7 are equal-
[Link] Scanning Gain without EDAC—Set the initial ized so that the lowest amplitude is not less than 80 % or other
scanning gain by selecting the reference standard that provides approved amount of the upper linearity limit. If required, add
the lowest echo amplitude on the distance-amplitude curve as any gain determined by the transfer technique (see [Link]).
determined by either method of 7.4.9. Maximize the amplitude This is the initial scanning gain level. For systems that employ
from the reference reflector in this reference block, and adjust time-varying trigger level controls, select the reference block
the instrument gain to obtain an amplitude not less than 80 %, with a metal path to the reference reflector that provides the
or other approved amount, of the upper linearity limit. If highest echo amplitude on the distance-amplitude curve as

13
 E 2375 – 04
determined in 7.4.9. Maximize the amplitude from the refer- [Link] Resolution—After scanning gain is established per
ence reflector in this block, and adjust the instrument gain to 7.4.10, and if the examination zone includes the front entry
obtain an amplitude equal to 80 % of the upper linearity limit. surface, ascertain that the required front surface resolution, as
If required, add any gain determined by the transfer technique. listed in Table 3, is obtained.
This is the initial scanning gain level. [Link] Alarm—When examining parts or material with
[Link] Electronic Distance-Amplitude Correction regular shape and parallel surfaces such as plate, bar stock and
(EDAC)—When using EDAC, the reject control shall be off forged billets, an audible alarm, stop-on-discontinuity, re-
and the responses from the reference standard reflectors at corder, or other form of alarm shall be used in conjunction with
metal distances throughout the range corresponding to part visual monitoring of the ultrasonic instrument display. If the
thickness shall be equalized in so far as possible. The lowest examination is computer controlled with result print-out, or if
response from any of these reflectors, after DAC correction, the results are otherwise automatically recorded, visual moni-
shall be set to be not less than 80 % FSD or other approved toring is not required. When recordings are made, or when
amplitude. Reproducibility shall be verified as specified in systems stop on discontinuities, the audible alarm is not
required. Triggering of the alarm shall be controlled by
7.5.1.
received ultrasonic signals over an adjustable time interval
[Link] Transfer Technique—The transfer technique shall representing the examination zone.
be used to compensate for differences in sound transmission
[Link] Alarm Level Setting—For examination methods as
characteristics that may exist between the reference standards
in [Link] and [Link], adjust the alarm to trigger at 50 % of
and each part or piece of material to be examined. The transfer the standardization level. This corresponds to one half of the
technique may be omitted, when approved by the cognizant indication amplitude of the lowest point on the distance-
engineering organization, if not applicable or if another com- amplitude curve, or the smallest response if the direct com-
pensation method is more appropriate. Transfer shall be ac- parison method is used.
complished by noting the dB or gain difference in the responses
[Link] Scanning Index Determination—Using the refer-
received from reflectors in the reference block and the part or ence blocks selected in 7.4.7, and the search unit as required by
