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Ir; THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
--J Parts of Human Eye
Cornea Iris Pupil Ciliary muscles
1,
1
Transparent
spherical membrane
The dark
muscular
• A hole in the •
middle of the iris
covering the front o diaphragm that that regulates the Iris
the eye through controls the amount of light Pupil
which light enters. size of the entering the eye. Cornea
pupil.
Ciliary Muscles
•
Vitreous humor
Transparent crystalline lens that
provides proper adjustment of The screen on - The ciliary muscles can modify
focal length required to focus which the image is the curvature of the lens.
objects. formed by the - Relaxation of ciliary muscles ➔
lens system of the lens becomes thin ➔ focal
human eye. length increases.
Power of Accomodation
- Contraction of ciliary muscles
➔ lens becomes thick ➔ focal
The ability of the eye lens to see far off and
length decreases.
nearby objects by adjusting its focal length.
- For young adults with normal vision THE HUMAN EYE
• Near point (least distance of distinct vision): AND THE COLOURFUL
25 cm WORLD
• Far point: Infinity
• Range of vision: 25 cm to infinity
.......
I
.....-{ ~·----- ----- -----
~- ";]'""
~r:r..,-:,'i\. ~~; Presbyopia
Cannot see far away objects clearly. Cannot see ne~'• t;~- {'bjects clearly. With age, the power of accommodation
declines, causing presbyopia.
-----H4-+: :1'"----i Retina Causes of Defect
Rays from distant object
- Gradual weakening of ciliary
muscles and diminishing
•
Causes of Defect Causes of Defect ) flexibility of eye lens .
- Reduction in the power of
- Elongation of the eyeball. - Shortening of the eyeball. accommodation of the eye due
- Shortening of the focal length of the - Increase in the focal length of the to old age.
eye lens. eye lens.
Correction of Defect
Correction of Defect Correction of Defect - A person suffering from presbyopia
can also suffer from myopia in such
cases bi-focal lenses are prescribed by
- Myopia or short-sightedness is - Hypermetrop ia or far-sightedness is
corrected by the use of a concave lens. correcte~ by the use of a convex lens. the doctor. In which
• the upper portion contains a
concave lens to see distant objects
Far 01nt _- - - Norm_a~n -~~~oint .
Retina
N' e - -N•- _ _ Retina
and,
Rays from
Near point of • the lower portion includes a
distant object
defective eye convex lens to see nearby objects.
Xam idea
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
Definition
Recombination of the Rainbow
Spectrum of White Light
fhe splitting of white light into i_ts constituent
colours (VIBGY~R) by a refractmg medium. If a sec?nd identical prism is A natural spectrum formed due
.. Violet light deviates the most, red the least. placed 10:erted with respect to to dispersion, refraction, and
th e first, 1t recombines the
fhe band of the coloured components of a internal reflection of sunlight in
.. light beam is called its spectrum. ~ispersed colours to form white the water droplets.
hght again.
A White screen
s
Incident white
s light .....__-.iiiiiii;;;~~~ Internal
reflection
Glass prism
Violet
Screen
First prism R p•
Red Refraction
Wthite light splits
in o seven colours
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
' Definition Twinkling of Stars Advanced Sunrise and
Dela ed Sunset
The phenomenon of refraction Due to atmospheric refraction the The Sun becomes visible
caused by the variation of refractive srars rtppear slightly shifted from even when it is below the
index of air (refracting medium) ii: •. ·::· :lctual position and their horizon due to atmospheric
the atmosphere. '" keeps changing making refraction extending daylight
- Atmosphere is made of layers of . :"·d.!e in the sky. by about 4 minutes.
air and the temperature of these
layers vary gradually.
