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WTS Probability pdf

Mathematics (Northwood School (South Africa))

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WTS TUTORING 1

WTS TUTORING

PROBABILITY

GRADE : 10 TO 12
COMPILED BY : kwv”BABE’SWEMATHS/MASTERMATHS” SIBIYA
CELL NO. : 0826727928
EMAIL : kwvsibiya@[Link]
FACEBOOK P. : WTS MATHS & SCEINCE TUTORING

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WTS TUTORING 2

Probability

Probability is the study of how likely it is that an event will happen.

The following questions are typical probability questions:

• What is the chance that it will Pirate win over Kaizer Chiefs?

• Probability scale to decide what chance there is of an event happening.

___________________________________________________________

0 - Impossible ¼ Poor chance; ½ -Fair chance; ¾ Good chance; 4/4 Certain; 1

0% , 25% ,50% , 75% ,100%

• The formula: Probability = =n(E)/n(S)

•This ratio can be expressed as a common fraction, a decimal fraction or a percentage.

1. Theoretical probability and relative frequency

Relative frequency is called Empirical probability or Experimental

Key words:

Sum: the result of addition

Difference : the result of subtraction

Product : the result of multiplication

Natural numbers : whole numbers greater than or equal to 1

Integer : a positive or negative whole number or zero.

Even numbers : any integer that can be divided exactly by 2

Odd numbers : any integer that cannot be divided exactly by 2

Factor : a number that divides exactly into a whole number with no

remainder

Divisible : a number is divisible if, after diving, there is no remainder.

Prime number : numbers that have only two factors, the number itself and 1.

Multiple : the product of two natural numbers

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•An EVENT : is a happening or an activity that has outcomes or results.

•An OUTCOME : is the possible result of an event.

•The SAMPLE SPACE : is the set of all possible outcomes.

 Theoretical outcome: the result, in theory, that is expected for a certain event to
happen.
 Experiment: a trail situation involving chances.(it involves many trails)
 Union means or
 Intersection means and

2. Venn diagrams

Venn diagrams to help us to represent different events. Venn diagram consists of:

 Circles and a rectangle.

 The rectangle S represents the sample space (all of the possible outcomes).
 Each circle inside S represents different events.
 If the two circles intersect, the intersection shows which outcomes belong to both
events.
 If three event given:
.start with the number or letter include all three events
.then followed by include two events
 Take note of non- included number or letter.

Example 1

Draw a Venn diagram to show the sample space S = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10} Indicate
the following events in the sample space: Event A is the set of prime numbers. ∴A = {2; 3;
5; 7} Event B is the set of even numbers. ∴B = {2; 4; 6; 8; 10}

Example 2

Use the Venn diagram in the previous example to determine:

1. P (A)

2. P (B)

3. P (A and B)

4. P (A or B)

5. P (A) only

6. P (B) only

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2. Mutually exclusive events

Mutually exclusive events are events that cannot happen at the same time.

There is no intersection between the events.

• Mutual: applies to two or more people or events.

• Exclude: to keep out, not allow a person in.

• Mutually exclusive: Both events keep the other out. So there is no outcome that can happen
in both events at the same time.

When two events are mutually exclusive, P (A and B) = 0

∴P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) for mutually exclusive events

We can also use this rule for the number of elements or outcomes in each event, if the events
are mutually exclusive:

n (A or B) = n(A) + n(B)

When the two events are mutually exclusive, then they do not overlap. Therefore the
intersection of A and B is empty and we write A∩B = ∅ (empty set) and P (A∪B) = 0

If P (A and B) = 0 or if P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B), then the events are mutually exclusive.

Example 1

If you roll a die, it is impossible for it to land on a 1 and a 6 at the same time. So P (1) and P
(6) are mutually exclusive. When you roll a die, what are the chances of getting a 6 or a 1?

5 Complementary events

Events that are mutually exclusive and make up the whole sample space are called
complementary events. There is no intersection and no elements from the sample set are
outside the two sets.

•Complement: (noun) something that completes an event; it adds what is missing to make up
the whole.