piece of material to be examined. These reflectors may be the 7.2.4 through 7.2.6, as applicable, determine the maximum
back surfaces for straight beam examinations, corners for angle scan index as follows. Maximize the echo amplitude from the
beam examinations, or any other reflectors which will aid in primary reference response and adjust the amplitude so that it
accomplishing transfer. If possible, a minimum of four reflec- is equal to that used for standardization. Determine the total
tions from different locations in the part or piece of material to traversing distance in the index direction across this reference
be examined shall be noted and the lowest response shall be block through which no less than half (−6 dB) of the maximum
used for comparison with the response from the reference amplitude is obtained. This is the effective beam width. Select
standard. The instrument response shall be corrected by first the block in which the minimum effective beam width of the
standardizing on the applicable reference blocks and then search unit is obtained. The scan index shall not exceed an
changing the gain or dB of the instrument by the difference in amount that, under any random beam-to-reference reflector
gain or dB noted above. alignment, will allow the signal from that reference to vary by
(1) Material Thickness—The thickness of the specimen more than the 2:1 reject-to-alarm level ratio as specified in
(parallel to the ultrasonic beam) shall be measured such that at [Link]. (For FBH detection this may be accomplished, as a
least two back surface reflections can be resolved at the minimum, by not allowing the scan index to exceed 80 % of
frequency of interest. The area normal to the ultrasonic beam the −6 dB minimum effective beam width of the search unit at
shall have sufficient width so that sidewall echoes do not any depth in the examination material.)
interfere with the measurement. 7.4.11 Scanning—Scan the part in accordance with 7.4.12 at
(2) Exception—The use of the transfer technique is not a speed selected in accordance with 7.4.3.
required for establishing scanning sensitivity if the signal [Link] Discontinuities—Note and evaluate in accordance
amplitude from a reflector in each part of each piece of with 7.4.12 all indications that produce signal amplitudes equal
examination material is in the range between 60 and 160 % of to or greater than the alarm level at the scanning gain
the signal amplitude from an equivalent reflector in the determined in 7.4.10 after ascertaining that the signals are not
produced by surface conditions or geometry.
reference standard, for example:
[Link] Back Reflection Monitoring—When required, for
0.6A1 # A2 # 1.6A1
straight beam examinations, where geometry permits, the back
or, in decibels, reflection signal or back reflection pattern shall be evaluated at
24 # 20 log~A2/A1! # 4 a sensitivity such that this signal, as received from normal,
sound material on the same or like part is at an amplitude of
where: between 80 and 90 % of the vertical linearity limit. Any drop
A1 = amplitude of the first reflection from a reflector in in back reflection signal level below 50 % of the normal value
reference block material, and shall be cause for rejection of the part unless it can be shown
A2 = amplitude of the first reflection from an equivalent that the reduction is due to a non-parallel back surface or back
reflector in the material being examined. surface roughness. If back surface roughness is found to be the

