HOUSING
MODULE 1 | 19AR06004 | SEMESTER: VI | BATCH : A | SCMS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING
HOUSING
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs
•Physiological needs: Basic needs like food, water,
shelter, sleep.
•Safety needs: Security, stability, protection from harm.
•Love and belonging needs: Feeling accepted,
intimate relationships, friendships
•Esteem needs: Self-respect, recognition, status
•Self-actualization needs: Achieving one's full
potential, creativity
HOUSING
• Basic need of life
• Physical structure providing shelter
• Living accommodation available for
inhabitants of a community
• Household size: No of persons living
together in one house
HOUSING
HOUSING
• Improves both working and living
environments, increased levels of
productivity as well as health and well-
being of the inhabitants.
• It entails provision of sheltered environment
with basic services such as water, sanitation
facilities etc.
• The form of housing depends on multiple
factors such as physical factors, building
material and construction, security,
economical aspect, and socio-cultural
factors.
HOUSING – BASIC FUNCTIONS
• Housing provides protection from environmental elements such as heat, cold, rain, wind, and other
natural conditions. It also offers safety from potential external threats.
• It is a space where individuals or families carry out essential daily activities like eating, sleeping, and
relaxing. Housing allows for privacy and undisturbed interaction among family members
• Proper housing contributes to physical and mental health by ensuring clean water supply, sanitation
facilities, ventilation, and protection from pollutants or hazards
• Housing can serve as an asset or investment for individuals and families. Affordable housing impacts
access to education, employment opportunities, and overall economic security
• Housing fosters social stability by providing a base for community interactions and cultural practices.
It shapes social networks and influences access to services like healthcare and education
• Housing helps regulate body temperature by shielding occupants from extreme weather
conditions—keeping them warm in winter or cool in summer
HOUSING STANDARDS
HOUSING STANDARDS IN INDIA DEPENDS ON
HOUSING
HOUSING
HOUSING – typologies
Census of India classified the
houses in to three categories:
• pucca,
• semi-pucca
• kutcha.
Note: Pdf on housing typologies
HOUSING – typologies – based on income
Note: [Link]
HOUSING AND FAMILY WELL BEING
Factors Influence on Housing Choice
Physical and • Poor-quality housing, such as damp conditions or lack of heating, is linked to
Mental Health health issues like respiratory diseases and mental health challenges. Families in
such environments often experience higher stress levels, which can lead to
depression and anxiety
• Stable and safe housing reduces risks of chronic illnesses and psychological
strain, providing a secure environment for families to thrive
Child Development • Housing quality and stability are directly tied to children's emotional, social,
and educational outcomes. Frequent relocations or substandard housing can
disrupt schooling and lead to behavioral issues
• Children raised in stable homes show better academic performance and
fewer psychological problems, as they benefit from a secure and nurturing
environment
Parenting and • Inadequate housing increases parental stress, leading to strained relationships
Family Dynamics within families.
• Parents in poor housing conditions often report more conflict with their
children and partners, which negatively affects family cohesion
HOUSING AND FAMILY WELL BEING
Factors Influence on Housing Choice
Physical and • Affordable housing allows families to allocate resources toward other
Mental Health essential needs like education, healthcare, and nutrition. On the other hand,
high housing costs force trade-offs that can harm overall family well-being
• Secure homeownership also serves as a source of wealth accumulation for
families, contributing to long-term financial stability
Child Development • Housing in supportive neighborhoods enhances social capital by fostering
community interactions and access to resources like schools and healthcare
facilities.
• Families in disorderly or unsafe neighborhoods often feel isolated or unsafe,
impacting their overall well-being
SOCIO-ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING
• Socio-economic factors such as income, family size, and location shape housing choices and market
dynamics.
• Environmental factors like indoor air quality, energy efficiency, and access to green spaces influence
both the health of occupants and the sustainability of housing.