•Complementary: (adjective) an event that completes or adds to other events to make up the
whole sample space. NOTE: A complement is not the same as a compliment! A compliment
is a positive comment made to a person or a group of people.

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Exhaustive events: events which use up the full sample space, that is , all possible outcomes:

P(A) + P(B)= 1

The complementary rule: P (A´) + P (A) = 1 or P (A´) = 1 – P (A).

P (A´) means probability of ‘not A’.

kwv 1

If S = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7}, A = {1; 3; 5; 7} and B = {2; 4; 6},

a) what is the probability of choosing a number that is not in set A

kwv 2

S = {a; b; c; d; e; f; g; h; i; j} and A = {a; e; i}, B = {b; c; d; f; g; h}, C = {b; h; j}.

a) Draw a Venn diagram to represent S.

b) Give a description of set A.

c) Are there any complementary sets? Explain.

d) Which sets are mutually exclusive, but they are not complementary? Give a reason for
your answer.

Kwv 3

A DVD shop has 180 comedies, 250 drama films, 230 science fiction movies and 120
thrillers. If you select a DVD at random, what is the probability that this movie is a comedy
OR a thriller?

6. Events which are not mutually exclusive

Sometimes two events have some outcomes that are the same.

The ADDITION rule for the probability of ANY two events in a sample space:

P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A and B)

We can also use this rule for the number of elements or outcomes in each set:

n(A or B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)

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kwv 1

In a group of 50 learners, 35 take Mathematics and 30 take History. 12 learners do not take
Mathematics or History.

a) Draw a Venn diagram to represent this information.

b) If a learner is chosen at random from this group, what is the probability that he takes both
(i) Mathematics and History?

(ii) Mathematics only?

(iii) History only?

(iv) Mathematics or History?

Kwv 2

A survey is conducted with a group of 50 learners to find out what is more popular at the
School tuck-shop. They are asked if they usually buy toasted sandwiches (T), salads (S) or
burgers (B). They can choose none, one, two or three of the meals. The survey results are
shown with this Venn diagram:

a) How many people did not buy salads, toasted sandwiches or burgers?

b) Calculate the probability that a learner selected at random from this survey:

i) buys salad, but not toasted sandwiches or burgers.

ii) buys toasted sandwiches and salad, but not burgers.

iii) buys salad or burgers or both, but not toasted sandwiches.

Kwv 3

A school organised a camp for 103 Grade 12 learners. The learners were asked which food
they prefer for the camp. They had to choose from chicken (C), vegetables (V) and fish (F).
The following information was collected:

• 2 learners do not eat chicken, fish or vegetables

• 5 learners eat only vegetables

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• 2 learners only eat chicken

• 21 learners do not eat fish

• 3 learners eat only fish

• 66 learners eat chicken and fish

• 75 learners eat vegetables and fish Let the number of learners who eat chicken,
vegetables and fish be x.

a) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the information.

b) Calculate x.

c) Calculate the probability that a learner, chosen at random:

i) Eats only chicken and fish, and no vegetables.

ii) Eats any TWO of the given food choices: chicken, vegetables and fish.

8 Tree diagrams

 Independent events:
Two successive events are independent if the outcomes of the one event do not influence the
outcomes of the other event.

Events are independent if the probability of one event happening is not influenced by another
event happening. P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B)……..if the events are independent

Kwv 1

The probability of flipping a coin and it lands on heads is ------------------------ . What is the
probability of flipping two coins and they both land on heads?

A tree diagram is a picture that helps you to list all possible outcomes of the events. Here is
the tree diagram for P (H and H) if you flip a coin 3 times:

Kwv 3

You have a pack of cards (no jokers). What is the probability of these two events? – Event A:
Drawing a heart card from a pack of cards and putting it back. – Event B: Drawing a heart
card from the pack again. A and B are independent events.