14
 E 2375 – 04
cause, the entire examination item shall be reviewed for practice shall be specified in the contract, or order, or those
conformance to the requirements of 7.4.1. listed in Practice B 594 so specified for wrought aluminum
7.4.12 Evaluation of Discontinuities—Discontinuities shall products.
be evaluated at the discontinuity depth by manipulating the 7.5.4 Acceptance Criteria for Parts to be Machined—
search unit to obtain the maximum response and comparing to Discontinuity indications in excess of the specified ultrasonic
the applicable reference standard (whose metal distance equals class may be permitted if it is established that such disconti-
the depth of the discontinuity) and discontinuity level speci- nuities will be removed by subsequent machining or trim
fied. See Table 1. operations. In such cases, a record of the ultrasonic examina-
[Link] Evaluation of Multiple Discontinuities— tion results shall be provided on a grid map or C-scan showing
Discontinuities with maximized indications greater than the the location and size of indications by discontinuity grade with
multiple discontinuity indication limits in Table 1 are rejectable respect to a “bench mark” on one corner of the surface from
if their positions of maximum response are closer than speci- which the material is scanned. A final ultrasonic examination
fied in Table 1. shall be performed after machining to assure complete removal
of the discontinuity, unless otherwise specified by the contract-
[Link] Evaluation of Linear Discontinuities—
ing agency.
Discontinuities with maximized indications greater than al-
7.5.5 Rejection—Items with indications exceeding the lim-
lowed by the linear discontinuity indication limits in Table 1
its of the contract requirements (see 5.1) or the written
are rejectable if their lengths are greater than the corresponding
procedure (see 6.4) as applicable, subject to the provisions of
lengths given in the table. Methods for measuring lengths are
7.5.4, shall be rejected.
given in Annex A4.
7.6 Marking:
7.4.13 Corrosion Protection—Parts shall not be held in
7.6.1 Wrought Metal—Raw Stock—Each item of raw mate-
immersion tanks beyond the time required for examination.
rial which has been ultrasonically examined and found to
After completion of ultrasonic examination, all parts shall be
conform to the requirements of this practice and the acceptance
dried and coated with a corrosion protective material, as
requirements of the contract or order shall be marked with a
necessary, before they are stacked, nested, or placed in contact
symbol containing a “U” and class, if applicable. The accep-
with one another in any way.
tance stamp shall provide identification of the operator and the
7.5 Quality Assurance Provisions: examination facility. Marking shall be applied in such a
7.5.1 System Performance—In order to check ultrasonic manner and location as to be harmless to the item and to
system performance characteristics, standardization of systems preclude removal, smearing or obliteration by subsequent
with respect to sensitivity in accordance with 7.4.9 shall be handling.
performed prior to and immediately after each examination and 7.6.2 Parts Machined from Wrought Metal—Parts in pro-
after any changes in instrument settings, or instrument mod- cess which have been ultrasonically examined and found to be
ules, and at intervals not to exceed four hours during continu- acceptable shall be identified by stamping the accompanying
ous operation. Standardization time interval may be increased paperwork. When practical, the completed parts or raw mate-
with proven, documented repeatability of the examination rials shall be identified with a final acceptance stamp which
equipment. If the sensitivity is found to have decreased more indicates that all required operations have been completed and
than 10 % between standardization checks, the items examined accepted. This stamp shall identify the final acceptance opera-
during the interim shall be re-examined at the correct sensitiv- tor and the examination facility.
ity. If the sensitivity is found to have increased by more than 7.6.3 Other Identification—Other means of identification,
10 % between standardization checks the sensitivity shall be such as dyeing or tagging, or sign-off of the accompanying
readjusted to the correct value as determined by restandardiz- paper work, shall be applied when the construction, finish or
ing in accordance with the applicable parts of 7.4.9 and 7.4.10. functional requirements preclude the use of stamping or as
However in this case no reexamination of items shall be specified by the contract.
required. For the purpose of determining standardization inter-
val, repetitive examinations of identical parts or material can 8. Government Contracts
be considered to be continuous operation.
8.1 Data Requirements—The following Data Item Descrip-
7.5.2 Data Records—Data records of all examinations shall
tions (DID’s) must be listed, as applicable, on the Contract
be kept on file in accordance with the contract or order.
Data Requirements List (DD Form 1423) when this practice is
Records shall provide for traceability to the specific part or lot applied on a contract, in order to obtain the data, except where
examined and shall include the inspector’s identification and DoD FAR Supplement 27.475-1 exempts the requirements for
certification level, the date of the examination, and the reason a DD Form 1423.
of rejection of any rejectable item.
Reference DID DID Suggested
7.5.3 Acceptance Classes—Five ultrasonic classes are de- Section Number Title Tailoring
fined in Table 1 for governing the acceptability of parts and raw
5.4 and 6.5.3 DI-MISC-90653 Test Report Contractor’s Format
materials. A contract document shall specify the class as
defined in this practice. When a part requires multiple classes, 8.1.1 The above DID was declared as of this date. The
a contract document shall indicate the area, or zone, to which current issue of DoD 5010.12L, Acquisition Management
each class is applicable. Any other classes not covered by this Systems and Data Requirements Control List (AMSDL), must

