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GONZAGA JESUIT COLLEGE

FURTHER MATHEMATICS
SS 2

First Term 2025/2026

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WEE TOPIC SUB TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES- At the end of
K the lesson, the students should be able to:
1 Trigonometric Trigonometric functions of - State the six important
ratio of angles of any magnitude. trigonometric functions of angles
general angles. of any magnitude
- Convert angles from degrees to
radians and vice versa
- Identify range and dimension of
trigonometric ratio.

2 Trigonometric Proofs of simple - Solve the equation involving

ratio and trigonometric identities trigonometric function.
compound Graphs of trigonometric - Use trigonometric identities to
angles. ratio with emphasis on simplify trigonometric
amplitude and periodicity. expressions.
Solution of simple - Solve equations on compound
equation involving the six angles, double angles, triple angle
trigonometric function. and product formulae.

3 Conic Section. Definition of a circle. - Define a circle.

The circle Equation of a circle given - Determine the equation of a circle
center and radius. given the coordinates of the
Intersecting and touching center and any point on the
circles. circumference.
Equation of tangent to a
circle.
Length of tangent to a
circle.
4 Conic section Equation of a parabola. - Determine the equation of a
(Parabola) Canonical equation of a parabola.
parabola. - Parabola in its canonical form.

5 Conic section Equation of a parabola.

(Parabola) Canonical equation of a - Determine the equation of a
parabola.
parabola.
- Parabola in its canonical form.
6 Theory of Laws of logarithms - Use the laws of logarithms with a
logarithms Change of base positive base in calculation.
- Change of base of logarithms.
7 Limit and Limit of a function. - Determine the limit of a function
continuity Differentiation from the at a given point.
- Use properties of limits.
first principle. - Differentiate from first principle.

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WEEK 1
TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF GENERAL ANGLES.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES- At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
- State the six important trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude
- Convert angles from degrees to radians and vice versa
- Identify range and dimension of trigonometric ratio.

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ANGLES
Angles can be measured two ways:
1. Degrees
2. Radians
Degrees
A circle is comprised of 360°, which is called one revolution.
Degrees are used primarily to describe the size of an angle.
Radians
1 revolution measured in radians is 2π, where π is the constant approximately 3.14.

Type equation here .

since 360° = 2π radians (1 revolution)

π
Then, 180° = π radians So that means that 1° = radians.
360°
Example 1: a. Convert 60° into radians
π
If 1 degree = radians,
180
60° = 60° ×
π 60 π π
= = radians.
180 180 3
3π
b. Convert 2 radian into degrees.

If 1 radian = π degrees.
180

3π 3 π 180
radians = ×
2 2 π
540 π
= 270°.
2π
Definitions of trig ratios and functions: In Trigonometry there are six trigonometric ratios that relate
the angle measures of a right triangle to the length of its sides. (Remember a right triangle contains a 90°
angle) A right triangle can be formed from an initial side x and a terminal side r, where r is the radius
and hypotenuse of the right triangle. (see figure below) The Pythagorean Theorem tells us that x² + y² =
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r², therefore r = √𝑥² + 𝑦². 𝜃 (theta) is used to label a non-right angle. The six trigonometric functions
can be used to find the ratio of the side lengths. The six functions are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent
(tan), cosecant (cosec), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot). Below you will see the ratios formed by these
functions.

Sin 𝜃 = h , cos 𝜃 = h , tan 𝜃 = b for the reciprocals of basic ratios,

a b a

Cosec 𝜃 = sin θ , sec 𝜃 = cos θ , cot 𝜃 = tan θ .

1 1 1

Also, tan𝜃= cos θ

sin θ

RATIOS OF THE GENERAL ANGLE

In the first quadrant, given triangle ORM is a right angled triangle constructed from a unit circle
Then r = 1.
Sin θ = y
Cos θ = x
Tan θ = y/x
In the second quadrant,
Sin (180- θ) = sin θ
Cos (180- θ) = -cos θ

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Tan (180- θ) = -tan θ

In the third quadrant,
Sin(θ-180) = -sin θ
Cos(θ-180) =-cos θ
Tan(θ-180) = tan θ
In the fourth quadrant,
sin (360- θ) = -sin θ
cos (360- θ) = cos θ
tan (360- θ) = tan θ
Example 1. Use tables to find the values of θ between 0 and 360 which satisfy the following:
a) cos θ = -0.4540
b) tan θ = 1.176
c) sin θ = -0.9336.
solution
a) From the tables, cos 63 = 0.4540
In the second quadrant,
θ = 180-63
= 117
In the third quadrant,
63 = θ -180
θ = 63+180
θ = 243
b) The tangent ratio is positive in the first and third quadrants.
first find the acute angle whose tangent is 1.176,
from tables,
tan 49.62 = 1.176
In the first quadrant,
θ = 49.62
In the third quadrant,
49.62 = θ-180
θ = 180+49.62
θ = 229.62

Ratios for special angles

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3
Example 2: Given that tan θ = , 0° <θ< 90° , find: (a) sin θ (b) cos θ (c) sec θ
4
(d) cosec θ (e) cot θ
solution

PQ2 = PR2 + RQ2

= 42 + 32
= 16 + 9
= 25
PQ = 5
Hence:
QR 3
a) sin θ = =
PQ 5
PR 4
b) cos θ = =
PQ 5
PQ 5
c) sec θ = =
PR 4
PQ 5 PR 4
d) cosec θ = =¿ (e) cot θ = =
QR 3 QR 3

Example 3: Find in surd form:

(a) cos 225 (b) sin 300 (c) cos (-300)
solution
(a) cos 225 = -cos 45
−√ 2
=
2
(b) sin 300 = -sin 60
−√ 3
=
2
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(c) cos (-300) = cos 300

= cos 60
1
=
2

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND EQUATIONS

Given the unit circle below where r =1 unit,

Pythagorean Identities
The identity cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 is called a Pythagorean identity because it is derived from the
Pythagorean Theorem. Recall from the definition of sin θ and cos θ that if (x, y) is a point on the
terminal side of θ and r is the distance to (x, y) from the origin, the relationship between x, y, and r is x2
+ y2 = r2. This relationship comes from the Pythagorean Theorem. Here is how we use it to derive the
first Pythagorean identity
2 2 2
x + y =r
2
divide each sides by r
2 2 2
x y r
2
+ 2= 2
r r r

()()
2 2
x y
+ =1
r r
x y
but cos θ= and sin θ ¿
r r
2 2
cos θ+ sin θ=1 ……………. (1)
Dividing through (1) by cos2 θ,
2 2
cos θ sin θ 1
2
+ 2
= 2
cos θ cos θ cos θ
2 2
1+ tan θ=sec θ ……………..(2)
Dividing (1) through by sin2 θ,