• Addressing these factors holistically is essential for creating equitable, healthy, and sustainable living
environments.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING
Factors Influence on Housing Choice Impact on Housing Market
Income • Income is a primary determinant of whether an • Economic growth and rising incomes increase
individual can afford to buy or rent a home. demand for housing, potentially driving up
• It affects the ability to secure a mortgage and prices.
meet monthly payments or rent costs. • Conversely, economic downturns reduce
• Higher incomes allow for more expensive housing demand as incomes decline
housing options, while lower incomes limit
choices to more affordable options
Family size • Larger families require more space, influencing • Changes in family size can affect housing
the choice of housing type. demand.
• For example, a larger family might opt for a • Growing families may seek larger homes,
single-family home or a spacious apartment to while smaller families might prefer smaller
accommodate their needs units.
Family • Different stages of family life have distinct • Life events such as marriage, divorce, or
stage housing needs. retirement can influence housing transitions
• For instance, families with young children may and demand for specific types of housing
prioritize homes with outdoor spaces and
proximity to schools, while retirees might prefer
smaller, low-maintenance homes
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING
Factors Influence on Housing Choice Impact on Housing Market
Personal • Personal preferences regarding exterior • Trends in personal preferences can drive
preferenc design, outdoor space, layout, interior demand for specific housing styles or
e decor, and views significantly influence amenities, affecting market dynamics
housing choices.
• Individuals may prioritize certain features
based on lifestyle or aesthetic preferences
Special • Housing choices are influenced by special • The availability of accessible housing can
needs needs, such as physical disabilities requiring impact the market by creating demand
accessible homes like bungalows with for specialized housing options
ramps
Location • Location affects housing costs
and Urbanization and changes in local
investment value. economies can shift housing demand and
prices based on location
• Homes in urban areas tend to be more
expensive due to proximity to amenities
and job opportunities
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING
Factors Influence on Housing Choice
Indoor • Factors like ventilation, air quality, and thermal comfort directly affect residents'
Environmental health and well-being.
Quality
• Poor IEQ can lead to respiratory issues and mental health problems
Energy Efficiency • Energy-efficient homes reduce greenhouse gas emissions and operational
and Climate Impact costs.
• Sustainable designs, such as solar panels or green roofs, mitigate climate
change effects while enhancing housing performance.
Green Spaces • Access to green spaces enhances mental health by reducing stress and
promoting physical activity
Environmental • Housing must adapt to local climate conditions (e.g., insulation in cold areas,
Hazards flood-resistant designs in flood-prone regions) to ensure safety and comfort.
• Natural hazards like storms, floods, and erosion can damage housing and
reduce its longevity, requiring resilient construction methods
HOUSING SHORTAGE
➢ A housing shortage occurs when the
supply of housing units fails to meet the
demand, leading to rising prices and
reduced affordability.
➢ This imbalance can lead to rising housing
costs, overcrowding, and increased
homelessness.
HOUSING SHORTAGE
HOUSING SHORTAGE
HOUSING SHORTAGE – POPULATION GROWTH
HOUSING SHORTAGE - MIGRATION
HOUSING SHORTAGE - MIGRATION
HOUSING SHORTAGE – HIGH BIRTH RATES
HOUSING SHORTAGE – COMPTETING LAND USE
HOUSING SHORTAGE – LIMITED LAND SUPPLY
HOUSING SHORTAGE – LIMITED LAND SUPPLY
HOUSING SHORTAGE – CALCULATION
[Link]
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Need is based on necessity:
•Even if someone cannot afford housing, they
still have a basic need for shelter.
Demand is based on ability to purchase:
•Housing demand is only present when
individuals have the financial means to acquire
housing.
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The determinants of housing demand are
diverse and can be categorized into several
key areas: economic, social,
and demographic factors.
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The determinants of housing demand are
diverse and can be categorized into several
key areas: economic, social,
and demographic factors.