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 E 2375 – 04
be researched to ensure that only current, cleared DID’s are ultrasonic examination; ultrasonic technique; ultrasound;
cited on the Form 1423. wrought metal products; wrought metals
9. Keywords
9.1 angle beam; contact method; immersion ultrasonic;
longitudinal wave; nondestructive; straight beam; ultrasonic;

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION

A1.1 Scope: surface first appears. Place the indication at the farthest
A1.1.1 This Annex provides angle beam examination re- position to the left on the display. Scan relative to the inside
quirements and is a mandatory part of this standard to the surface notch until the 3⁄2 vee-path indication from this notch
extent that it is specified in this standard or in a contract reappears along the horizontal trace. Mark these two positions
document. This annex applies to both longitudinal and shear on the face of the instrument display. Scan until the notch
wave angle beam examinations. Warning—The use of outer indication from the outside surface is produced at maximum
surface and inner surface notches and the angle beam exami- amplitude between these two marks. The amplitude of this
nation technique described in this annex represent defects near notch indication shall be marked on the instrument display.
these surfaces and do not allow verification of coverage for When the examination instrument employs distance amplitude
mid-way discontinuities. controls it is recommended that they be used where possible to
equalize these indication amplitudes at a minimum of 50 % of
A1.2 General Requirements: full screen height. If this is not possible, or if the instrument is
A1.2.1 Beam Angle—Parts and raw materials may be ex- not equipped with a distance-amplitude correction circuit, a
amined by either contact or immersion techniques utilizing distance-amplitude curve shall be constructed on the display
angle beam techniques. During examination, the sound beam with the lowest point at a minimum of 20 % of full screen
angle in the object shall not vary more than 62°. height.
A1.2.2 Contact Angle Beam Search Units—The exit point A1.3.1.2 Examination Method—The examination shall be
and beam angle of the sound beam shall be established for performed with the sound beam directed in both the clockwise
contact angle beam search units. Search units with beam angles and counterclockwise directions with indexing such that each
varying more than 63° from the manufacturer’s indicated pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not less
values shall not be used unless the new angle is verified and than 20 % of the effective beam width of the search unit
marked on the search unit. The International Institute of ([Link]). Reject any forging with an indication greater than or
Welding (IIW) type ultrasonic reference block (see [Link]) or equal to the reference notch indication.
an appropriate substitute may be used to determine the exit A1.3.2 Solid Round Bars—Angle beam examination of
point and beam angle of angle beam search units. For contact solid round bars shall be performed when specified (see Fig. 6).
examination of convex surfaces of 4-in. [101.6-mm] radius or The refraction angle used shall be no greater than 45° (see Fig.
less, and concave surfaces of 4.0-in. [101.6-mm] radius or less, A1.1). Reference standards shall meet the requirements of 7.3,
a curved shoe or wedge, made to match as closely as possible using reference reflectors per Fig. 4 or Fig. 5 that are equivalent
the radius of the examination piece, shall be required for to the applicable class of examination per Table 1.
examination. A1.3.2.1 Examination Method—Ultrasonic instrument set-
tings shall be such that the indication from the reference
A1.3 Examination Requirements: standard is at least 50 % of, but less than 100 % of full screen
A1.3.1 Ring Forgings—Angle beam examination of ring height. Indexing shall be such that each pass of the search unit
forgings shall be performed when specified (see Fig. 7). The overlaps the previous pass by not less than 20 % of the
ring forgings may be examined by an immersion or contact effective beam width of the search unit (see [Link]). Reject
shear wave technique. The reference standard for ring forgings any bar with an indication greater than or equal to the reference
with an outside to inside diameter (OD/ID) ratio that does not reflector indication.
exceed 2.0 to 1 shall contain two longitudinal (axial) notches A1.3.3 Tubing—Angle beam examination, when specified,
with one on the inside surface and the other on the outside shall be performed as described in Practice E 213 and illus-
surface. Use a reference reflector notch per Fig. 4 based on the trated in Fig. A1.2. Use an angle beam technique in at least two
applicable examination class of Table 1. The standard shall circumferential directions and preferably also two axial direc-
meet the applicable requirements of 7.3. tions to examine the tubing. The reference standard shall
A1.3.1.1 Standardization (For Circumferential Scan)— contain longitudinal (axial) notches, with one on the outer and
Scan until the 1⁄2 vee-path notch indication from the inside one on the inner surface of the standard. If axial scanning is

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 E 2375 – 04

NOTE—The offset distance “D,” from the centerline of the round to the centerline of the search unit, that creates a shear wave no greater than 45° by:
D $ 0.707R ~VLW/VSM!