 Dependent
Events are dependent if the probability of one event happening is influenced by how another
event happens. P(A and B) ≠ P(A) × P(B)…………. for dependant events

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Key:

 For mutually inclusive which is independent : P(A or B) = P (A) + P(B) – P (A and B)

= P (A) + P(B)– (P(A) XP(B)

 If one percent is given for one event then for other one subtract from 100%

Kwv 1

What is the probability of these two events? – Event A: Drawing a heart from a regular pack
of cards and not putting it back. – Event B: Drawing a heart again, from the rest of the pack
(51 cards left).

GRADE 12

9 Contingency tables

We can also use a contingency table to represent all possible outcomes of events.

We can make a table of possible outcomes using columns and rows for the events:

Numbers in each row add up to totals on the right.

Numbers in each column add up to totals below the table.

Take note of the following to proof dependent and independent events:

 For independent event :P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B)

 For dependent event: P (A and B) ≠ P (A) × P (B).
 Use right –angle triangle rule: @ an angle of 90 degrees that is intersection
Kwv 1

The hair colour of 50 learners was recorded. Girls with black, Brown and Blond hair 10, 8
and 6 respectively: Boys with black, Brown and Blond hair 12, 9 and 5 respectively.

a) Represents the information on the table

b) Calculate the probability that learner chosen at random:

1) will have brown hair

2) will have blond hair

3) will have black hair or brown hair

4) will have blond hair or brown hair or black hair

5) will have Girls and Black

6) will have Boys and Brown

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c) Are the events brown and Boys for the hair, independent or dependent? Support your
answer with the appropriate calculations.

d) Are the events of Girls and Black mutually exclusive? Explain your answer.

Kwv 2

a) P (A) = 0, 45 ; P (B) = 0,3 and P (A or B) = 0,165. Are the events A and B:

i) Mutually exclusive?

ii) Independent?

kwv 3

a) What is the probability of throwing at least one six in four rolls of a regular die?

b) What is the probability of throwing four 6s in a row with four rolls of a regular die?

c) If two dice are rolled at the same time, what is the probability that the sum of the two
numbers is 9?

10 Counting principles

Statistics has many applications in everyday life. The tree diagrams and contingency tables
used so far are useful if there are not too many outcomes or possibilities. Look at these
examples.

kwv 1

a) How many different outfits can be combined using a shirt and a pair of pants from 3 shirts
(red, white or blue) and 2 pairs of pants (black or brown)?

Kwv 2

a) How many different meals could you have if the menu at a restaurant offered: Dinner
(fried chicken, fish and chips, hamburger): Drink (orange juice , Coca-Cola, coffee, tea):
Dessert ( ice cream, apple pie)

1. Counting permutations
Permutation: A way of grouping elements of a group in a specific order.

a) the number of permutations of n different items. Using n factorial (n!): The exclamation
mark ! is called the factorial symbol

kwv 1

How many different ways could you arrange 4 books on a shelf ? Call them P, Q, R and S.

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b) Permutations of outcomes that are not all distinct (some are the same)

kwv 1

Consider the word TAN. How many word arrangements can be made with the word TAN

Kwv 2

Consider the word MOM.

How many word arrangements can be made with the word MOM

a) if the repeated letters are treated as different letters?

b) How many word arrangements can be made with the word MOM if the repeated
letters are treated as the same letters.
Kwv 3

Determine the number of permutations that can be formed from all the letters of the word
ABRACADABRA.

Kwv 4

Determine the number of permutations that can be formed from all the letters of the word
ABRACADABRA. This time, the first and last letters must be A.

Kwv 4

Determine the number of permutations that can be formed from all the letters of the word
ABRACADABRA. This time, all the As have to be next to each other.

C) the number of permutations of m distinct objects taken n at a time

Kwv 1

There are 6 people in a room. Call them A, B, C, D, E and F. How many different groups of 2
people are possible?

d) the number of permutations of m items taken n at a time (where the items may be repeated
any number of times)

kwv 1

In a multiple choice test there are 5 questions, each with 4 multiple choice answers. How
many possible ways are there of answering the questions if you guess the answers?

Kwv 2

How many three digit numbers can be formed with the digits 0 – 9, if numbers can be
repeated?

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Kwv 3

At Angelo’s pizza place you can choose from 6 different types of pasta and 28 different
sauces. How many different meals of 1 type of pasta and 1 type of sauce can you have?

