Chemical Kinetics

Prepared by: Vikas Bhatia

Chemical Kinetics
The branch of chemistry which deals with the rate of reaction and factor affecting rate of
reaction and its mechanism is called chemical kinetics.
Aspects of chemical reaction

Chemical reaction

Feasibility
Extent Rate of reaction
(thermodynamics)
(equilibrium) (Chemical kinetics)
Importance of Rate of reaction:
1. Expiry date written on bread, food products and medicines
2. Diamond is converted into graphite but conversion is not possible in finite time so
diamond is forever.
In this chapter we will study:
1. Rate of reaction
2. Factors affecting rate of reaction
3. Integrated rate equation
4. Temperature dependence of ROR
5. Collision theory

Rate of reaction
The rate of change of concentration of reactant or product per unit time is called rate of
reaction. On the basis of rate of reaction, reactions are of three types:
(i) very fast reaction
(ii) very slow reaction
(iii) moderately slow reaction
(i) Very fast reaction
These reactions occur instantaneously. These reactions generally occur in ionic compounds in
which bonds do not break, reaction occurs due to ions only. For example
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) –--- AgCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
The rate of these reactions cannot be determined by kinetics. These reactions occur within 10-
12 to 10-16 seconds.
(ii) Very slow reaction
The reaction which take too much time that you cannot observe the rate of reaction. These
reactions take years or months to complete. For example rusting of iron.
1|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
(iii) Moderately slow reaction
The reactions which have moderate rate and can be measured at room temperature. The rate of
reaction can be determined through kinetics. For example:
Inversion of cane sugar:
C12H22O11 + H2O ------ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Hydrolysis of an ester
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH -- CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Rate of chemical reaction

The speed at which the reactants are converted into products is called rate of chemical
reaction. Consider the reaction
R----- P
Where R is reactant and P is product. The rate of reaction is decrease in concentration of
reactant or increase in concentration of product per unit time.

Where 𝛥[𝑅] is change in conc of reactant,

Rate of reaction = (−𝛥[𝑅])/𝛥𝑡

Where 𝛥[𝑃] is change in conc of product, Δt is the time interval, negative sign shows
Rate of reaction = = (𝛥[𝑃])/𝛥𝑡,

decrease in conc of reactant.

Significance of negative sign: The change in concentration is final concentration minus initial
concentration is negative. The rate of reaction is always positive. To make ROR +ve , -ve sign
is used.
For example: H2 + I2 ---- 2HI
Rate of reaction = (−𝛥[H2])/𝛥𝑡 = (−𝛥[I2])/𝛥𝑡 =1/2 (−𝛥[HI])/𝛥𝑡
Consider the reaction: A+ B --- 2C
Rate of reaction = (−𝛥[𝐴])/𝛥𝑡 = (−𝛥[B])/𝛥𝑡 = 1/2 (−𝛥[C])/𝛥𝑡
We divide the stoichiometric coefficient defined with any reactant or product involved in
reaction.
A + B  2C
2 x rate of disappearance of A = 2 x rate of disappearance of B = rate of formation of C
Units of rate of reaction:
Rate of reaction is change in concentration per unit time. Thus unit of concentration is mol L-1
and unit of time is seconds(s). unit of rate of reaction is mol L-1 s-1.

Average rate of reaction:

Average rate of reaction is ratio of overall change in conc of reactant or product to the time
interval. We cannot predict the rate of reaction at particular time from average rate of reaction
because molar conc of reactant keep on decreasing and of product keep on increasing and rate
of reaction is not constant throughout we use instantaneous rate of reaction.
2|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
Instantaneous rate of reaction
The rate of change of concentration of any one of reactant or product over a very small
interval of time.
Let us take a reaction A---- B
The time interval Δt is as small as possible so that change in concentration becomes constant.
Instantaneous rate of reaction is referred as
rinst = -(𝑑[𝐴])/𝑑𝑡 = (𝑑[𝐵])/𝑑𝑡
where –((𝛥[𝐴])/𝛥𝑡)Δt→0 = (−𝑑[𝐴])/𝑑𝑡
and ((𝛥[𝐵])/𝛥𝑡)Δt→0 = (𝑑[𝐵])/𝑑𝑡
The negative sign with A shows that concentration of A is decreasing.