where:
D = offset distance,
R = radius,
VLW = velocity of incident longitudinal wave in water, and
VSM = velocity of refracted wave in metal.
FIG. A1.1 Angle Beam—Round Bar Examination

required, the reference standard shall also contain two circum- A1.3.4 Flat Surface Angle Beam Examination—When flat
ferential notches, again with one on the outer surface and one surface angle beam examination is required use the reference
on the inner surface. The notches shall be in accordance with Block illustrated in Fig. 3 for both immersion and contact
Fig. 4 based on the applicable class of examination of Table 1. examination.
The reference standard shall meet the applicable requirements A1.3.4.1 Coverage—Parts may be examined at refracted
of 7.3. The longitudinal spacing between the centerline of all angles of 45 6 5° for a section thickness greater than one inch
notches should not be less than 2 in. [50.8 mm] unless a smaller and 60 6 5° for a section thickness less than one inch.
spacing can be shown to produce no interference when used A1.3.4.2 Standardization—Standardization of examination
with the search units to be employed for a specific examina- shall be accomplished by determining the distance-amplitude
tion. relationship for the examination as follows:
(1) For parts 0.50 to 1.0 in. thick:
A1.3.3.1 Examination Method—To standardize for exami-
(a) Position the search unit to provide sound entry at
nation adjust the equipment to produce clearly identifiable
points one, two, three, and four per Fig. A1.3.
indications from both the inner and outer surface notches. The (b) The signal amplitude shall be adjusted to 80% of
response from both notches shall be made as equal as possible. vertical limit at whichever position gives the highest amplitude
For circumferential scanning this may be accomplished by signal.
offset of the search unit (see Fig. A1.2). Use the lesser of the (c) Without changing the gain control, the search unit
two responses to establish the rejection level. Ultrasonic shall be positioned for maximum response at the other three
instrument settings shall be such that this standardization positions and the signal amplitudes at all positions shall be
response from the reference standard is at least 50 % of, but marked on the screen or transparent overlay. The points shall
less than 100 % of, full screen height. Indexing shall be such be joined with a smooth curve. Extrapolation shall be used to
that each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by extend the curve to the zero metal travel distance position. Fig.
not less than 20 % of the effective beam width of the sound A1.3 shows a typical angle beam distance amplitude correction
beam (see [Link]). All indications that are equal to or greater curve.
than the rejection level established during standardization shall (d) The search unit shall then be positioned at sound entry
be cause for rejection. point five for maximum response from the applicable size

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 E 2375 – 04

NOTE—Equations for computing Sin u and d for the respective setup.

VLW
Sin u 5 VM Sin f

VLW
d 5 VM ~Sin f!R

where:
u = angle of incident beam
f = angle of refracted beam
VLW = velocity of longitudinal waves in water
VSM = velocity of wave mode in metal (shear or longitudinal)
d = distance of search unit center line offset from normal to cylinder outer surface
FIG. A1.2 Angle of Incidence and Beam Offset for Circumferential Angle Beam Examination of Hollow Cylinders

flat-bottom hole, and instrument gain shall be adjusted to bring (a) Position search unit to provide sound entry at points
the peak of the signal to the distance-amplitude correction one, two, three, and four and the additional side-drilled holes
curve at points two and five of Fig. A1.3. per Fig. A1.4.
(e) If multiple skip distances are to be used, the search (b) Distance amplitude correction at metal travel distance
unit shall be placed to provide sound entry at point seven and between sound entry surface and position one, the 1⁄4 T
maximum amplitude response from the 11⁄4 vee path flat- side-drilled hole, shall be established by reflections from the
bottom standardization hole shall be marked on the screen. additional side-drilled holes as shown in Fig. A1.5, Details “A”
This point shall be used to extend the distance amplitude and “B.”
correction curve. (c) The signal amplitude shall be adjusted to 80 % of
(f) When the reference standard is thinner than 3⁄4 in. and vertical limit at whichever position gives the highest amplitude
side-drilled holes are not used, sound entry points five, six, and signal.
seven shall be used to establish the distance amplitude correc- (d) Without changing the gain control, the search unit
tion curve. shall be positioned for maximum response at the other position
(g) Alternatively, EDAC may be used to equalize the and the signal amplitudes at all positions (one, two, three, and
responses of DAC position signals at 80 % FSD prior to setting four) shall be marked on the screen or transparent overlay. The
the sensitivity to bring the applicable flat bottom hole response points shall be joined with a smooth curve. Extrapolation shall
to 80 % of the vertical linearity limit. be used to extend the curve to the zero metal travel distance
(2) Setup technique for parts over 1 in. thick: position.