Kwv 4

In how many different ways can we arrange 7 books on a shelf?

Kwv 5

In how many different ways can 9 girls sit on one side of a table?

Kwv 6

In how many ways can a three-letter word be made from the letters c; d; e; f without
repeating any letters?

Kwv 7

How many possible choices can be made in a multiple choice quiz if there are 4 questions
each with 3 answers?

Kwv 8

How many different words can be made using the letters from LIMPOPO?

Kwv 9

How many 3-digit numbers can be made with the digits 1 – 5 if:

a) repetitions are allowed

b) repetitions are not allowed

kwv 8

A code is made using the format XYY, where the X is any letter in the alphabet and Y
represents any digit from 0 to 9.

a) How many possible codes can be formed if the letters and digits are repeated?

b) How many possible codes can be formed if the letters and digits are not repeated?

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11 Use of counting principles in probability

Kwv 1

What is the probability that a random arrangement of the letters of BAFANA starts and ends
with an ‘A’?

Kwv 2

A drawer contains 20 envelopes. 8 of the envelopes each contain 5 blue and 3 red sheets of
paper. The other 12 envelopes each contain 6 blue and 2 red sheets of paper. One envelope is
chosen at random. A sheet of paper is chosen at random from it.

a) Draw a tree diagram

b) What is the probability that this sheet of paper is red?

Your notes:
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Past papers
March 2014

Eight learners are seated on eight chairs in the front row at an assembly.

4.1 In how many different ways can these 8 learners be seated? (2)

4.2 In how many different ways can the 8 learners be seated if 3 of the learners must sit
together? (3)

4.3 In how many different ways can the 8 learners be seated if 2 particular learners refuse
to sit next to each other? (3)

QUESTION 5

Alfred and Barry have an equal chance of winning a point in a game.

5.1 Draw a tree diagram to represent the situation after a total of 3 points have been
contested. Indicate on your diagram the probabilities and all the outcomes associated with
each branch. (5)

5.2 Calculate the probability that Barry would have won all 3 points. (2)

5.3 Calculate the probability that Alfred would have won 2 points and Barry would have
won 1 point of the 3 points contested. (2)

5.4 Barry and Alfred play a fourth point. Calculate the probability that Alfred will win 3 of
the 4 points contested. (4)

Exampler 2014

QUESTION 11

11.1 Events A and B are mutually exclusive. It is given that: • P(B) = 2P(A) • P(A or B) =
0,57

Calculate P(B). (3)

11.2 Two identical bags are filled with balls. Bag A contains 3 pink and 2 yellow balls. Bag
B contains 5 pink and 4 yellow balls. It is equally likely that Bag A or Bag B is chosen. Each
ball has an equal chance of being chosen from the bag. A bag is chosen at random and a ball
is then chosen at random from the bag.

11.2.1 Represent the information by means of a tree diagram. Clearly indicate the probability
associated with each branch of the tree diagram and write down all the outcomes. (4)

11.2.2 What is the probability that a yellow ball will be chosen from Bag A? (1)

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11.2.3 What is the probability that a pink ball will be chosen? (3)

QUESTION 12

Consider the word M A T H S.

12.1 How many different 5-letter arrangements can be made using all the above letters? (2)

12.2 Determine the probability that the letters S and T will always be the first two letters of
the arrangements in QUESTION 12.1

November 2014

QUESTION 11

A survey concerning their holiday preferences was done with 180 staff members. The options
they could choose from were to:

The results were recorded in the table below:

Coast Game Park Home Total

Male 46 24 13 83
Female 52 38 7 97
Total 98 62 20 180

11.1 Determine the probability that a randomly selected staff member:

11.1.1 Is male (1)

11.1.2 Does not prefer visiting a game park (2)

11.2 Are the events 'being a male' and 'staying at home' independent events. Motivate your
answer with relevant calculations. (4)

QUESTION 12

12.1 A password consists of five different letters of the English alphabet. Each letter may be
used only once. How many passwords can be formed if:

12.1.1 All the letters of the alphabet can be used (2)

12.1.2 The password must start with a 'D' and end with an 'L' (2)

12.2 Seven cars of different manufacturers, of which 3 are silver, are to be parked in a
straight line.

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12.2.1 In how many different ways can ALL the cars be parked? (2)

12.2.2 If the three silver cars must be parked next to each other, determine in how many
different ways the cars can be parked.