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2 2
cos θ sin θ 1
2
+ 2 = 2
sin θ sin θ sin θ
2 2
1+cot θ=cosec θ ……………..(3)
Example 4: Show that : ( 3−sin2 θ ) cosec 2 θ=2 cosec 2 θ+cot 2 θ
Solution
LHS = 3 cosec 2 θ−sin2 cosec 2 θ
= 3 sec 2 θ−sin2 θ cosec 2 θ
2 2 1
= 3 cosec θ−sin θ × 2
sin θ
2
= 3 cossec θ−1
= 3 cosec 2 θ−(cosec 2 θ−cot 2 θ)
= 2 cosec 2 θ+cot2 θ
= RHS
Example 5: If asinθ+bcosθ= p and acosθ−bsinθ=q show that: a 2+ b2= p2 +q 2
Solution
asin θ+bsin θ= p … … … … … … … .(1)
acos θ−bsinθ=q … … … … … … … ..(1)
squaring both sides of (1)
(asin θ+bcos θ )2= p2
a 2sin 2θ+2 absin θcosθ+¿ b2cos2θ=p 2 …..(3)
squaring both sides of (2)
(acos θ−bsinθ=q )2¿ q 2
a 2cos2θ−2 absinθcosθ+ b2sin 2θ=q2 …..(4)
adding (3) and (4)
a 2sin 2θ+2 absin θcosθ+¿ b2cos2θ+ a2cos2θ−2 absinθcosθ+ b2sin 2θ=p 2+ q2
a 2 ( cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ ) +b2 ( cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ )= p2 +q 2
but cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ=1
2 2 2 2
a + b = p +q
Trigonometric Equations
A trigonometric equation is an equation containing trigonometric ratios. Since trigonometric functions
are periodic functions, there are infinite number of solutions for trigonometric equations. It is therefore
the tradition to find some solutions within a given range.
Example 6: Find the values of θ between 0 and 360 which satisfy the equation
2
4 cos θ−3=θ
solution
2
4 cos θ−3=0
2
4 cos θ=3
2 3
cos θ=
4

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√3
cosθ=±
4
+√ 3
If cosθ=
4
then θ=30° ∧330 °
−√ 3
If cosθ=
4

then θ=150°∧210 °
Hence the values of θ between 0 °∧360 ° satisfying the equation are: 30 ° ,150 ° , 210° ∧330° .
Example 7: Find the values of θ , 0 ° ≤θ ≤ 360 ° which satisfy the equation
2
8 sin θ+6 cosθ−9=0
solution
2
8 sin θ+6 cosθ−9=0
since cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ=1
2 2
sin θ=1−cos θ
8 ( 1−cos2 θ ) +6 cosθ−9=0
8−¿8cos 2 θ+ 6 cosθ−9=0
−¿8cos 2 θ+ 6 cosθ−1=0
2
8 cos θ+ 6 cosθ+1=0
put p=cosθ

2
8 p −6 p+1=0
2
8 p −4 p−2 p+1=0
4 p ( 2 p−1 )−1 (2 p−1 )=0
( 4 p−1 ) ( 2 p−1 )=0
p=1 /4 or p=1 /2
Thus cos θ=0.25
cos θ=0.25
−1
θ=cos 0.25
¿ 75.52 °, 284.48 °
or cos 0.5
−1
θ=cos 0.5
¿ 60 ° ,300 °
Hence, the values of θ between 0° and 360 ° which satisfy the equation are :60 ° ,75.52 ° ,284.48 ° , 300° .

EXERCISE
(a) Solve, in radians, the following trigonometric equation
2
6 cos x +sin x=5 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π , giving the answers correct to three significant figures. (IGCSE)

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(b) Solve, in degrees, the following trigonometric equation

2
3 sin 3θ−7 cos 3 θ=5, for 0° ≤θ ≤ 180 °.
(c)

WEEK 2
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND COMPOUND ANGLES
Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson the students will
- Solve the equation involving trigonometric function.
- Use trigonometric identities to simplify trigonometric expressions.
- Solve equations on compound angles, double angles, triple angle and product formulae.
ADDITION FORMULAE

In the figure, F 0^ Q=A ; E O

^ Q=B
EO ^ Q=F 0^ Q+ E O ^F
¿ A+ B
From T, on OE drop a perpendicular to meet the horizontal axis at P. Drop a perpendicular from
T to meet OF at R. Drop a perpendicular from R to meet TP at S. Finally, drop a perpendicular
from R to meet the horizontal axis at Q.
OR ^ Q=90 °− A , since S ^R Q=90 ° , it follows that S ^
R O= A
^ O=90° , It follows that T R
Also, since T R ^ S=90 °− A , hence, S T^ R=A .

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Sin(A+B)
^ Q= TP TS+ SP
sin ( A+ B )=SinE O =
OT OT
TS SP RQ TS
¿ + = +
OT OT OT OT
¿( RQ
¿
× ¿ +
OT )(TS TR
×
TR OT )
sin ( A+ B )=sinAcosB+cosAsinB
Cos(A+B)
OP OQ−PQ
cos ( A+ B )= =
OT OT
OQ PQ OQ SR
¿ − = −
OT OT OT OT
¿( OQ
¿
× ¿ +
OT )(
SR TR
×
TR OT )
cos ( A+ B )=cosAcosB−sinAsinB
Tan(A+B)
TP TS+ SP
tan ( A+ B )= =
OP OQ−PQ
RQ TS
+
TS+ RQ OQ OQ
¿ =
OQ−PQ PQ
1−
OQ
TS
tanA +
OQ
¿
PQ TS
1− ×
TS OQ
We see that STR and QOR are similar triangles since angles STR and QOR are angles.
Thus,
ST OQ
=
TR ¿
ST TR
= =tanB
OQ ¿
tanA +tanB
¿
SR
1− tanB
TS
tan A+tanB
tan ( A+ B )=
1−tanAtanB
Also in all cases,
sin ( A−B )=sinAcosB−cosAsinB
cos ( A−B )=cosAcosB+ sinAsinB

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tan A−tanB
tan ( A−B )=
1+tanAtanB

Example 8: Evaluate each of the following in simple surds forms using the addition formula:
(a) cos 75 °
(b) sin 105 °
(c) tan15 °
Solution
(a) cos 75 °=cos ( 45 ° +30 ) =cos 45 ° cos 30 °−sin 45 ° sin 30 °
√2 √3 √2 1
¿ × − ×
2 2 2 2
1
¿ ( √6−√ 2)
4
(b) sin 105 °=sin ( 60 ° +45 ° )=sin 60° cos 45 °+ cos 60 ° sin 45 °
√3 √2 1 √ 2
¿ × − ×
2 2 2 2
1
¿ ( √6+ √2)
4
(c) tan15 °=tan ⁡(45 °−30 ° )
tan 45 °−tan 30°
¿ tan ( 45 °−30 ° )=
1+ tan 45 ° tan 30 °
√3
1−
3
¿
√3
1+ 1.
3
3−√ 3
¿
3+√ 3
rationalizing the denominator
1
¿ (12−6 √ 3)
4
¿ 2−√ 3
Formulae for multiple

Recall that: sin ( A+ B )=sinAcosB+cosAsinB

Set A = B
sin ( A+ A )=sinAcosA+cosAsinA
¿ 2 sinAcosA
sin 2 A=2 sinAcosA
Recall also that
cos ( A+ B )=cosAcosB−sinAsinB
Set A = B

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cos ⁡( A+ A)=cosAcosA + sinAsinA

2 2
¿ cos A−sin A
2 2
¿ cos A−(1−cos A)
2 2
¿ cos A+ cos A−1
Or
2 2
cos 2 A=cos A−sin A
2
¿ 2 cos A−1
2
¿ 1−2 sin A

tan A+ tanA
tan2 A=tan ⁡( A+ A)=
1−tanAtanA
2 tanA
tan2 A= 2
1−tan A
Half angle formulae
1 1
Since A= A + A
2 2
It follows that
sinA= ( 12 A + 12 A )
1 1
sinA=2 sin Acos A
2 2
Similarly,
cosA =cos ( 12 A + 12 A )
1 2 21
¿ cos A−sin A
2 2
21
¿ 2 cos A−1
2
Thus,