Economic factors
• Affordability
• Mortgage availability Social factors
• Economic growth
• Cost of renting • Consumer confidence Demographic factors
• Government policies
• Population growth
• Household size
• Demographic changes
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
HOUSING – SUPPLY AND DEMAND
[Link]
supply-for-housing
HOUSING – AFFORDABILITY
Affordability in housing is significantly influenced by household size and income.
[Link]
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[Link]
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN INDIA
[Link]
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN INDIA
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN INDIA
AFFORDABLE HOUSING
• Affordable housing means the housing units which are
affordable to the lower income
groups and sections of society to buy or to live in.
• Affordable housing can be achieved through
the Appropriate Design Strategies, Proper
management skills and techniques done by the
Architects before starting the project so engineers and
contractors can get idea how they to set
the approach for the Affordable Housing.
• Affordable housing does not mean affordability of the
house for the buyer but it also means the Construction,
maintenance, operational cost.
• Construction cost can be controlled by the Time,
Material and Labour Management and must
also affordable to the developer or Government with
the help some new construction techniques
and materials operational cost can be controlled by
which buyer will be satisfied.
HOUSEHOLD
• A "household" is a group of people who live
together in the same dwelling unit and share
common living arrangements, including food,
shelter, and other essentials, essentially considered
as a single economic unit.
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
1. Housing Needs: Larger households typically
require larger living spaces.
2. Economic Impact: Household income and
expenditure patterns vary based on size.
3. Demographic Analysis: Crucial for population
studies and policy planning.
4. Healthcare Considerations: Different needs arise
depending on household composition (e.g.,
presence of young children, elderly individuals).
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLD SIZE
1. Fertility Rates – Higher birth rates lead to larger
households.
2. Migration Patterns – Movement of individuals
affects household composition.
3. Cultural Norms – Traditions may dictate multi-
generational living.
4. Economic Conditions – Financial stability
influences family structure.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLD SIZE
1. Fertility Rates – Higher birth rates lead to larger
households.
2. Migration Patterns – Movement of individuals
affects household composition.
3. Cultural Norms – Traditions may dictate multi-
generational living.
4. Economic Conditions – Financial stability
influences family structure.
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
Housing plays a pivotal role in the national economy, contributing to economic growth, employment,
and fiscal stability.
1. Contribution to GDP
• The real estate and construction sector
contributes 7-8% to India's GDP and is
expected to reach 13% by 2025.
• Housing stimulates over 250 allied industries,
including cement, steel, glass, tiles, paint,
and furniture, boosting economic activity.
• Government initiatives like Smart Cities
Mission and Affordable Housing for All have
expanded housing sector investments.
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
2. Employment Generation
• The housing sector is the second-largest employment generator
after agriculture.
• It supports construction workers, architects, engineers, interior
designers, and suppliers.
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
3. Urbanization & Infrastructure Development
• Rapid urbanization (projected 40% of India's
population in urban areas by 2030) increases the
demand for housing.
• Encourages development of roads, water supply,
electricity, and transport networks.
• Livability is a multifaceted concept that reflects
the quality of life in urban environments. It involves
a broad range of factors, including safety, access
to healthcare and education, efficient public
transportation, environmental sustainability, and
social cohesion.
• A truly livable city fosters an environment where
residents can not only meet their basic needs but
also thrive, enjoying a well-rounded lifestyle with
access to green spaces, cultural amenities, and
recreational facilities.
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
4. Investment & Financial Growth
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in real estate
contributes significantly to the economy.
• Growth of the housing finance sector (banks,
NBFCs, and housing loan providers) promotes
financial inclusion.
ROLE OF HOUSING IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
5. Affordable Housing & Government Policies
• Schemes like PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana)
boost economic activity by increasing housing
stock.
• Subsidies and tax benefits encourage
homeownership, enhancing financial stability.
GLOBAL HOUSING SCENARIO
[Link]
• [Link]
HABITAT AGENDA
[Link]
• [Link]