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 E 2375 – 04

FIG. A1.3 Typical Angle Beam Standardization at 60° for Flat Surfaces of Thin Specimens

(e) The search unit shall then be positioned for maximum bottom standardization hole shall be marked on the screen.
response at sound entry point 5 and instrument gain shall be This point shall be used to extend the distance amplitude
adjusted to bring the peak of the signal to the distance correction curve.
amplitude correction curve at points two and five per Fig. A1.4 (g) Alternatively, EDAC may be used to equalize the
presentation. responses of DAC position signals at 80 % FSD prior to setting
(f) If multiple skip distances are to be used, the search unit the sensitivity to bring the applicable flat bottom hole response
shall be placed to provide sound entry at point seven and to 80 % of the vertical linearity limit.
maximum amplitude response from the 11⁄4 vee path flat-

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 E 2375 – 04

FIG. A1.4 Typical Angle Beam Standardization at 45° for Flat Surfaces of Thick Specimens

A1.3.5 Examination Method—Indexing shall be such that material containing a discontinuity from which the amplitude is
each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not greater than, or equal to, the reference reflector amplitude shall
less than 20 % of the effective beam width. Compare the be marked for rejection.
amplitude of the discontinuity indication to the amplitude of
the reference reflector indication. Any part or piece of raw

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 E 2375 – 04

FIG. A1.5 Angle Beam Standardization for Flat Surfaces of Thick Specimens

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 E 2375 – 04

A2. EXAMINATION REPORTS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

A2.1 Scope—This Annex covers the technical content re- A2.3 Reports:
quirements that shall be included on data records when
A2.3.1 Data Records—When required by the contract or
required by the contract or order. This Annex is mandatory
purchase order the data record shall consist of the following:
only when data item description DI-MISC-80653 is cited on
the DD Form 1423. A2.3.1.1 The minimum content specified for the written
procedure in 7.4.
A2.2 Applicable Documents—This section is not applicable
A2.3.1.2 The information required in 7.5.2.
to this Annex.