{
1 1
cos 2 A−sin2 A
2 2
cosA = 1
2 cos2 A−1
2
21
1−2sin A
2

tanA=tan ( 12 A+ 12 A )

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1
2 tan A
2
tan A=
1
1−tan2 A
2
Triple Angle Formulae
sin 3 A=sin ⁡(2 A+ A)
3
sin 3 A=3 sinA−4 sin A

cos 3 A=cos ⁡(2 A + A)

3
cos 3 A=4 cos A−3 cosA
tan3 A=tan ⁡(2 A + A)
3
3 tanA −tan A
tan3 A= 2
1−3 tan A

8 3
Example 9: Given that α and β are acute angles and cosα = and tan β= , find without using
17 4
tables:
(a) Cos(α + β ¿
(b) Sin(α + β ¿
(c) tan(α −β ¿
(d) cos2α
solution

15 8 15
sinα = , cosα = , tanα =
17 17 8
3 4 3
sin β= , cos β= , tan β=
5 5 4
(a) Cos(α + β ¿=cosαcosβ−sinαsinβ
8 4 15 3
¿ × − ×
17 5 17 5
32 45
¿ −
85 85
13
¿−
85
(b) Sin(α + β ¿=sinαcosβ+ cosαsinβ
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15 4 8 3
¿ × + ×
17 5 17 5
60 24
¿ +
85 85
84
¿
85
tan α −tanβ
(c) tan(α −β )=
1+tanαtanβ
15 3
−
8 4
¿
15 3
1+ ×
8 4
36
32 36
¿ =
77 77
32
(d) cos 2 α =2 cos 2 α −1

( )
2
8
¿2× −1
17
64
¿2× −1
289
128
¿ −1
289
128−289
¿
289
161
¿−
289
2tanθ 1
Example 10: Given that tan2 θ= 2 , show that tan22 =√2−1
1−tan θ 2
Solution
1
Let t=tan22 °
2
2tanθ
tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ
1
2 tan 22
2 2t
tan 45 °= ¿ 2
1 1−t
1−tan2 22
2
But tan 45 °=1
2t
2
=1
1−t
2
t + 2t−1=0

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Solving the quadratic equation in t, we have

−2± √ 4 +4
¿
2
−2± 2 √ 2
¿
2
¿−1± √ 2
1 1
As 22 ° is in the first quadrant, it follows that tan22 ° is positive
2 2
t=−1+√ 2
1
Hence, tan22 °=√ 2−1
2
Example 11: If cos 2 A=2 cos2 A−1, show that cos 4 A=8 cos 4 A−8 cos 2 A+ 1
Solution
2
cos 2 A=2 cos A−1
cos 4 A=cos ⁡(2 A +2 A)
2 2
¿ cos 2 A−sin 2 A
2
¿ ( 2 cos A−1 ) −( 2 sinAcosA )
2 2

2
¿ ( 2 cos A−1 ) −4 sin A cos A
2 2 2

2
¿ ( 2 cos A−1 ) −4 ( 1−cos A ) cos A
2 2 2

4 2 2 4
¿ 4 cos A−4 cos A+1−4 cos A +4 cos A
4 2
¿ 8 cos A−8 cos A +1

Product Formulae
The four derivations of product formulae can be summarized as follows:
P+Q P−Q
sin P+sin Q=2 sin cos
2 2
P+Q P−Q
sin P−sinQ=2 cos sin
2 2
P+Q P−Q
cos P+ cos Q=2 cos cos
2 2
P+Q P−Q
cos Q−cos P=2sin sin
2 2
The four formulae above are called the product formulae.
Example 12: Write sin 14 x−sin 12 x as products of trigonometric ratio.
Solution
14 x+ 12 x 14 x−12 x
sin 14 x−sin 12 x=2 cos sin
2 2
¿ 2 cos 13 x sinx
Write sin 15 x sin 13 x as sum of two trigonometric ratios.
Solution

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1
sin 15 x sin 13 x= ( cos Q−cos P )
2
P+ Q
Where =15 x
2
P+Q=30 x … … … …(1)
P−Q
=13 x
2
P−Q=26 x … … … …(2)
Solving for P and Q simultaneously
P=28 x , Q=2 x
1
sin 15 x sin 13 x= ( cos 2 x−cos 28 x )
2
EVALUATION
cos2 A−1 2
1. Show that: =tan A
cos 2 A +1
2. (a) Show that ( 1+2 cosθ ) is a factor of f ( θ )=8 cos 3 θ−4 cosθ−1. If θ=36 ° is a solution of
1
f ( θ )=0, deduce that cos 36 ° = ( √ 5+1).
4
(b) In a triangle PQR ,|QR |=7 cm and ¿ PQR=120 °. If the area of the triangle is 14 √ 3 cm2,
calculate the remaining sides of the triangle.

WEEK 3
CONIC SECTION: EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES- At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: ---------
Define a circle.
-Determine the equation of a circle given the coordinates of the center and any point
on the circumference.
-Find the equation of the tangent and normal to a circle.
THE CIRCLE
A circle is a plane curve which is the locus of a point which moves at a fixed distance from a fixed point.
The circle is a familiar shape and it has a host of geometric properties that can be proved using the
traditional Euclidean format. But it is sometimes useful to work in co-ordinates and this requires us to
know the standard equation of a circle, how to interpret that equation and how to find the equation of a
tangent to a circle.
The fixed distance is called the radius of the circle while the fixed point is called the center of the circle.

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The general equation of a circle

What is the equation of a circle of radius r, centered at the point C (a, b)?

We shall take a horizontal line through the center C and drop a perpendicular from P to meet
this horizontal line at N. Then again we have a right-angled triangle CPN, where CP = r is
the hypotenuse, and where we have CN = x − a and PN = y − b. Thus using Pythagoras again
we have
CN2 + PN2 = CP2
so that
2 2 2
(x−a) +( y−b) =r

Expanding the brackets gives x 2−2 ax +a2 + y 2−2by +b 2=r 2

2 2 2 2 2
x + y −2 ax−2 by +a +b −r =0
The above equation can be written as x + y 2+ 2 gx +2 fy+ c=0
2

Where a=−g b=−f , c=a2 +b2−r 2

Hence: x 2+ y 2+ 2 gx +2 fy+ c=0is called the general equation of a circle. observe the following about
the general equation.
(i) It is a second degree equation in x and y
(ii) The co-efficient of x2 and y2 are equal
(iii) It has no xy term.
Examples:
1. Find the equation of a circle of center (3, -2) radius 4 unit
Solution:
a = 3, b = -2 and r = 2
(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2
(x-3)2 + (y+2)2 = 42
x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 16
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y + 9 + 4 – 16 = 0
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 3 = 0
2. Find the center and radius of a circle whose equation is x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 3 = 0

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Solution:
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 3 = 0
x2 – 6x + y2 + 4y = + 3
Complete the square for x and y
x2 – 6x + 9 + y2+ 4y + 4 = 3 + 9 +4
(x – 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
Compare with (x – a)2 + (y – b) = r2
We have (a ,b)=(3 ,−2)∧r=4
Hence, Centre is (3 ,−2) and radius ¿ 2