Experimental determination of rate of reaction: To determine the change in conc of

reactant or product , small portion of reaction mixture is withdrawal at suitable intervals of
time and allow to freeze rapidly at 0*C to prevent further reaction. In some reactions the
physical properties such as volumechange, pressure change, temperature change, electrical
conductivity, pH, optical density etc. Except conc all other factors are kept constant during the
study of reaction.
Calculation of average rate of reaction
If the concentration of reactant changes from C1 to C2 in a time from t1 to t2, then average
rate of reaction is
3|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
 Average rate = (∆[𝐶])/∆𝑡=(𝐶2−𝐶1)/(𝑡2−𝑡1)
1. Solve the numerical
Express the rate of reaction:
(i) 4PH3 → P4 + 6H2
(ii) 2NO2 → 2NO + O2
2. Solve the numerical
Ammonia and oxygen react at high temperature as:
4NH3(g)+5O2(g)→4NO(g)+6H2O(g)
In an experiment , the rate of formation of NO is 3.6×10−3Ms−1. Calculate (a) the rate of
disappearance of ammonia and (b) the rate of formation of water.

Factors affecting rate of reaction

1. Concentration of reactant:
As the reaction proceeds the concentration of reactant decreases as a result the rate of reaction
decreases. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants. As we
increase the concentration of reactants, more and more molecules of reactants collide with
each other which increase the rate of reaction.
2. Temperature
The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature for all type of reactions. It has been
observed that rate of reaction becomes double for every 10*C rise in temperature.
3. Nature of reactants and products
The nature of reactant depends upon physical state of reactant and chemical state of reactant.
The gases and liquids mix with each other rapidly thus react easily but in solids the reaction
takes place on the surface only.
In chemical state of reactant, consider the reaction
2NO + O2 ---- 2NO2
2CO + O2 ---- 2CO2
The reaction 1 is fast while reaction 2 is very slow because NO bond is weaker than CO,
therefore less activation energy is required in NO.
Ionic reactions have high ROR as compared to covalent reactions. ROR is inversely
proportional to stability of reactants.
ROR is homogeneous > heterogeneous reactions
Gas > liquid > solid.
4. Presence of catalyst
The substances which increase the rate of reaction without undergoing any chemical change
are called catalyst. Catalyst lower down the activation energy thus increases the rate of
reaction.
5. Surface area

4|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921

Greater is the surface area more will be the rate of reaction. A finely divided state or powdered
state increases the rate of reaction. For example: A log of wood burns slowly as compared to
woodchips or saw dust.
Q:- why do pieces of wood burn faster than a log of wood?
Ans: Pieces of wood have large surface area than the log of wood of same mass. Larger the
surface area, faster is the reaction.
6. Exposure to radiations
The reactions which occur in the presence of light are called photochemical reactions. The
absorption of photon from visible and ultraviolet radiation occurs and increases the rate of
reaction. The combination of Hydrogen and chlorine to form HCl is very slow in the absence
of light but combines rapidly in the presence of light.
Effect of concentration on rate of reaction
As the reaction begins at time = 0, the conc of reactant is large and conc of product is zero. As
the reaction proceeds the conc of reactant decreases. The rate of reaction is faster at the
beginning and becomes slowly as the conc of reactant decreases. This means that rate of
reaction increases with increase in conc of reactant.

Guldberg and waage studied the effect of conc on rate of reaction by Law of mass action
At a given temperature, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of molar
conc is also called active mass.
Let us consider a reaction
A + B ------- 2AB
Acc to law of mass action
Rate α [A][B]
Rate = k[A][B]
[A] and [B] are the molar conc of reactants and K is constant of proportionality is called rate
constant.
If [A] = [B] = 1, then
Rate = Kx1x1 = K
Rate constant is defined as the rate of reaction when conc of all reactants = 1. Rate constant is
also called specific reaction rate.

