What are the three main quantities related to the 'Mole' in the Y-Map, and how are

they interconnected? [Page 8] | The Y-Map connects 'Mole' at the center with
'Weight' (mass), 'Entities' (particles like atoms, molecules), and 'Volume of gas
at STP'. Weight is converted to moles by dividing by Molar Mass (and vice-versa by
multiplying). Entities are converted to moles by dividing by Avogadro's Number, \
(N_A\) (and vice-versa by multiplying). Volume of gas at STP is converted to moles
by dividing by 22.4 L (or 22.7 L) (and vice-versa by multiplying).
How do you convert from weight (mass) of a substance to moles? [Page 8] | \( \
text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Weight}}{\text{Molar Mass}} \)
How do you convert from moles of a substance to its weight (mass)? [Page 8] | \( \
text{Weight} = \text{Moles} \times \text{Molar Mass} \)
How do you convert from moles to the number of entities (e.g., atoms, molecules)?
[Page 8] | \( \text{Number of Entities} = \text{Moles} \times N_A \) (where \(N_A\)
is Avogadro's number, \(6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ mol}^{-1}\))
How do you convert from the number of entities to moles? [Page 8] | \( \text{Moles}
= \frac{\text{Number of Entities}}{N_A} \)
How do you convert from moles of a gas to its volume at STP? [Page 8] | \( \
text{Volume of gas at STP} = \text{Moles} \times 22.4 \text{ L (or 22.7 L)} \)
How do you convert from the volume of a gas at STP to moles? [Page 8] | \( \
text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Volume of gas at STP}}{22.4 \text{ L (or 22.7 L)}} \)
Hemoglobin contains 0.34% of iron by mass. How would you calculate the number of Fe
atoms in 3.3 g of hemoglobin? (Given: Atomic mass of Fe is 56 u, \(N_A = 6.022 \
times 10^{23} \text{ mol}^{-1}\)) [Page 9] | 1. Calculate the mass of iron: Mass of
Fe = \(0.0034 \times 3.3 \text{ g}\). 2. Calculate moles of Fe: Moles of Fe = \( \
frac{\text{Mass of Fe}}{56 \text{ g/mol}} \). 3. Calculate the number of Fe atoms:
Number of Fe atoms = Moles of Fe \( \times N_A \). (The image shows the answer is \
(1.21 \times 10^{20}\))
How do you calculate the mole % of carbon in methane (\( \ce{CH4} \))? [Page 10] |
In 1 mole of \( \ce{CH4} \), there is 1 mole of C atoms and 4 moles of H atoms.
Total moles of atoms = \(1 + 4 = 5\) moles. Mole % of C = \( \left( \frac{\
text{moles of C}}{\text{total moles of atoms}} \right) \times 100 = \left( \frac{1}
{5} \right) \times 100 = 20\% \).
A protein 'A' contains 0.30% of glycine (molecular weight 75 g/mol) by mass. What
is the minimum molar mass of protein 'A', assuming it contains at least one glycine
molecule? [Page 12] | Let M be the minimum molar mass of protein 'A'. The mass of
glycine in one mole of protein is 75 g. So, \( \frac{75}{M} \times 100 = 0.30 \).
Solving for M: \( M = \frac{75 \times 100}{0.30} = 25000 \text{ g/mol} = 25 \times
10^3 \text{ g/mol} \).
A polystyrene of formula \( \ce{Br3C6H2(C8H8)_n} \) was found to contain 10.46%
bromine by mass. If the atomic mass of Br is 80, how is the value of n calculated?
[Page 14] | The mass of Bromine in the formula is \(3 \times 80 = 240\). The molar
mass of the repeating unit \( \ce{C8H8} \) is \( (8 \times 12) + (8 \times 1) = 96
+ 8 = 104 \). The molar mass of \( \ce{C6H2} \) is \( (6 \times 12) + (2 \times 1)
= 72 + 2 = 74 \). The total molar mass is \( 240 + 74 + (104)n \). The equation is:
\( 10.46 = \frac{240}{240 + 74 + (104)n} \times 100 \). Solving this equation gives
\( n = 19 \).
How do you find the number of nitrogen atoms in 681 g of \( \ce{C7H5N3O6} \)?