Equation of a circle passing through 3 points

Find the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle whose vertices are A (2,3) B (5,4) and C
(3,7)
Solution:
The equation of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
22 + 32 + 4g + 6f + c = 0
52 + 42 + 10g + 8f + c = 0
32 + 72 + 6f + 14f + c = 0
Simplify the 3 equations
f = - 107 / 22
g = −67 /22
c = - 312 / 11
Hence, the equation of the circle is

x 2+ y 2+ 2 (−67
22 ) x +2(
−107
22 ) y+
−312
11
=0

11x2 + 11y2 – 67x – 107y + 312 = 0

Evaluation:
1. Find the equation of the circle (-1 -1) and radius 3
2. Find the Centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 14y + 49 = 0

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C. EQUATION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE AT PONIT (x1, y1)

T(x1,y1)

At x1, y1
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0
C = - (x1 2 + y1 2 + 2gx + 2fy) ……. (i)
Differentiating the equation of circle above
dy dy
2 x+ 2 y +2 g+2 f =o
dx dx
Divide through by 2
dy dy
x + y + g+ f =0
dx dx
dy
( y+f ) = −(x+ g)
dx
𝑑𝑦
− (𝑥+𝑔)
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦+𝑓)
The equation of the tangent at x1, y1

y− y 1=−
( )
x 1+ g
y1 + f
(x−x 1)

( y – y 1 )( y +f )=−(x−x 1 )( x1 + g)
( y – y 1 )( y 1+ f )+( x−x 1 ) ( x 1+ g )=0
y ( y 1 +f ) − y 1 ( y 1+ f ) + ( x 1 + g ) x−( x + g ) x1 =0
( x 1 + g ) x+ ( y 1+ f ) y− y12−x 12−fy1−gx 1−c + gx 1+ fy 1+ c=0
( x 1 + g ) x+ ( y 1+ f ) y−( x 12 + y 12 +2 gx 1 +2 fy 1+ c ) + gx1+ fy1 +c=0
But x 12+ y12 +2 gx1 +2 fy 1+ c=0
( x 1 + g ) x+ ( y 1+ f ) y + gx 1+ fy1 +c=0
x 1 x + y y 1+ gx + fy+ gx 1+ fy 1 +c=0
Hence the equation of the tangent at any point ( x 1 , y 1 ¿ to the circle is
x 1 x + y y 1+ g ( x + x 1 ) + f ¿ + y 1 ¿+c=0

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Examples:
Show that the point (2,3) lies on the circle x2 + y2 – 3x + 4y – 19 = 0. Hence or otherwise,
determine the equation of the tangent to the circle at the point (2,3)
Solution:
x2 + y2 – 3x + 4y – 19 = 0
At (2,3)

22 + 32 – 3(2) + 4(3) – 19 = 0
4 + 9 – 6 + 12 _ 19 = 0
R.H.S = L.H.S, hence the point (2,3) lies on the circle
x2 + y2 – 3x + 4y – 19 = 0
Compare with:
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

g = −3⁄2 f = 4⁄ 2 = 2
2g = -3, 2f = 4
c = -19
Equation of Tangent:
x 1 x + y y 1+ g ( x + x 1 ) + f ¿ + y 1 ¿+c=0

−3
3y + 2x + (x + 2) ( ) + (y + 3)2 – 19 = 0
2
3
3y + 2x - ( ) – 3 + 2y + 6 – 19 = 0
2
6y + 4x – 3x -6 + 4y + 12 – 38 = 0
10y + x – 32 = 0
Alternatively:
x2 + y2 – 3x + 4y – 19 = 0
dy dy
2x + 2y – 3 +4 = 0
dx dx

dy
. ( 2 y +4 )=3−2 x
dx

At (2,3)

dy 3−2 x 3−4 −1
. = = =
dx 2 y + 4 6+ 4 10

y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 3 = -1/10 (x – 2)
10(y – 3) = -1 (x - 2)
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10y – 30 = - (x + 2)
10y + x – 30 – 2 = 0
10y + x – 32 = 0

Evaluation
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle 1. x2 + y2 + 4x – 10y – 12 = 0 at (3,1)
2. x2 + y2 – 6x – 3y = 16 at (-2,0).

GENERAL/REVISION EVALUATION
1. Find the equation of the circle with center (1,3) and radius √5
2. Find the equation of the circle that passed through the point (0,0), (2,0) and (3, -1)
3. Find the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle whose vertices are A(2,3) B ( 5,4) and
C(3,7)
4. Find the length of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 -2x -4y -4 =0 from the point (8, 10)

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read equation of a circle, Further Mathematics Project II, page 205 – 210

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. What is the radius of the circle whose equation is x2 + y2 – 6x – 7=0 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
2. Which of the following is not an equation of a circle? (a) x 2 + y2 =4 (b) x2 + y2 – 2x – 3=0
(c) x2 + y2 – 2xy + 4x – 6y + 1 = 0 (d) 2x2 + 2y2 – 6x + 4y + 3 = 0
3. The equation of a circle with centre (-2, 5) and radius 3 units is (a) x 2 + y2 + 4x – 10y +
20 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 + 4x – 10y + 26 = 0 (c) x 2 + y2 + 4x – 10y – 38 = 0 (d) x 2 + y2 + 4x –
10y + 39 = 0
4. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle 2x 2 + 2y2 – 4x + 12y – 7 = 0 is (a) (-1, 3)
(b) 1, 3) (c) (2, -6) (d) 41 (e) 10
5. The equation of a circle of radius 3 is x2 + y2 + 10x – 8y + k = 0. Find the value of the
constant K (a) -50 (b) 18 (c) 32 (d) 41 (e) 10

THEORY
1. The equation of a circle is x2 + y2 – 10x + 8y = 0 find (i) its radius (ii) its area
2. A circle passes through the points (0,3) and (4,1), if the centre of the circle is on the x –
axis, find the equation of the circle.

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WEEK 4

CONIC SECTIONS: PARABOLA, ELLIPSE AND HYPERBOLA

Learning objectives: Students should be able to;
- Recognize the two dimensional equations of a parabola, an ellipse, a hyperbola.

THE PARABOLA.
The parabola is a locus of points, equidistant from a given point, called the Focus and from a
given line called the Directrix.
y
P (x,y)
B(-a,y)

A(-a,o) V
F(a,o) x

Directrix

Length of directrix from V, (AV) = Length of Focus from V ,(FV))

The line AB, a distance ofa, from the y axis is called the Directrix. The line AF is called the axis
of symmetry.
Since
BP = FP
BP2 = FP2
(x + a)2 = (x-a)2 + (y-0)2
x2 + 2ax + a2 = x2 - 2ax + a2 + y2

4ax = y2
thus, y2 = 4ax is the equation of the parabola.
The line RQ which is perpendicular to AF is called the latus rectum, V is called the vertex and F the
focus of the parabola.
If the vertex of the parabola is translated to a point \(x1,y1), the equation of the parabola becomes