MARCH 2013

QUESTION 4

The events A, B and C are such: A and B are independent, B and C are independent and
A and C are mutually exclusive. Their probabilities are P(A) = 0,3 , P(B) = 0,4 and P(C) =
0,2.

Calculate the probability of the following events occurring:

4.1 Both A and C occur. (2)

4.2 Both B and C occur. (2)

4.3 At least one of A or B occur. (4)

QUESTION 5

Consider the word: PRODUCT.

5.1 How many different arrangements are possible if all the letters are used? (2)

5.2 How many different arrangements can be made if the first letter is T and the fifth letter is
C? (2)

5.3 How many different arrangements can be made if the letters R, O and D must follow each
other, in any order? (3)

Feb.–Mar. 2013

QUESTION 6

A survey is conducted among 174 students. The results are shown below.

• 37 study Life Sciences • 60 study Physical Sciences • 111 study Mathematics • 29 study
Life Sciences and Mathematics • 50 study Mathematics and Physical Sciences • 13 study
Physical Sciences and Life Sciences • 45 do not study any of Life Sciences, Mathematics or
Physical Sciences • x students study Life Sciences, Mathematics and Physical Sciences

6.1 Draw a Venn diagram to represent the information above. (6)

6.2 Show that x = 13. (3)

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6.3 If a student were selected at random, calculate the probability that he studies the
following:

6.3.1 Mathematics and Physical Sciences but not Life Sciences (2)

6.3.2 Only one of Mathematics or Physical Sciences or Life Sciences (2)

November 2012

QUESTION 4

During summer in a certain city in South Africa the probability of a sunny day is 7 4 and the
probability of a rainy day is 7 3. • If it is a sunny day, then the probability that Vusi cycles to
work is 10 7 , the probability that Vusi drives to work is 5 1 and the probability that Vusi
takes the train to work is 10 1 . • If it is a rainy day, then the probability that Vusi cycles to
work is 9 1, the probability that Vusi drives to work is 9 5 and the probability that Vusi takes
the train to work is 3 1.

4.1 Draw a tree diagram to represent the above information. Indicate on your diagram the
probabilities associated with each branch as well as all the outcomes. (5)

4.2 For a day selected at random, what is the probability that:

4.2.1 It is rainy and Vusi will cycle to work (2)

4.2.2 Vusi takes the train to work (3)

4.3 If Vusi works 245 days in a year, on approximately how many occasions does he drive to
work? (4)

QUESTION 5

Every client of CASHSAVE Bank has a personal identity number (PIN) which is made up of
5 digits chosen from the digits 0 to 9.

5.1 How many personal identity numbers (PINs) can be made if:

5.1.1 Digits can be repeated (2)

5.1.2 Digits cannot be repeated (2)

5.2 Suppose that a PIN can be made up by selecting digits at random and that the digits can
be repeated. What is the probability that such a PIN will contain at least one 9? (4)

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Feb.–Mar. 2012

QUESTION 5

The sports director at a school analysed data to determine how many learners play sport and
what the gender of each learner is. The data is presented in the table below.

DO NOT PLAY SPORT PLAY SPORT TOTAL TOTAL

Male 51 49 100
Female 69 67 136
Total 120 116 236

5.1 Determine the probability that a learner, selected at random, is:

5.1.1 Male (2)

5.1.2 Female and plays sport (2)

5.2 Are the events 'male' and 'do not play sport' mutually exclusive? Use the values in the
table to justify your answer. (2)

5.3 Are the events 'male' and 'do not play sport' independent? Show ALL calculations to
support your answer. (4)

QUESTION 6

In a factory, three machines, A, B and C, are used to manufacture plastic bottles. They
produce 20%, 30% and 50% respectively of the total production. 1%, 2% and 6%
respectively of the plastic bottles produced by machines A, B and C are defective.