Definition Tyndall Effect Blue Colour of Sky Red Colour of Danger
Signal Lights
Deflection of light in Scattering of light by the When sunlight passes through Red light has the longest
different directions when it colloidal particles is called the atmosphere, particles in the air wavelength, it undergoes the
interacts with particles Tyndall effect. scatter the blue light more least scattering and remains
suspended in a medium. - When a fine beam of strongly than red light. The concentrated around the
sunlight enters a scattered blue light enters our signal, making it more visible.
smoke-filled room scattering eyes making the sky appear
of light makes the path of blue.
beam visible.
ST. COLUMBUS SCHOOL
DAYAL BAGH, FARIDABAD
CLASS-X
PHYSICS
QUESTIONS BANK (2025-26)
CHAPTER-2 HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
1. Name the part of the human eye that helps in changing the focal length of the eye lens.
2. What is the range of vision of a normal human eye?
3. Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the curvature of
the eye lens which enables us to see the nearby objects clearly?
4. Write the function of each of the following parts of human eye:
(i) Cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Crystalline lens (iv) Ciliary muscles
5. List two differences in the characteristic properties of the virtual images formed by the
two types of spherical lenses (concave and convex). How are these characteristics of
the two lenses used to correct the two common defects of vision, namely myopia and
hypermetropia?
6. A person is unable to see a poster fixed on a distant wall clearly. He, however, sees it
clearly when standing at a distance of about 2 m from the wall.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by his lens when he is far away
from the wall.
(b) List two possible reasons of this defect of vision.
(c) Draw ray diagram to show the correction of this defect using appropriate lens.
7. State reasons for myopia. With the help of ray diagrams, show the
(a) Image formation by a myopic eye, and
(b) Correction of myopia using an appropriate lens.
8. Debashree is using a 5 cm lens in the laboratory as a magnifying glass. Her least
distance of distinct vision is 25 cm.
(a) What is the magnification obtained by using the glass?
(b) She kept a book at a distance of 10 cm from her eyes and tries to read. She is, however,
unable to read. What is the reason for this?
(c) Ravi kept a book at a distance of 10 cm from the eyes of his friend Hari. However, Hari
is not able to read anything written in the book. Give reasons for this.
9. A student needs spectacles of power -0.5 D for the correction of his vision.
(a) Name the defect in vision the student is suffering from.
(b) Find the nature and focal length of the corrective lens.
(c) List two causes of this defect.
10. Due to the gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye
lens a certain defect of vision arises. Write the name of this defect. Name the type of
lens required by such persons to improve the vision. Explain the structure and function
of such lens.
11. A person is unable to see objects distinctly placed within 75 cm from their eyes.
(a) Name the defect of vision the person is suffering from.
(b) List its two possible causes.
(c) Calculate the power of the lens needed to correct this defect. Assume that the near point
for the normal eye is 25 cm.
12. A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the blackboard placed at a
distance of approximately 3 m from him. Name the defect of vision the boy is suffering
from. State the possible causes of this defect and explain the method of correcting it.
13. Why do stars twinkle? Explain.
14. A student sitting at the back bench in a class has difficulty in reading. What could be
his defect of vision? Draw a diagram to illustrate the image formation of the blackboard
when he sets in the (i) back seat (ii) front seat. State two possible causes of this defect.
Explain the method of correcting this defect with the help of ray diagram.
15. (a) A student suffering from myopia is not able to see distinctly the object placed beyond
5m. List two possible reasons due to which this defect of vision may have arisen. With
the help of ray diagrams, explain.
(i) Why the student is unable to see distinctly the objects placed beyond 5m from his eyes?
(ii) The type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision and how this defect is
corrected by the use of this lens.
(b ) If in this case the numerical value of focal length of the corrective length is 5m, find
the power of the lens as per the new cartesian sign convention.
16. The colour of clear sky from the earth appears blue but from the space it appears black.
Why?
17. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Red traffic signals can be seen from a very long distance.
(b) Stars appear to be slightly higher than their actual position.
18. How will you use two identical prisms so that a narrow beam of white light incident on
one prism emerges out of the second prism as white light? Draw the diagram.