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(y-y1)2 = 4a(x-x1)2.
The above equation is said to be in the standard or canonical form
Examples
1. find the focus and directrix of the parabola y2 = 16x
2. write down the equation of the parabola y2- 4y-12x+40 = 0 in its canonical form and hence
find i) the vertex; ii) the focus; iii) the directrix of the parabola
` Solution
1. compare y2 = 16x with y2 = 4ax,
4a = 16, a = 4
Thus the focus is (4,0) while the directrix is x = -4
2. y2- 4y-12x + 40 = 0
y2- 4y-+4-12x+40 = 0+4 …. (completing the square)
y2- 4y+4 = 12x - 36 …… (rearranging)
(y - 2)2 = 12(x-3) …… (factorizing)
But (y – y1)2 = 12(x-x1)
i)
hence vertex (x1, y1) = (3,2)
ii)
since 4a = 12, a = 3 then the focus (x1+a, y1) = (3+3,2) = (6,2)
iii)
the equation of the directrix is x = 3-3 i.e. x=0
note that the the directrix is of equal but opposite distance from the vertex with the focus
this means the distance between the focus and the vertex = the distance between the
directrix and the vertex
Equation of Tangent and Normal at point (x1,y1) to a Parabola
1. Equation of Tangent
𝑦−𝑦1 2𝑎
𝑥−𝑥1 =𝑦1
2. Equation of Tangent
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑥−𝑥1 = -2𝑎
Example: find the equation of the tangent and normal to a parabola
i) y2 = 12x at point (3,6)
ii) y2 = 16x at point (1, -4)

Solution
ii)y = 16x, compare with y2 = 4ax, thus a= 4
2

equation of tangent
𝑦−𝑦1 2𝑎 𝑦−−4 2(4)
𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑦1 ‘ 𝑥−1 =−4
Thus
y + 2x +2 =0 is the equation of the tangent
equation of the normal
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦1 𝑦−−4 −4
𝑥−𝑥1 = -2 𝑥−
, =2(4)
-
Thus 𝑎 1
2y –x + 9 = 0 is the equation of the normal
Evaluation

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1. Find the foci and directrices of the following Parabolas

(a) y2 = 32x (b) x2 = 12y
2. Write the equation of the parabola, y2 – 6y – 2x + 19 = 0 in the canonical form hence
determine its vertex and focus.

WEEK 5

TOPIC: THE ELLIPSE

An ellipse is the locus of a point P, moving in a plane such that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points F1 and F2 called the foci, is a constant.
y

P (x,y)

a a
b

c
V (- a,0 ) F 2 (-c,0) 0 F ( c,0 ) V ( a,0 )
x

OV = PF =a, OP = b and OF = c
Where V is the vertex or vertices, and F is the focus or foci .
The equation of an ellipse is given by
𝑥22 (𝑥−𝑥′)2 (𝑦−𝑦 = 1 with centre (x1, y1) (a>b) major axis on x……eqn(i)
𝑦 + ′)21 or
= +
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
2 2
𝑥22 = 1 or (𝑥−𝑥′) + (𝑦−𝑦′)
𝑦 + = 1 with centre (x1 , y1) (a>b) major axis on y……eqn(ii)
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2

a2= b2 + c2
where a and b are on the major and minor axis respectively

a
b
b
a M a jo r

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Example
2 2
x y
1. Find the foci and four vertices of the ellipse + =1
9 25
2. Write down the equation of the ellipse 25x + 4y2-50x-16y-59 = 0 in the canonical form and
2

hence find
I. the coordinates of the centre of the ellipse
II. the four vertices of the ellipse
III. the two foci of the ellipse
solution
2 2
x y
+ =1
9 25
Since a>b, then
2 2 2 2
x y x y
+ = +
9 25 b2 a2
By inspection,

a2=25 and b2=9 thus a=+5 or -5, b= +3 or -3 and c = +√21 or -

√21 c2=a2-b2, c= +4 0r -4
i) the foci f (0, c) = f1(0,4) and f2(0, -4)
ii)the vertices V(a,0) = V1(3,0) and V2(-3,0) the co-vertices V (0, b) = V3(o,5) and V4(o, -5)
2. 25x2+ 4y2-50x-16y-59 = 0
25x2-50x + 4y2-16y = 59
25(x2-2x +1-1) + 4(y2-16y+4-4) = 59
25(x2-2x +1) -25+ 4(y2-16y+4)-16 = 59
25(x2-2x +1) + 4(y2-4y+4) = 100

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2
25(x-1)2+ 4(y-2)2 = 100
4 + 25
(𝑥−𝑥′)2 (𝑦−𝑦′)2
=1

2 𝑏 𝑎
but + 2 =1

By inspection, a = +5 or -5 and b = +2 or -2
i) the coordinates of center = (1,2)
ii) the vertices of the vertical axis are
V (0+x1, a+ y1) = V1(1,7)
V (0+x1, -a+ y1) = V2(1, -3)
vertices of the vertical axis are
V (b + x1, 0 + y1) = V3(3,2)
V (-b+x1, 0+ y1) = V4(-1,2)

F (0+x1, c+ y1) = F1(1, √21 +2)

iii) the two foci are

F (0+x1, -c+ y1) = F1(1, −√21 +2)

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Equation of Tangent and Normal at (x1, y1) to an Ellipse

𝑦−𝑦1
−𝑏2𝑥1= is the equation of the tangent
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑎2𝑦1
𝑦−𝑦1
𝑎2𝑦1 = is the equation of the normal
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑏2𝑥1

Example: find the equation of the tangent and normal to the ellipse 4x2 + 25y2 = 100
Evaluation
1. Find the foci and vertices of the following ellipses
(a) 9x2 + 10y2 = 90 (b) 4y2 + 5x2 = 20
2. Write the equation of the ellipse, 4x2 + 5y2 - 24x – 20y + 36 = 0 in the canonical form hence
determine Its vertices and foci.
THE HYPERBOLA
The hyperbola is the locus of a point P, moving in a plane such that the distance from two fixed
points called the foci have a constant difference
y

P(x,y)

V 2(-a,0) V 1(a,0) F 1(c,0)

F 2(-c,0)
x

= 1 where 𝑏2 = 𝑐2 - 𝑎2
The equation of an ellipse is given by
𝑥22 (𝑥−𝑥′)2 (𝑦−𝑦
𝑦 - ′)21 or
= -
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

The equation of a Tangent to an ellipse at point (x1 , y1) is given by

𝑦−𝑦1 𝑏2𝑥1
𝑥−𝑥1 =𝑎2𝑦1

The equation of a Normal to an ellipse at point (x1, y1) is given by

𝑦−𝑦1 −𝑎2𝑦1
𝑥−𝑥1= 𝑏2𝑥1
Examples

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1. Find the vertices and foci of the Hyperbola 25x2 – 16y2 = 400
2. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the Hyperbola 9x2 – 36y2 = 36
Solution
1. 25x2 – 16y2 = 400
2 2
x y
+ =1 (In the canonical form)
16 25
2 2
x y
+ 2 =1.

a = +4 or -4 b = +5 or -5 c = +√41 or -√41
2
b a

the foci are F(√41 , 0) and F(−√41 , 0)

hence the vertices are V1(4,0) and V2(-4,0)

The General Conic

A conic in general may be defined as the locus of a moving point P, such that its distance fixed
Point called the focus, and its distance from a fixed line called the directrix are in constant ratio.
This constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the conic denoted by e. for
(i) a parabola e=1
(ii) an ellipse e<1
(iii) a hyperbola e>1
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Write the equation of the ellipse, x2 + 3y2 + 2x –24y + 46 = 0 in the canonical form hence
determine. Its vertices and foci
2. Find the vertices and foci of the hyperbola 25x2 – 4y2 = 100
3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola y2 – 18x = 0 at point (2,6)

READING ASSIGNMENT: New Further Mathematics Project 3 by TuttuhAdegun and

Godspower5th Edition
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse 4x2 +9 y2 = 36 at point (0, -2)
A, 6y + x = 9 B, 3y + x = 9 C, 6y + 4x = 9 D, y +6 x = -9