A3. GAIN CONTROL, ATTENUATOR CALIBRATION, AND LINEARITY CHECK

A3.1 This Annex establishes a procedure and limits for resultant signal response. It shall be within 65 % FSD of the
calibrating Gain Controls and Attenuator Switches and for reference signal response obtained in A3.2.1.2.
checking linearity. Other methods may by used when approved A3.2.1.4 Switch in an additional 14 dB for a total of 40 dB
by the cognizant engineering organization. on the external attenuator. Set the instrument’s calibrated gain
A3.2 Gain Control and Attenuator Calibration—The fol- / attenuator controls to a value equal to ten times the reference
lowing calibrations shall be made at least annually. gain setting in A3.2.1.2. Record the new gain setting and the
A3.2.1 Controls with linear (Decimal) Calibration—The amplitude of the resultant signal response. It shall be within
following procedure shall be used to establish the accuracy of 65 % FSD of the reference signal response obtained in
gain controls and attenuators with linear (Decimal) calibration A3.2.1.2.
markings over a range of 100:1. A3.2.1.5 Switch in an additional 6 dB for a total of 46 dB on
A3.2.1.1 Switch the instrument for through-transmission the external attenuator. Adjust the instrument’s calibrated gain
examination. Turn the damping, reject and pulse length con- / attenuator controls to a value equal to 20 times the reference
trols to minimum. Connect a typical straight beam search unit gain setting in A3.2.1.2. Record the new gain setting and the
to the “T” (transmitter) connector on the instrument through a amplitude of the resultant signal response. It shall be within
coaxial “tee” connector. Connect the input of a calibrated 65 % FSD of the reference signal response obtained in
external attenuator to the other leg of the “tee” connector and A3.2.1.2.
the output of the attenuator to the “R” (receiver) connector of
A3.2.1.6 Switch in an additional 14 dB for a total of 60 dB
the instrument, across which also connect a shielded terminat-
on the external attenuator. Adjust the instrument’s calibrated
ing resistor equal in value to the characteristic impedance of
gain / attenuator controls to a value equal to 100 times the
the attenuator. (Refer to Practice E 317, Method B, for vertical
linearity examination for a further description of these connec- reference gain setting in A3.2.1.2. Record the new gain setting
tions.) The voltage rating of the attenuator should be checked and the amplitude of the resultant signal response. It shall be
against the instrument’s pulser voltage when using a “tee” within 65 % FSD of the reference signal response obtained in
connector as described. If necessary, a voltage dropping A3.2.1.2.
network may be added between the search unit and attenuator. A3.2.2 dB Calibrated Gain control and Attenuator Switches
A3.2.1.2 Set the instrument’s gain, or attenuator controls, or (including Smart Knobs, Menu-Guided Parameter Selection,
both, to settings that correspond to a sensitivity of between 5 and so forth)—The following procedure shall be used to
and 10 % of the maximum available from the instrument as establish the accuracy of gain controls and attenuators.
indicated by the calibration markings on the controls. With the A3.2.2.1 Switch the instrument for through-transmission
external attenuator set for 20 dB attenuation, adjust the position examination. Turn the damping, reject and pulse length con-
of the search unit over the target in any suitable reference block trols to minimum. Connect a typical straight beam search unit
to which the search unit is coupled, and adjust the position of to the “T” connector on the instrument through a coaxial “tee”
any instrument damping, pulse length, or uncalibrated gain connector. Connect the input of a calibrated external attenuator
control, or a combination of the three, to obtain a response
to the other leg of the “tee” connector and the output of the
from the target of between 80 and 95 % FSD. Record this
attenuator to the “R” connector of the instrument, across which
amplitude and the gain control setting. These will be referred to
also connect a shielded terminating resistor equal in value to
below as the reference gain setting and the reference signal
response. the characteristic impedance of the attenuator. (Refer to Prac-
A3.2.1.3 Switch in an additional 6 dB attenuation for a total tice E 317, Method B for vertical linearity testing for a further
of 26 dB on the external attenuator. Adjust the instruments description of these connections.)
calibrated gain, or attenuator controls, or both, to produce a A3.2.2.2 With the external attenuator set for 20 dB attenu-
value equal to twice, +6 dB, the initial reference gain setting in ation, set the instrument’s attenuation / gain controls to obtain
A3.2.1.2. Record the new gain setting and the amplitude of the a minimum value which produces a signal of approximately