6.1 Represent the information by means of a tree diagram. Clearly indicate the probability
associated with each branch of the tree diagram and write down all the outcomes. (4)

6.2 A plastic bottle is selected at random from the total production.

6.2.1 What is the probability that it was produced by machine B and it is not defective? (3)

6.2.2 What is the probability that the bottle is defective? (3)

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Feb.–Mar. 2012

QUESTION 7

Three items from four different departments of a major chain store will be featured in a one-
page newspaper advertisement. The page layout for the advertisement is shown in the
diagram below where one item will be placed in each block.

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

7.1 In how many different ways can all these items be arranged in the advertisement? (2)

7.2 In how many different ways can these items be arranged if specific items are to be placed
in blocks A, F and J? (2)

7.3 In how many different ways can these items be arranged in the advertisement if items
from the same department are grouped together in the same row?

November 2011

QUESTION 5

The digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are used to make 3 digit codes.

5.1 How many unique codes are possible if digits can be repeated? (2)

5.2 How many unique codes are possible if the digits cannot be repeated? (2)

5.3 In the case where digits may be repeated, how many codes are numbers that are greater
than 300 and exactly divisible by 5? (3)

QUESTION 6

Complaints about a restaurant fell into three main categories: the menu (M), the food (F) and
the service (S). In total 173 complaints were received in a certain month. The complaints
were as follows:

• 110 complained about the menu. • 55 complained about the food. • 67 complained about the
service. • 20 complained about the menu and the food, but not the service. • 11 complained
about the menu and the service, but not the food. • 16 complained about the food and the
service, but not the menu. • The number who complained about all three is unknown.

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6.1 Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information. (6)

6.2 Determine the number of people who complained about ALL THREE categories. (3)

6.3 Determine the probability that a complaint selected at random from those received,
complained about AT LEAST TWO of the categories (that is. menu, food and service).

Feb. – Mar. 2011

QUESTION 5

In a survey 1 530 skydivers were asked if they had broken a limb. The results of the survey
were as follows:

Broken a limb Not broken a limb TOTAL

Male 463 b 782
Female a c D
TOTAL 913 617 1 530

5.1 Calculate the values of a, b, c and d. (4)

5.2 Calculate the probability of choosing at random in the survey, a female skydiver who has
not broken a limb. (2)

5.3 Is being a female skydiver and having broken a limb independent? Use calculations,
correct to TWO decimal places, to motivate your answer. (4)

QUESTION 6

There are 7 different shirts and 4 different pairs of trousers in a cupboard. The clothes have to
be hung on the rail.

6.1 In how many different ways can the clothes be arranged on the rail? (2)

6.2 In how many different ways can the clothes be arranged if all the shirts are to be hung
next to each another and the pairs of trousers are to be hung next to each another on the rail?

6.3 What is the probability that a pair of trousers will hang at the beginning of the rail and a
shirt will hang at the end of the rail? (4)

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Feb. – March 2010

QUESTION 4

P(A) = 0,3 and P(B) = 0,5.

Calculate P(A or B) if:

4.1 A and B are mutually exclusive events (2)

4.2 A and B are independent events (3)

QUESTION 5

At a school for boys there are 240 learners in Grade 12. The following information was
gathered about participation in school sport.

122 boys play rugby (R) 58 boys play basketball (B) 96 boys play cricket (C) 16 boys play all
three sports 22 boys play rugby and basketball 26 boys play cricket and basketball 26 boys do
not play any of these sports

Let the number of learners who play rugby and cricket only be x.

5.1 Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information. (4)

5.2 Determine the number of boys who play rugby and cricket. (3)

5.3 Determine the probability that a learner in Grade 12 selected at random: (Leave your
answer correct to THREE decimal places.)

5.3.1 only plays basketball. (2)

5.3.2 does not play cricket. (2)

5.3.3 participates in at least two of these sports. (2)

QUESTION 6

A South African band is planning a concert tour with performances in Durban, East London,
Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Polokwane.