A, 14 or -14 B, √14 or -√14 C, 5 or -5 D, √7 or -√7

2. Find the foci of the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 72

3. Find the equation of the normal to the parabola y2-20x = 0 at (3, 2√15)
A. 5y + √15 x = 13√15 B. 3y + x = 9 C. 5y + x = 13√15 D. 5y + 15 x = 13
4. Which of the following is true eccentricity e of a parabola A. e< 1 B. e> 1 C. e = 1 D. e >= 1
5. Which of the following is true eccentricity e of a hyperbola A. e < 1 B. e > 1 C. e = 1 D. e >=1
THEORY
1. (a) Show that the points Q (6, 2) lies on a circle x2 + y2 – 4x +2y -20 = 0 lies on a circle
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at the point Q
write the equation of the following ellipses in their canonical form and hence determine Their
foci and vertices
(a) 4x2 + 5y2 - 24x – 20y + 36 = 0
(b) 4x2 + 6y2 - 24x + 60y + 162 = 0

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WEEK 6
TOPIC: THEORY OF LOGARITHMS
Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
- Use the laws of logarithms with a positive base in calculation.
- Change of base of logarithms.

Logarithm of numbers (Index & Logarithmic Form)

The logarithm to base a of a number P, is the index x to which a must be raised to be equal to P.
Thus if P = ax, then x is the logarithm to the base a of P. We write this as x = log a P. The relationship
logaP = x and
ax =P are equivalent to each other.
ax =P is called the index form and logaP = x is called the logarithm form

Conversion from Index to Logarithmic Form

Write each of the following in index form in their logarithmic form
a) 26 = 64 b) 251/2 = 5 c) 44= 1/256
Solution
a) 26 = 64
Log2 64 = 6
b) 251/2 = 5
Log255=1/2
c) 4-4= 1/256
Log41/256 = -4

Conversion from Logarithmic to Index form

a) Log2128 = 7 b) log10 (0.01) = -2 c) Log1.5 2.25 = 2
Solution
a) Log2128 = 7
7
2 = 128
b) Log10 (0.01) = -2
-2
10 = 0.01
c) Log1.5 2.25 = 2
1.52 = 2.25

Laws of Logarithm
a) let P = bx, then logbP = x
Q = by, then logbQ = y
PQ = bx X by = bx+y (laws of indices)

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Logb PQ = x + y
:. Logb PQ = logbP + LogbQ

b) P÷Q = bx÷by = bx+y

LogbP/Q = x –y
:. LogbP/Q = logbP – logbQ

c) Pn= (bx)n = bxn

Logbpn = nbx
:. LogPn = logbP

d) b = b1
:. Logbb = 1

e) 1 = b0
Logb1 = 0

Example
Solve each of the following:
a) Log327 + 2log39 – log354
b) Log313.5 – log310.5
c) Log28 + log23
d) Given that log102 = 0.3010 log103 = 0.4771 and log105 = 0.699 find the log1064 + log1027
Solution
a) Log327 + 2 log39 – log354
= log3 27 + log3 92 –log354
= log3 (27 x 92/54)
= log3 (271 x 81/54) = log3 (81/2)
= log3 34/ log32
= 4log3 3 – log3 2
= 4 x (1) – log3 2 = 4 – log3 2
= 4 - log3 2

b) log3 13.5 - log3 10.5

= log3 (13.5) - Log310.5 = log3 (135/105)
= log3 (27/21) = log3 27 - log3 21
= log3 33 - log3 (3 x 7)
= 3log3 3 - log3 3 -log37
= 2 - Log3 7

c) Log28 + Log33
3
= log22 + log33
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= 3log22 + log33
= 3 +1 = 4

d) log10 64 + log10 27
log10 2 + log1033
6

6 log10 2 + 3 log10 3
6 (0.3010) + 3(0.4771)
1.806 + 1.4314 = 3.2373.

EVALUATION
1. Change the following index form into logarithmic form.
(a) 63= 216 (b) 33 = 1/27 (c) 92 = 81
2. Change the following logarithm form into index form.
(a) Log88 = 1 (b) log ½¼ = 2
3. Simplify the following
a) Log512.5 + log52 b) ½ log48 + log432 – log42 c) log381
4. Given that log 2 = 0.3010, log3 0.4770, log5 = 0.6990, find the value of log 6.25 + log1.44

Logarithmic Equation
Solve the following equation:
a) Log10 (x2 – 4x + 7) = 2
b) Log8 (r2 – 8r + 18) = 1/3

Solution
a) Log10 (x2 – 4x + 7) = 2
x2 – 4x + 7 = 102 (index form)
x2 – 4x + 7 = 100
x2 – 4x + 7 – 100 = 0
x2 – 4x – 93 = 0
Using quadratic formula
x = - b ±√b2– 4ac
2a
a = 1, b = - 4, c = - 93
x = - (- 4) ± √(- 4) 2 – 4 x 1 x (- 93)
2x1
= + 4 ± √16 + 372
2
= + 4 ± √388/2
= x = 4 +√ 388/2 or 4 - √388/2
x = 11.84 or x = - 7.85

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2) Log8 (x2 – 8x + 18) =1/3

x2 – 8x + 18 = 81/3
x2 – 8x + 18 = (2)3X1/3
x2 – 8x + 18 =2
x2 – 8x 18 – 2 = 0
x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
x2 – 4x – 4x + 16 = 0
x (x - 4) -4 (x - 4) = 0
(x - 4) (x - 4) = 0
(x - 4) twice
x = + 4 twice

Change of Base
Let logbP = x and this means P = bx
LogcP = logcbx = x logcb
If x logcb = logcP
x = logcP
logc b
:. logcP = logcP
logcb
Example:
Shows that logab x logba = 1
Logab = logcb
logca
Logba = logca
logcb
:. logab x logba = logcb x logca
logca + logcb = 1

Evaluation
Solve (i) Log3 (x2 + 7x + 21) = 2 (ii) Log10 (x2 – 3x + 12) = 1
(iii) 52x+1 - 26(5x) + 5 = 0 find the value of x

Logarithm of numbers greater than one

Numbers such as 1000 can be converted to its power of ten in the form 10n where n can be term as the
number of times the decimal point is shifted to the front of the first significant figure i.e. 10000 = 10 4
Number Power of 10
100 102
10 101
1 100

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0.01 10-3
0.10 10-1
Note: One tenth; one hundredth, etc. are expressed as negative powers of 10 because the decimal
point is shifted to the right while that of whole numbers are shifted to the left to be after the first
significant figure.
A number in the form A x 10n, where A is a number between 1 and 10 i.e. 1 < A < 10 and n is an
integer is said to be in standard form e.g. 3.835 x 103 and 8.2 x 10-5 are numbers in standard form.

Examples
Express the following in standard form
1) 7853 2) 382 3) 0.387 4) 0.00104
Solution
1) 7853 = 7.853 x 103
2) 382 = 3.82 x 102
3) 0.387 = 3.87 x 10-1
4) 0.00104 = 1.04 x 10-3

Base ten logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 is raised to give that number e.g.
628000 = 6.28 x105
628000 = 100.7980 x 105
= 100.7980 + 5
= 105.7980
Log 628000 = 5.7980

Integer Fraction (mantissa)

If a number is in its standard form, its power is its integer i.e. the integer of its logarithm e.g. log 7853
has integer 3 because 7853 = 7.853 x 103
Examples: Use tables (log) to find the complete logarithm of the following numbers.
(a) 80030 (b) 8 (c) 135.80
Solution:
(a) 80030 = 4.9033
(b) 8 = 0.9031
(c) 13580 = 2.1329

Multiplication and Division of number greater than one using logarithm

To multiply and divide numbers using logarithms, first express the number as logarithm and then
apply the addition and subtraction laws of indices to the logarithms. Add the logarithm when
multiplying and subtract when dividing.
Examples: Evaluate using logarithm.