(Molar mass of \( \ce{C7H5N3O6} \) is 227 g/mol, \(N_A = 6.02 \times 10^{23} \text{
mol}^{-1}\)) [Page 15] | 1. Moles of Sample = \( \frac{681 \text{ g}}{227 \
text{ g/mol}} = 3 \text{ mol} \). 2. Moles of N atoms = Moles of Sample \( \
times \) (Number of N atoms in one molecule) = \( 3 \text{ mol} \times 3 = 9 \text{
mol} \). 3. Number of N atoms = Moles of N atoms \( \times N_A = 9 \times 6.02 \
times 10^{23} = 54.18 \times 10^{23} = 5418 \times 10^{21} \).
A 1000 gram sample of NaOH contains 3 moles of O atoms. What is the % purity of
NaOH? (Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol) [Page 16] | Since 1 mole of NaOH contains 1
mole of O atoms, 3 moles of O atoms correspond to 3 moles of pure NaOH. Weight of
pure NaOH = \( 3 \text{ mol} \times 40 \text{ g/mol} = 120 \text{ g} \). % Purity
of NaOH = \( \left( \frac{\text{Weight of pure NaOH}}{\text{Total weight of
sample}} \right) \times 100 = \left( \frac{120 \text{ g}}{1000 \text{ g}} \right) \
times 100 = 12\% \).
Insulin contains 3.2% of sulphur by mass. What is the minimum molecular mass of
insulin, assuming at least one sulphur atom per molecule? (Atomic mass of S = 32 u)
[Page 17] | Let M be the minimum molecular mass. If there is one S atom, its mass
is 32 u. So, \( \frac{32}{M} \times 100 = 3.2 \). This gives \( M = \frac{32 \times
100}{3.2} = 1000 \text{ u} \).
A compound has 3.2% of sulphur by mass and contains 2 sulphur atoms per molecule.
What is the molecular mass of the compound? (Atomic mass of S = 32 u) [Page 18] |
Mass of 2 sulphur atoms = \( 2 \times 32 = 64 \text{ u} \). Let M be the molecular
mass. So, \( \frac{64}{M} \times 100 = 3.2 \). This gives \( M = \frac{64 \times
100}{3.2} = 2000 \text{ u} \).
What is a Molecular Formula? [Page 19] | The Molecular Formula is the formula that
gives the exact number of atoms of elements present in one molecule of the
substance.
What is an Empirical Formula? [Page 19] | The Empirical Formula is the formula that
gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in one
molecule of the substance.
An oxide of sulphur contains 50% Sulphur by mass. What is its empirical formula?
(Atomic weights: S=32, O=16) [Page 20-21] | Assume 100g of compound. Mass of S =
50g, Mass of O = 50g. Moles of S = \( \frac{50}{32} \). Moles of O = \( \frac{50}
{16} \). Ratio of moles S:O is \( \frac{50/32}{50/32} : \frac{50/16}{50/32} \)
which simplifies to \( 1 : 2 \). So, the empirical formula is \( \ce{SO2} \). (Page
20 shows No. of atoms S = 50/32 = 25/16; No. of atoms O = 50/16 = 25/8. Simple
ratio 1:2)
A compound has C = 80% and H = 20%. If the molecular mass of the compound is 30,
what is its molecular formula? (Atomic weights: C=12, H=1) [Page 22-23] | 1. Find
moles: C = \( \frac{80}{12} \), H = \( \frac{20}{1} \). Ratio C:H is \( \
frac{80/12}{80/12} : \frac{20/1}{80/12} \) which is \( 1 : 3 \). Empirical Formula
(E.F.) = \( \ce{CH3} \). 2. E.F. weight = \(12 + (3 \times 1) = 15\). 3. \( n = \
frac{\text{Molecular weight}}{\text{E.F. weight}} = \frac{30}{15} = 2 \). 4.
Molecular Formula (M.F.) = \( (\text{E.F.})_n = (\ce{CH3})_2 = \ce{C2H6} \).
A compound has %N = 25.94 and %O = 74.06. How would you find its empirical formula?
(Atomic weights: N=14, O=16) [Page 24] | 1. Assume 100g: Mass N = 25.94g, Mass O =
74.06g. 2. Moles N = \( \frac{25.94}{14} \), Moles O = \( \frac{74.06}{16} \). 3.
Find the simplest whole number ratio of moles N:O. (The solution choice points
towards \( \ce{N2O5} \) suggesting the ratio N:O is 2:5 after calculation).
