Electrical Circuits Analysis (I)
• Electrical : it is a term that refer charge “static and
moving electricity”.
• Circuit : it is a term refer to a system that contain many
electric sources (dependent & independent) and
elements (active & passive).
• Analysis : it is a term which means how to solve circuits
or how to know the voltage and current for each
element in the electrical system.
• Electric circuits : it is a mathematical model that
approximate the behavior of actual (real, physical
system).
International system of units (SI)
The units are divided into two types:
• Defined :
Length (m), Time (s), Mass(Kg), Luminous intensity (cd),
Thermodynamic temperature (𝑘 𝑜 ), Electric current (A)
• Derived :
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
Speed = = (𝑚/𝑠)
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1
Frequency = = (𝐻𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 −1 )
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Force = m. a (𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛)
mass acceleration
Prefixes:
Prefix Symbol Power
Atto a 10−18
Femto f 10−15
Pico p 10−12
Nano n 10−9
Micro µ 10−6
Milli m 10−3
Kilo K 103
Mega M 106
Giga G 109
Tera T 1012
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
• Charge: measured by coulombs (c)
Charge is an electric property of the particles
of which material consist of.
Charge is bipolar: this means that the electrical
effects are described in terms of positive (+𝜐)
and negative (-𝜐).
Electrical charge exists in discrete quantities
𝑄 = 𝑛 .𝑒
𝑒: electron charge =1.6 × 10−19
𝑛: ±1, ±2, ±3,…..
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
• Voltage : measured by (V)
In general, the electric effects are due to both
actions:
Separation of charges leads electric field (Voltage).
Moving of charges leads magnetic field (current).
Voltage (potential difference) : energy required to
move a unit of positive charges (+1 c) through an
element from one terminal to the other.
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
This means that point A is
higher potential than B and the
A B
Element potential difference between
+ -
3V both are 3 Joule.
The unit positive charge give up
(loose / produce) 3 Joules of
energy to move from A to B.
A B
Element
The unit positive charge needs /
-
-4V
+ absorb 4 Joules of energy to
move from the low potential A
A B to the higher potential B.
Element
+ -
4V
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 Δ𝜔
𝜐= =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 Δ𝑞
𝑑𝜔
𝜐=
𝑑𝑞
1 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
1𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑏
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
• Electric Current (𝑖): measured by (A)
B
3A
A
Z
at time 𝑡1 = 𝑞1 of charges cross point Z
at time 𝑡2 = 𝑞2 of charges cross point Z
𝑞2 −𝑞1 Δ𝑞 𝑑𝑞
Current = 𝑖 = = =
𝑡2 −𝑡1 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Current : the time rate of change of charge flow or it
is the slope of charges with respect to time.
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
if 𝑞 𝑡 is given and asking for 𝑖 𝑡
𝑑𝑞
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡
if 𝑖 𝑡 is given and asking for 𝑞 𝑡
𝑡
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑞 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑜
𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
Initial charge charge transferred through the
at time 𝑡𝑜 element from 𝑡𝑜 to 𝑡
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
This means that every 1 second
A B
Element , 2 coulombs of charge move
through the element from A to
2A
B.
A B
A B
Element
Element
2A
-2A
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
This means that every 1 second
, 2 coulombs of charge move
2A through the element from A to
A B
B.
Element
+ -
3V Each 1 coulomb of charge loose
3 Joules. Thus, a total of 6
Joules are lost every one
second
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
Example 1:
The charge that move through an element is described
by the function 𝑞 𝑡 below. Draw 𝑖 𝑡 ?
𝑞 𝑡
(1,10) (3,10)
10
(5,0)
𝑡
(0,0) 1 3 5
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
solution:
𝑖 𝑡
(1,10)
(3,10)
10
(5,0)
(0,0)
𝑡
1 3 5
-5
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
Example 2:
The current that pass through an element is described
by the function 𝑖 𝑡 below. Draw 𝑞 𝑡 considering
𝑞 0 =0?
𝑖 𝑡
(1,10)
(3,10)
10
(5,0)
(0,0)
𝑡
1 3 5
-5
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
solution:
for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1 :
𝑡
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑞 𝑡𝑜 + 0
10 . 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑞 0 + 10𝑡 = 0 + 10𝑡 = 10𝑡
for 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3 :
𝑡
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑞 𝑡𝑜 + 1
0 . 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑞 1 + 0𝑡 = 10 + 0𝑡 = 10𝑐
for 3 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5 :
𝑡
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑞 𝑡𝑜 + 3
−5 . 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑞 3 − 5 𝑡 − 3 = 10 − 5𝑡 + 15 = 25 − 5𝑡
𝑞 𝑡
10
10
𝑡
1 3 5
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
• Power 𝑃(𝑡): measured by Watt (W)
It is the capability (capcity) of a device or element to
do work.
Or
It is the time rate of absorbing / expending energy
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑤
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖 𝑡 = . =
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The power is an instantaneous value. (calculated
from a diagram at a certain time).
The work is an accumulative value. (calculated
from an integration relationship.
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
if 𝑤 𝑡 is given and asking for 𝑝 𝑡
𝑑𝑤
𝑝(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡
if 𝑝 𝑡 is given and asking for 𝑤 𝑡
𝑡
𝑤 𝑡 = 𝑤 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑜
𝑝 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
energy (absorbed or supplied)
Initial energy (absorbed or supplied
by the element from 𝑡𝑜 to 𝑡
by the element in the period −∞ to 𝑡𝑜
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
• Passive sign convention:
This is a method to determine if an element is
absorbing ( dissipating ) power or producing
(supplying / generating ) power.
𝑖 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖 𝑡
Element • If 𝑃 > 0 : The element is absorbing
+ − power.
𝑣
• If 𝑃 < 0 : The element is generating
power
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
Examples:
2𝐴
Element 𝑃 𝑡 = 2 × 3 = 6𝑊
+ − Absorbing power
3𝑉
4𝐴
Element
+ −
5𝑉
−4𝐴
𝑃 𝑡 = −4 × 5 = −20𝑊
Element Generating power
+ −
5𝑉
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
Example :
4𝐴 − + + 5𝑉 − −2𝐴
5𝑉
Element 2 Element 4
+ − −
Element 5
Element 1
2𝐴 Element 3 −15𝑉 −10𝑉
10𝑉
− + +
Chapter1: Electrical Variables (Quantities)
Power saving principle:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