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1. 4627 x 29.3
2. 8198 ÷ 3.905
3. 48.63 x 8.53
15.39

Solutions
1. 4627 x 29.3
No Log
4627 3.6653
29.3 + 1.4669
Antilog → 135600 5.1322

 4627 x 29.3 = 135600

To find the Antilog of the log 5.1322 use the antilogarithm table:
Check 13 under 2 diff 2 (add the value of the difference) the number is 0.1356. To place the decimal
point at the appropriate place, add one to the integer of the log i.e. 5 + 1 = 6 then shift the decimal point
of the antilog figure to the right (positive) in 6 places.

= 135600

2. 819.8 x 3.905
No Log
819.8 2.9137
3.905 0.5916
antilog →209.9 2.3221

 819.8 ÷ 3.905 = 209.9

3. 48.63 x 8.53
15.39
No Log
48.63 1.6869
8.53 +0.9309
2.6178
÷ 15.39 -1.1872
antilog → 26.95 1.4306

 48.63 ÷ 8.53 = 26.96

15.39
Evaluation:
1. Use table to find the complete logarithm of the following:

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(a) 183 (b) 89500 (c) 10.1300 (d) 7

2 Use logarithm to calculate. 3612 x 750.9

113.2 x 9.98

Using logarithm to solve problems with powers and root (numbers greater than one).
Examples:
Evaluate
(a) 3.533 (b) 4 40000 (c) 94100 x 38.2
5.683 x 8.14 correct to 2s.f.

Solution
No. Log_____
3.533 0.5478 x 3
44.00 1.6434

 3.533 = 44.00

(b) 4 4000

No. Log_____

4 4000 3.6021 ÷ 4

7.952 0.9005

 4 4000 = 7.952

(c) 94100 x 38.2

5.6833 x 8.14

Find the single logarithm representing the numerator and the single logarithm representing the
denominator, subtract the logarithm then find the antilog.
(Numerator – Denominator).

No Log

94100 4.9736 ÷ 2 = 2.4868

38.2 1.5821
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Numerator 4.0689 → 4.0689

5.683 0.7543 x 3 = 2.2629
8.14 0.9106
Denominator 3.1735 → 3.1735
7.859 0.8954

 94100 x 38.2 = 7.859

5.683 x 8.14
 7.9 (2. sf)
Evaluation:
Evaluate using logarithm.
95.3 x 318.4
1.295 x 2.03

Logarithm of number less than one

To find the logarithm of number less than one, use negative power of 10 e.g.
0.037 = 3.7 x 10-2
10 0.5682 x 10-2
10 0.5682 + (-2)
10-2 5682
Log 0.037 = 2 . 5682

2 . 5682

Integer decimal fraction (mantissa)

Example:
Find the complete log of the following.
(a) 0.004863 (b) 0.853 (c) 0.293

Solution
Log 0.004863 = 3.6369
Log 0.0853 = 2.9309
Log 0.293 = 1.4669

Evaluation
1. Find the logarithm of the following:
(a) 0.064 (b) 0.002 (c) 0.802

Using logarithm to evaluate problems of Multiplication, Division, Powers and roots with numbers
less than One

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Examples:
1. 0.6735 x 0.928 2. 0.005692  0.0943 3. 0.61043

4. 4 0.00083 5. 3 0.06642
Solution
1. 0.6735 x 0.928
No. Log.___
0.6735 1.8283
0.928 1.9675
0.6248 1.7958

 0.6735 x 0.928 = 0.6248

2. 0.005692  0.0943
No Log
0.005692 3.7553
 0.0943 2.9745
0.06037 2.7808

3. 0.61043
No Log_____
0.61043 1.7856 x 3
0.2274 1.3568
 0.6104 3
= 0.2274

 0.005692  0.943 = 0.6037

4. 4 0.00083

No. Log._____

4 0.00083 4.9191  4
0.1697 1.2298

 4 0.06642 = 0.1697

5. 3 0.6642

No. Log.____________

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3 0.6642 2.8223  3
2.1 + 1 + 0.8223  3
3+ 1 .8223  3
1+ 0.6074
0.405 1.6074

3
0.6642 = 0.405

Note: 3 cannot divide 2 therefore subtract 1 from the negative integer and add 1 to the positive decimal
fraction so as to have 3 which is divisible by 3 without remainder.

Evaluation:
Evaluate using logarithm tables:
(1) √12.3 x 0.00343
132.5
(2) 23.97 x 0.7124
3.877 x 52.18

General Evaluation
1. Solve the logarithmic equation: Log4 (x2 + 6x + 11) = ½
2. Log2 (x2- 2) =log2(x-1) + 1

3. Evaluate 5 (0.1684)3

4. 6.28 x 304
981
5. 163/2 x 82/3
321/5

Reading Assignment: Further Mathematics Project Book 1(New third edition). Chapter 2 pg.10- 16

Weekend Assignment
1.) If log81/64 = x, find the value of x (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) -3 (d) -4.
2.) Solve 9(1 - x) = (1/27) x+1 (a) -5 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) ½

CHANGE OF BASE

Let log b p=x , then p=b x

log c p=x log c b

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log c p
x=
log c b

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log c p
log b p= WEEK 7
log c b
TOPIC: LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS AND DIFFERENTIATION FROM THE
FIRST PRINCIPLE
Behavioral objective: Students should be able to
- Define the limit of a function at a given point.
- Use properties of a limit.
- Differentiate from first principle.

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Let us consider the behavior of the simple quadratic function f ( x )=x 2 at 3.1,3.01,3.001,3.0001…3 +
−n −n
10 . We summarize the values of f ( x ) at 3 + 10 , n=1 ,2 , 3 , 4 …
In the table below.

2
x f ( x )=x
3.1 9.61
3.01 9.061
3.001 9.006001
3.0001 9.00060001
3.00001 9.0000600001
As the sequence moves closer to 3, the corresponding sequence generated from f ( x )=x 2 comes closer
to 9. We may also consider the function f ( x )=x 2 behaves at the values
x=2.9 , 2.99 , 2.999 ,2.9999 … 3−10 . We summarize the values of f ( x ) at 3 + 10 , n=1 ,2 , 3 , 4 …
−n −n

In the table below.

2
x f ( x )=x
2.9 8.41
2.99 8.9401
2.999 8.994001
2.9999 8.99940001
2.99999 8.9999400001
As the sequence moves closer to 3, the corresponding sequence generated from f ( x )=x 2 comes closer
to 9.