An organic compound has 42.1% Carbon, 6.4% Hydrogen, and the remainder is Oxygen
(100 - 42.1 - 6.4 = 51.5%). Its molecular weight is 342. Determine its molecular
formula. (Atomic weights: C=12, H=1, O=16) [Page 25] | 1. Moles: C = \( \frac{42.1}
{12} \approx 3.508 \), H = \( \frac{6.4}{1} = 6.40 \), O = \( \frac{51.5}{16} \
approx 3.219 \). 2. Divide by smallest (3.219): C = \( \frac{3.508}{3.219} \approx
1.09 \), H = \( \frac{6.40}{3.219} \approx 1.99 \approx 2 \), O = \( \frac{3.219}
{3.219} = 1 \). This gives an approximate ratio, often requiring multiplication to
get whole numbers. The table shows a whole number ratio of C:H:O as 12:22:11.
Empirical Formula = \( \ce{C12H22O11} \). 3. E.F. weight = \( (12 \times 12) +
(22 \times 1) + (11 \times 16) = 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 \). 4. \( n = \frac{\
text{M.F. weight}}{\text{E.F. weight}} = \frac{342}{342} = 1 \). So, Molecular
Formula = \( \ce{C12H22O11} \).
Compound A contains 8.7% Hydrogen, 74% Carbon, and 17.3% Nitrogen. The molecular
weight of compound A is 162. Determine its molecular formula. (Atomic weights:
C=12, H=1, N=14) [Page 26] | 1. Moles: C = \( \frac{74}{12} \approx 6.167 \), H = \
( \frac{8.7}{1} = 8.7 \), N = \( \frac{17.3}{14} \approx 1.236 \). 2. Divide by
smallest (1.236): C = \( \frac{6.167}{1.236} \approx 5 \), H = \( \frac{8.7}{1.236}
\approx 7 \), N = \( \frac{1.236}{1.236} = 1 \). Empirical Formula (E.F.) = \( \
ce{C5H7N} \). 3. E.F. weight = \( (5 \times 12) + (7 \times 1) + 14 = 60 + 7 + 14 =
81 \). 4. \( n = \frac{\text{M.F. weight}}{\text{E.F. weight}} = \frac{162}{81} = 2
\). Molecular Formula (M.F.) = \( (\ce{C5H7N})_2 = \ce{C10H14N2} \).
An organic substance contains C = 40.687%, H = 5.085%, O = 54.228%. The molecular
weight is 118. Calculate the molecular formula. (Atomic weights: C=12, H=1, O=16)
[Page 27] | 1. Moles: C=\(\frac{40.687}{12} \approx 3.39\), H=\(\frac{5.085}{1} \
approx 5.085\), O=\(\frac{54.228}{16} \approx 3.389\). 2. Divide by smallest
(3.389): C:\(\frac{3.39}{3.389} \approx 1\), H:\(\frac{5.085}{3.389} \approx 1.5\),
O:\(\frac{3.389}{3.389} \approx 1\). Ratio is C:H:O = 1:1.5:1 = 2:3:2. EF = \(\
ce{C2H3O2}\). 3. EF weight = \((2 \times 12) + (3 \times 1) + (2 \times 16) =
24+3+32=59\). 4. \(n = \frac{118}{59} = 2\). MF = \((\ce{C2H3O2})_2 = \
ce{C4H6O4}\).
A 2.2 g compound of phosphorous (P) and sulphur (S) has 1.24 g of 'P' in it. What
is its empirical formula? (Atomic weights: P=31, S=32) [Page 28] | Mass of P = 1.24
g. Mass of S = \( 2.2\text{g} - 1.24\text{g} = 0.96 \text{ g} \). Moles of P = \( \
frac{1.24}{31} = 0.04 \text{ mol} \). Moles of S = \( \frac{0.96}{32} = 0.03 \text{
mol} \). Ratio of moles P:S is 0.04 : 0.03, which is 4 : 3. Empirical Formula = \
( \ce{P4S3} \).
Caffeine has a molecular weight of 194. It contains 28.9% by mass of nitrogen. How
many nitrogen atoms are in one molecule of caffeine? (Atomic weight of N = 14)
[Page 29] | Mass of nitrogen in one mole of caffeine = \( 0.289 \times 194 \
text{ g} \approx 56.066 \text{ g} \). Number of moles of nitrogen atoms = \( \
frac{56.066 \text{ g}}{14 \text{ g/mol}} \approx 4 \). So, there are 4 nitrogen
atoms in one molecule of caffeine.