In how many different ways can they arrange their itinerary if:

6.1 There are no restrictions (2)

6.2 The first performance must be in Cape Town and the last performance must be in
Polokwane (3)

6.3 The performances in the four coastal cities (the cities close to the sea or ocean) must be
grouped together?

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November 2010

QUESTION 1

A school organised a camp for their 103 Grade 12 learners. The learners were asked to
indicate their food preferences for the camp. They had to choose from chicken, vegetables
and fish.

The following information was collected:

• 2 learners do not eat chicken, fish or vegetables • 5 learners eat only vegetables • 2 learners
only eat chicken • 21 learners do not eat fish • 3 learners eat only fish • 66 learners eat
chicken and fish • 75 learners eat vegetables and fish

Let the number of learners who eat chicken, vegetables and fish be x.

1.1 Draw an appropriate Venn diagram to represent the information. (7)

1.2 Calculate x. (2)

1.3 Calculate the probability that a learner, chosen at random:

1.3.1 Eats only chicken and fish, and no vegetables. (2)

1.3.2 Eats any TWO of the given food choices: chicken, vegetables and fish. (2)

QUESTION 2

A supermarket conducted a survey on its service to customers. This was done on a

Wednesday morning. The survey indicated that 78% of the customers were satisfied with the
service offered by the supermarket and 90% of the customers agreed that the supermarket
was a stress-free place to do their shopping. The total number of customers interviewed was
130.

2.1 Would you agree that the supermarket could regard the findings of the survey as reliable?
Motivate your answer. (2)

2.2 How many customers thought that the supermarket's service was not satisfactory? (2)

2.3 Give TWO recommendations to the supermarket on using surveys to gather information
regarding its customer service. (2)

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Feb. – March 2009

QUESTION 4

4.1 In a company there are three vacancies. The company had identified candidates to fill
each post.

POST CANDIDATES

Clerk Craig, Luke and Tom

Sales representative Ann, Sandile, Sizwe and Devon

Sales manager John and Debby

4.1.1 In how many different ways can these three posts be filled? (3)

4.1.2 If it is certain that Craig will get the job as clerk, in how many different ways can the
three posts be filled? (2)

4.2 There are 20 boys and 15 girls in a class. The teacher chooses individual learners at
random to deliver a speech.

4.2.1 Calculate the probability that the first learner chosen is a boy. (1)

4.2.2 Draw a tree diagram to represent the situation if the teacher chooses three learners, one
after the other. Indicate on your diagram ALL possible outcomes. (4)

4.2.3 Calculate the probability that a boy, then a girl and then another boy is chosen in that
order. (3)

4.2.4 Calculate the probability that all three learners chosen are girls. (2)

4.2.5 Calculate the probability that at least one of the learners chosen is a boy. (3)

4.3 In a Mathematics quiz, two teams work independently on a problem. They are allowed a
maximum of 10 minutes to solve the problem. The probabilities that each team will solve the
problem are 2 1and 3 1 respectively. Calculate the probability that the problem will be
solved in the ten minutes allowed. (4)

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Nov 2009

QUESTION 2

At a local high school there are 1 200 boys and girls altogether. The management of the
school proposes to introduce a special school blazer for learners who have achieved
excellence at the highest level in sport, cultural activities and academics. The school
management asked the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) to conduct a survey to
assess learner responses to this proposal. From past experience the RCL agreed that a sample
size of 20% would be adequate for this survey.

Nandi, the RCL chairperson, suggested that the names of each of the learners in Grade 8 to
Grade 12 be arranged in alphabetical order. From each grade list, the names of exactly the
same number of learners should be selected at random to form the sample.

Sam, the RCL deputy chairperson, suggested that the names of all the learners at the school
be arranged in alphabetical order and from this list the required number of names be selected
at random to form the sample.