We say that the sequence 3.1,3.01,3.001,3.0001…3 + 10−n approaches 3 from the right while the
sequence 2.9 , 2.99 ,2.999 , 2.9999 … 3−10−n approaches 3 from the left , as x approaches 3 from the
right or from the left f(x) approaches 9. We call the limiting value of f(x) as x approaches 3, and we
write it as lim f ( x )=9 .
x →3
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We denote the limiting value of f(x) as x approaches 3 from the right by x→ 3lim ¿ which is called the
+¿
f ( x )= 9 ¿

right-hand limit or [Link] denote the limiting value of f(x) as x approaches 3 from the left by
lim ¿ which is called the left-hand limit or L.H.L.
−¿
x→ 3 f ( x ) =9 ¿

Properties of Limits
We state without proofs properties of limits as follows:
i. The limit of a constant is the constant itself, i.e.

lim k=k
x →a

ii. The limit of a sum of a finite number of functions is the sum of their respective limits, i.e.

lim [ f 1 ( x )+ f 2 ( x )+ … f n ( x ) ]
x →a

¿ lim f 1 ( x )+ ¿ lim f 2 ( x ) +… lim f n ( x ) ¿

x→ a x→a x→ a

iii. The limit of a difference of two functions is the difference of their limits, i.e.,

lim [ f 1 ( x )−f 2 ( x ) ]=¿ lim f 1 ( x )−¿ lim f 2 ( x ) ¿ ¿

x →a x →a x→ a

iv. The limit of the sum of a finite number of functions is equal to the sum of their respective
limits i.e.,

lim [ f 1 ( x ) . f 2 ( x ) +… f n ( x ) ]
x →a

¿ lim f 1 ( x ) . lim f 2 ( x ) … lim f n ( x )

x→ a x→ a x→ a

v. The limit of the quotient function is equal to the quotient of their limits provided the
limit of the divisor is not equal to zero, i.e.,
lim f ( x )
f 1 ( x ) x→ a 1
lim = ,(lim f 2 ( x ) ≠ 0)
x →a f 2 ( x ) lim f 2 ( x ) x→ a
x→ a
vi. Limit of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of the constant and
the limit of the function
lim kf ( x )=k lim f ( x ) .
x →a x →a

Example 1
3 2
Evaluate lim (6 x −3 x +5 x +7)
x →0

solution

3 2
lim (6 x −3 x +5 x +7)
x →0
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3 2
¿ lim 6 x −lim 3 x +lim 5 x +lim 7
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0

¿ 0−0+0+7
¿7
Example 2
2
x −9
Evaluate lim
x →0 x−3
solution
2
x −9 (x−3)( x +3)
lim =lim
x →3 x−3 x→ 3 x−3
¿ lim x+3 ; x ≠3
x →3
¿ lim x+ lim 3
x →3 x →3

¿ 3+3
¿6
Example 3

( )
3 2
x +5 x +3 x +2
Evaluate lim 3
x→ ∞ x + 4 x +6
solution

( )
3 2
x +5 x +3 x +2
lim 3
x→ ∞ x + 4 x +6
¿ lim ¿
x→ ∞
¿ lim ¿
x→ ∞
lim 5 lim 3 lim 2
x→ ∞ x→∞
x→ ∞
lim 1+ + + 3 2
x →∞ x x x
¿
lim 4 lim 6
x →∞ x→∞
lim 1+ 2 + 3
x→∞ x x
1+ 0+0+0
¿
1+0+ 0
1
¿
1
¿1
Some Important Limits
Some important limits are:

i. lim
x →0 x( )
sin x
=1

lim (1+ ) =e
x
1
ii.
x→ ∞ x
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1
x
iii. lim ( 1+ x ) =e
x→ ∞

( )
x
a −1
iv. lim x
=1
x →0 a

( )
x
e −1
v. lim =1
x →0 x

vi. lim
x →0 x( )
1+ x
=1

( )
n n
x +a n−1
vii. lim =n a .
x →0 x−a
Continuity of a function
A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x=a if and only if the following conditions are satisfied:
a. f (x) is defined at x=a i.e f (a) exists.
b. If lim f ( x ) exists.
x →a

c. lim f ( x ), the limit of the function as x approaches a is equal to the value of the function at x=a .
x →a

DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Suppose the point P is fixed and the point Q is allowed to move closer and closer to P along the curve,
then as Q moves closer to P, ∆ x becomes smaller and smaller and gets closer and closer to zero(but not
equal to zero).
We call ∆ x the increment in x . As Q approaches P, the gradient of the secant gets closer to the gradient
of the tangent at P.
As ∆ x → 0 the function
f ( x+ ∆ x )−f (x)
g ( x )= is called the gradient function of y=f (x ).
∆x
We call g, (x) the limiting value of g ( x ) . We write this limiting value as
f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )
lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x
And we denote this by F ' (x), i.e.
' f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )
f ( x )=
∆x
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We call f ' ( x )the derivative of f (x) with respect to x . Again consider the function y=f (x )
.
As small change in x produces a small change in y. So if x increases by ∆ x then we can
also say that y increases by ∆ y . Hence if

y=f (x )
y + ∆ y=f (x+ ∆ x)
Therefore,
( y + ∆ y )− y=f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x)
∆ y f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x)
=
∆x ∆x
∆ y f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )
lim =
∆ x→ 0 ∆ x ∆x
∆y dy
If we denote the expression lim by then
∆ x→ 0 ∆ x dx
dy ∆ y f ( x+ ∆ x )−f (x)
= lim =
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆ x ∆x

dy dy
is the limiting value of the gradient of the secant PQ as Q gets closer and closer to P. is called the
dx dx
differential coefficient of y with respect to x .
dy
is read dee− y −dee−x .
dx
Differentiation from First Principle
For differential coefficient of x n
∆ y dy
lim =
∆ x→ 0 ∆ x dx
n
Hence, if y=x
dy n−1
Then =n x
dx
Example
Find the derivative of y=x 2 from first principle.
Let f (x)=x2
dy f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x)
Applying = lim
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x
2
f ( x + ∆ x ) =( x +∆ x )
2
¿ x + 2 x ∆ x +¿
2 2
f ( x + ∆ x ) −f ( x )=( x +∆ x ) −x
2
¿ x + 2 x ∆ x +¿
¿ 2 x ∆ x +¿
f ( x+ ∆ x )−f (x)
=2 x ∆ x+ ¿ ¿
∆x
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¿ 2 x+ ∆ x
f ( x +∆ x )−f (x )
lim = lim 2 x + ∆ x
∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆x →0

∆ x vanishes as ∆ x →0 ,
dy
=2 x
dx
1
Example 2: Find the derivative of y= from first principle.
x

1
Let f (x)= x
dy f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x)
Applying = lim
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x

1
f ( x +∆ x )=
x +∆ x
1 1
f ( x + ∆ x ) −f ( x )= −
x+ ∆ x x
x−(x−∆ x)
¿
x( x+ ∆ x)
−∆ x
¿ 2
x +x ∆ x
f ( x+ ∆ x )−f (x) −∆ x 1
= 2 ×
∆x x +x ∆ x ∆ x
−1
¿ 2
x +x ∆ x
lim −1
f ( x +∆ x )−f (x ) ∆ x→ 0
lim = 2
∆ x→ 0 ∆x x +x ∆ x

∆ x vanishes as ∆ x →0 ,
dy −1
=
dx x2
The derivative of a constant is zero.
EVALUATION
Find the derivative of the following using first principle.
(1). y=3 x 2 +4 (2). y=x 3−2 x 2 +2 x −5

GENERAL EVALUATION
4
lim x +5 x
1. Evaluate i. ∆ x → 0 2 ii. ∆lim
x→ 2
3 x+ 7
x +3
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2. Differentiate from the first principle y=3 x 3

3. Find the gradient function of y=x 2 +3 x+ 1.
4. Differentiate y=5 x 4 +7 x 3 +6 x 2 – 9 x+ 4 .