Two elements X (at wt = 75) and Y (at wt = 16) combine to give a compound having
75.8% of X. What is the empirical formula of the compound? [Page 30] | If X =
75.8%, then Y = \(100 - 75.8 = 24.2\%\). Moles of X = \( \frac{75.8}{75} \approx
1.01 \). Moles of Y = \( \frac{24.2}{16} \approx 1.5125 \). Ratio X:Y = \( \
frac{1.01}{1.01} : \frac{1.5125}{1.01} \approx 1 : 1.5 \). To get whole numbers,
multiply by 2: Ratio X:Y = 2 : 3. Empirical Formula = \( \ce{X2Y3} \).
A hydrocarbon 'A' has 85.8% carbon and its molar mass is 84 g/mol. How many
hydrogen atoms are per molecule of hydrocarbon 'A'? [Page 31] | % Hydrogen = 100 -
85.8 = 14.2%. Mass of Carbon in 1 mole (84g) = \(0.858 \times 84\text{g} \approx
72.072\text{g}\). Moles of Carbon = \(72.072/12 \approx 6\). Mass of Hydrogen in 1
mole (84g) = \(0.142 \times 84\text{g} \approx 11.928\text{g}\). Moles of Hydrogen
= \(11.928/1 \approx 12\). So formula is \(\ce{C6H12}\), meaning 12 hydrogen atoms.
An oxide of iodine (I=127) contains 25.4 g of iodine and 8 g of oxygen. What is its
formula? [Page 32] | Moles of Iodine (I) = \( \frac{25.4 \text{ g}}{127 \text{
g/mol}} = 0.2 \text{ mol} \). Moles of Oxygen (O) = \( \frac{8 \text{ g}}{16 \text{
g/mol}} = 0.5 \text{ mol} \). Ratio I:O = 0.2 : 0.5. To get simplest whole numbers,
divide by 0.2: I:O = 1 : 2.5. Multiply by 2: I:O = 2 : 5. Formula = \( \
ce{I2O5} \).
Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The
weight percentage of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. What is the [Link] (Molecular
Weight) of cortisone? (Atomic weight of C=12) [Page 33] | Mass of 21 carbon atoms =
\( 21 \times 12 = 252 \text{ u} \). Let [Link] be the molecular weight of cortisone.
Then, \( \frac{252}{\text{[Link]}} \times 100 = 69.98 \). So, [Link] = \( \frac{252 \
times 100}{69.98} \approx 360.1 \text{ u} \).
How is the average atomic mass of an element calculated if it has multiple isotopes
with known atomic masses and percent abundances? [Page 35] | \[ \text{Avg atom} = \
frac{(\text{at wt of isotope 1} \times \% \text{abundance}) + (\text{at wt of
isotope 2} \times \% \text{abundance}) + \dots}{100} \]
Naturally occurring chlorine is 75% \( \ce{^{35}Cl} \) (atomic mass 35 amu) and 25%
\( \ce{^{37}Cl} \) (atomic mass 37 amu). Calculate the average atomic mass of
chlorine. [Page 36] | Avg at wt = \( \frac{(35 \times 75) + (37 \times 25)}{100}
= \frac{2625 + 925}{100} = \frac{3550}{100} = 35.5 \text{ u} \).
The average atomic weight of a Cl atom is 35.5 u. If chlorine has two isotopes, \
( \ce{^{35}Cl} \) and \( \ce{^{37}Cl} \), how can you find the % abundance of each?
[Page 37] | Let x be the % abundance of \( \ce{^{35}Cl} \). Then (100-x) is the %
abundance of \( \ce{^{37}Cl} \). Set up the equation: \( 35.5 = \frac{(35 \times x)
+ (37 \times (100-x))}{100} \). Solving for x gives \( x = 75\% \) for \( \
ce{^{35}Cl} \), and thus 25% for \( \ce{^{37}Cl} \).
True or False: If % abundances are given, we can always calculate the avg. atomic
weight of that element. [Page 38] | True.
True or False: If avg. atomic wt is given, then we can always calculate the %
abundances of different isotopes of the element. [Page 38] | False (This is
generally true for an element with only two major isotopes. If there are three or
more isotopes, you'd need more information than just the average atomic weight to
find unique abundances for all of them). The image shows the answer as T,F.
Given that the abundance of isotopes \( \ce{^{54}Fe} \), \( \ce{^{56}Fe} \), and \(
\ce{^{57}Fe} \) is 5%, 90%, and 5% respectively. How would you calculate the atomic
mass of Fe? (Assume atomic masses are 54, 56, and 57 respectively) [Page 40] |
Atomic mass of Fe = \( \frac{(54 \times 5) + (56 \times 90) + (57 \times 5)}{100} =
\frac{270 + 5040 + 285}{100} = \frac{5595}{100} = 55.95 \text{ u} \).