2.1 Determine the number of learners required for the sample. (1)

2.2 Do you think that the sample size chosen will be sufficient to draw a valid conclusion?
Motivate your answer. (2)

2.3 Do you think that Nandi's method of sampling is more representative of the school's
population than Sam's method of sampling? Motivate your answer. (2)

2.4 Name ONE important criterion that was overlooked by both Nandi and Sam in obtaining
a sample. (1)

November 2009

QUESTION 3

The members of a local gym had to undertake a fitness test. The performance scores were
analysed and found to follow a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 15.

3.1 Approximately what percentage of scores lie between 85 and 115? (2)

3.2 If a performance score between 115 and 130 indicates that a member is fit, approximately
what percentage of members fall in this category? (2)

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3.3 If there are 500 members at the local gym, how many of them would you expect to score
more than 130? (2)

QUESTION 4

Figures obtained from a city's police department seem to indicate that of all the motor
vehicles reported stolen, 80% were stolen by syndicates to be sold off and 20% were stolen
by individual persons for their own use.

Of those vehicles presumed stolen by syndicates:

• 24% were recovered within 48 hours • 16% were recovered after 48 hours • 60% were never
recovered Of those vehicles presumed stolen by individual persons:

• 38% were recovered within 48 hours • 58% were recovered after 48 hours • 4% were never
recovered

4.1 Draw a tree diagram for the above information. (5)

4.2 Calculate the probability that if a vehicle were stolen in this city, it would be stolen by a
syndicate and recovered within 48 hours. (2)

4.3 Calculate the probability that a vehicle stolen in this city will not be recovered. (3)

November 2008

QUESTION 3

During August 2007 a television station carried out a survey during a programme on
Southern Africa. They asked viewers to respond to the question: 'Should South Africa do
something to help the refugees from Zimbabwe?' Respondents were required to answer
either 'yes' or 'no' to the question by means of a Short Message Service (SMS). The results at
the end of the programme indicated that 65% of the respondents had voted 'no'. The station
thanked the 7 800 respondents who participated in the survey.

3.1 Calculate the number of people who voted 'no' to the question. (2)

3.2 Can you conclude from this survey that 65% of all South Africans believe that South
Africa should not help Zimbabwean refugees? Discuss by making reference to the validity of
the results of this survey. (3)

QUESTION 4

4.1 A survey of 80 students at a local library indicated the reading preferences below:

44 read the National Geographic magazine

33 read the Getaway magazine

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39 read the Leadership magazine

23 read both National Geographic and Leadership magazines

19 read both Getaway and Leadership magazines

9 read all three magazines

69 read at least one magazine

4.1.1 How many students did not read any magazine? (1)

4.1.2 Let the number of students who read National Geographic and Getaway, but not
Leadership, be represented by x. Draw a Venn diagram to represent reading preferences. (5)

4.1.3 Hence show that x = 5. (3)

4.1.4 What is the probability, correct to THREE decimal places, that a student selected at
random will read at least two of the three magazines? (3)

4.2 A smoke detector system in a large warehouse uses two devices, A and B. If smoke is
present, the probability that it will be detected by device A is 0,95. The probability that it
will be detected by device B is 0,98 and the probability that it will be detected by both
devices simultaneously is 0,94.

4.2.1 If smoke is present, what is the probability that it will be detected by device A or
device B or both devices? (3)

4.2.2 What is the probability that the smoke will not be detected? (1)

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November 2008

QUESTION 5

5.1 The Matric Dance Committee has decided on the menu below for the 2008 Matric Dance.
A person attending the dance must choose only ONE item from each category that is starters,
main course and dessert.

MENU

STARTERS

Garlic Bread: Crumbed Mushrooms: Fish

MAIN COURSE

Vegetable Curry: Chicken Curry: Fried Chicken: Beef Bolognaise

DESSERT

Malva Pudding: Ice-cream

5.1.1 How many different meal combinations can be chosen? (2)

5.1.2 A particular person wishes to have chicken as his main course. How many different
meal combinations does he have? (2)

5.2 A photographer has placed six chairs in the front row of a studio. Three boys and three
girls are to be seated in these chairs.

In how many different ways can they be seated if:

5.2.1 Any learner may be seated in any chair (2)

5.2.2 Two particular learners wish to be seated next to each other (3)

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