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 E 2375 – 04
90 % FSD from the first back reflection of any suitable five steps. The input to the instrument shall be from a search
reference block to which the search unit is coupled. Record the unit coupled to a suitable reference block. The input signal
signal amplitude. shall be of sufficiently low amplitude as to avoid saturation of
A3.2.2.3 Increase the external attenuator by 2 dB and early amplifier stages in the instrument. (A high-order back
increase the instrument gain (decrease the attenuation) by 2 dB. surface multiple may be used for this purpose.) To avoid
Record the resulting signal amplitude. It shall be within 65 % variable output impedance effects from the external attenuator,
FSD of the previous signal. its minimum attenuation shall be not less than 20 dB during
A3.2.2.4 Repeat A3.2.2.3 as many times as necessary to this check.
cover the range of instrument control settings to the point A3.3.2 Measured deflections (or recorder output indica-
where “noise,” lack of additional gain, or internal signal “feed tions) shall be within 65 % FSD of the theoretical values for
through” in the instrument renders further external attenuation the attenuation steps used with an additional allowance for
ineffective. If separate “coarse” and “fine” attenuator controls reading error of up to 61 % FSD. Table A3.1 illustrates typical
are provided, the 2 dB increments need be applied only once to steps which may be used and the resulting acceptance limits
check calibration of the “fine” control step settings. Increments when the instrument is adjusted to produce an initial 80 % FSD
equal to the “coarse” control steps shall be used as in A3.2.2.3 response with 21 dB external attenuation.
to check calibration of the “coarse” control.
A3.2.2.5 If the limits cannot be met at each step, corrective TABLE A3.1 Typical Attenuator Linearity Check Data
action must be taken, and the attenuator calibration check shall
External Theoretical
be rerun. Attenuator Amplitude
Amplitude Limits
(dB) (% FSD) +5 % FSD −5 % FSD
A3.3 Linearity Check—The linearity check of a flaw detec- 20 89.76 95 84
tion instrument from input to display (and from input to 21 80.00 – –
22 71.30 77 66
recorder output if recording is used as the sole source for 23 63.55 69 58
indication evaluation) shall be made using a calibrated external 25 50.48 56 45
attenuator. (Refer to Practice E 317, Method B, for vertical 27 40.09 46 35
29 31.85 37 26
linearity testing for a further description of these connections.) 33 20.10 26 15
This check shall be made annually (calibration). 37 12.68 18 7

A3.3.1 The linearity shall be checked over a range of

response amplitude of at least 15 to 90 % FSD in no less than

A4. MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF LINEAR INDICATION

A4.1 Scope: be known at the estimated depth of the discontinuity. This shall
A4.1.1 Introduction—This Annex provides two methods for be measured by scanning the search unit over the FBH at the
determining the length of a linear discontinuity. The first depth in the reference standard that is nearest the depth of the
method A4.1.2 is less accurate than the second method A4.1.4. discontinuity in the examination material. The effective beam
The second method accurately measures indications that are width shall be taken as the distance along the scan line between
shorter than the effective beam width of the search unit at the the points at which the signal from the FBH falls to 10 % of its
estimated depth of the discontinuity. Also, this method requires peak value or into the noise level, whichever is greater. Any
an accurate measurement of the effective beam width at the other method which can be shown to be capable of measuring
discontinuity depth, see A4.1.3. the effective total beam width of the search unit at the
A4.1.2 Measurement of Discontinuity Length by the “−6 dB estimated discontinuity depth in the examination material may
Method”—This method accepts the discontinuity length as be used.
equal to the distance that the search tube is displaced along the A4.1.4 Measurement of Discontinuity Length by “−20 dB
line of the discontinuity between the points where the signal Method”—After measurement of the total beam width of the
amplitude has decreased to 50 % of its peak value. That
search unit per A4.1.3, or other equivalent method, the search
method yields a larger-than-actual length for discontinuities
unit shall be scanned along the discontinuity and the distance
that are shorter than the search unit beam width. Although that
measured between the points at each end where the signal from
error is “safe” in the sense that it will not result in the
acceptance of rejectable discontinuities it can lead to the the discontinuity is reduced to 10 % of its peak value (−20 dB)
rejection of discontinuities of less-than-rejectable length. or just disappears into the noise level, whichever occurs first.
A4.1.3 Measurement of Total Effective Beam Width of The length of the discontinuity may then be found by subtract-
Search Unit—For this method to yield accurate results it is ing from this distance the measured beam width of the search
necessary that the total effective beam width of the search unit unit.

23
 E 2375 – 04
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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

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