19. State the phenomena observed in the given diagram. Explain with reference to the
diagram, which of the two lights mentioned below will have a higher wavelength?
20.
A student observes the above phenomenon in the lab as a white light passes through a prism.
Among many other colours, he observed the position of the two colours red and Violet.
What is the phenomenon called? What is the reason for the Violet light to band more than
the red light?
21. Is student race the path of a ray of light through a glass prism as shown in the diagram,
but leaves it incomplete and unlabelled. Redraw and complete the diagram. Also label
on it ∠i, ∠e, ∠r and ∠D.
22. In the figure given below, a narrow of white light is shown to pass through a triangular
prism. After passing through the prism, it produces a spectrum XY on the screen.
(a) Name the phenomenon.
(b) State the colours scene at X&Y.
(c) Why do different colours of white light bend at different angles through a prism?
23. Define the term ‘dispersion’ of white light. State the colour which bends (i) the most
(ii)
the least while passing through a glass prism. Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of
white light.
24. What is a rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to show the formation of a rainbow.
25. Why is Tyndall effect shown by colloidal particles? State four instances of observing the
Tyndall effect.
26. Differentiate between a glass slab and a glass prism. What happens when a narrow beam
of (i) a monochromatic light and (ii) white light passing through (a) glass slab and (b) glass
prism?
27. What is the atmospheric refraction? Use this phenomenon to explain the following natural
events:
(a) Twinkling of stars
(b) Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset. Draw diagrams to illustrate your answers.
MCQs
28. In human eye, the part which allows light enter into the eye is:
(a) Retina (b) Pupil (c ) Eye lens (d) Cornea
29. The phenomenon of light involved in the formation of rainbow are:
(a) Refraction, dispersion and scattering
(b) Refraction, reflection and dispersion
(c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection
(d) Reflection, dispersion and total internal reflection
30. The change in the focal length of an eye lens in human beings is caused by the
action of:
(a) optic nerves (b) ciliary muscles (c)retina (d) cornea
31. When light enters the atmosphere, it strikes on extremely fine particles which
deflect the rays of light in all possible directions, this is due to:
(a) reflection of light (b) atmospheric refraction
(c) scattering of light (d) dispersion of light
32. When we enter a dark room coming from outside, immediately the things inside
the room do not appear clear to our eyes. This is because:
(a) pupils do not open at all in the dark
(b) pupils take time to adjust
(c) light travel slower in a dark room
(d) pupils open very quickly in the dark
33. The phenomenon of light responsible for the working of the human eye is:
(a) reflection (b) refraction
(c) power of accommodation (d) persistence of vision
34. A person cannot see distinctly objects kept beyond 2m. This defect can be
corrected by using a lens of power:
(a) +0.5 D. (b) -0.5 D. (c) +0.2 D. (d) -0.2 D
35. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal
length of the eye lens. This is due to:
(a) presbyopia (b) accommodation
(c) nearsightedness (d) Farsightedness
ASSERTION-REASON
36. Assertion (A): In hypermetropic person prefers to remove his spectacles,
while driving.
Reason (R): When a hypermetropic person wearing the spectacle looks at a
distant object, the parallel rays from the distant object get converge
in front of the retina. The image thus appears blurred.
37. Assertion (A): The Eye lens has the ability to focus clearly on the retina by
adjusting its focal length.
Reason (R): This phenomenon is known as power of accommodation.
38. Assertion (A): A beam of white light gives a spectrum on passing through a
glass prism.
Reason (R): Speed of light outside the prism is different from the speed of light
inside the prism.
39. Assertion (A): In myopia, the image of distant objects is formed in front of the
retina.
Reason (R): The far point of a myopic eye is less than infinity.
40. Assertion (A): Hypermetropia causes difficulty in seeing nearby objects clearly.
Reason (R): The near point of the eye moves away from 25 cm in
hypermetropia.