5|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921

Characteristic of Rate constant
1. Larger the value of k, faster is the reaction.
2. Different reactions have different value of k.
3. Value of k changes with temperature.
4. The unit of rate constant depends on the nature of reaction not on the concentration of
reactants.

Rate law expression

The law of mass action is only theoretical and rate of reaction experimentally is different from
law of mass action.
2NO2 + F2 --- NO2
Rate = k[NO2]2[F2] ( Law of mass action)
Rate = k[NO2][F2] (experimental)
The expression which describes the rate in terms of molar concentration of reactants as
determined experimentally is called rate law.
We can measure the rate of reaction experimentally as a function of initial conc of one of the
reactant by keeping the conc of other reactant constant or by changing the conc of both
reactants. For eg:
2NO + O2 -> 2NO2
When the conc of NO is doubled and conc of O2 is kept contstant the rate of reaction
increases 4 times, when the conc of NO is kept constant and conc of O2 is doubled then rate is
doubled. Thus,
Rate = K[NO]2[O2]

Order of a reaction
The sum of powers of concentration of reacting species involved in rate equation for the
reaction.
aA + bB + cC - product
Rate = k[A]p[B]q[C]r
Order of reaction = p+q+r
Order of A = p w.r.t. A
Order of B = q w.r.t. B
Order of C = r w.r.t. C
Some examples of reaction of different orders
1. First order reaction
2. Second order reaction
3. third order reaction
4. Zero order reaction
6|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
5. Fractional order reaction

1. First order reaction

Decomposition of nitrogen pentoxide
N2O5 -- 2NO2 + 1/2O2
Rate = k[N2O5]
Order = 1
Unit of k = s-1
2. Second order reaction
Reaction between H2 and I2 to give HI
H2 + I2 ---- 2HI
Rate = k[H2][I2]
Order = 2
Unit of k = Lmol-1s-1
3. Third order reaction
Reaction between nitric oxide and oxygen.
2NO + O2 ---- 2NO2
Rate = k[NO]2[O2]
Order = 3
Unit of k = l2mol-2s-1
4. Zero order reaction
The rate of reaction is independent of concentration of reactants.
The decomposition of ammonia at the surface of platinum.
2NH3 → N2 + 3H2
Rate = k[NH3]0 = k
Order = 0
Unit of k = molL-1s-1
5. Fractional order reaction
Decomposition of acetaldehyde
CH3CHO → CH4 + CO
Rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2
Order = 3/2
Unit of k for gaseous reactions
molL-1 = atm

Molecularity of reaction
The no. of reacting molecules which collide to bring a chemical reaction is called molecularity
of a reaction.
Unimolecular reaction
7|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
The reaction can be unimolecular when one reacting species is involved, for example,
decomposition of ammonium nitrite.
NH4NO2 → N2 + 2H2O
Bimolecular reaction
Bimolecular reactions involve simultaneous collision between two species, for example,
dissociation of hydrogen iodide.
2HI → H2 + I2
Trimolecular reaction
Trimolecular or termolecular reactions involve simultaneous collision between three reacting
species,
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
The probability that more than three molecules can collide and react simultaneously is very
small. Hence, the molecularity greater than three is not observed.
3. Solve the numerical
For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by, r = k [ A]1/2 [B]2 . What is the order
of the reaction?

Order for multistep and complex reactions

Let us consider the reaction
2NO2 + F2 --- 2NO2F
This reaction takes place in two steps:
NO2 + F2 ------ NO2F + F (slow step)
NO2 + F ----- NO2F (Fast step)
The rate of reaction is determined by slow step is called rate determining step.
Each step is called elementary process.
All the steps give mechanism of the reaction.
Experimentally, rate = k[NO2][F2]
Therefore order of reaction = 2
4. Solve the numerical
Calculate the overall order of reaction, having rate expression
(i) Rate = k[A]1/2[B]3/2
(ii) Rate = k[A]3/2[B]-1

5. Solve the numerical

If concentration of A and B are expressed in terms of mol L-1 and time in min, calculate the
units for the rate constant for the reaction
A + B →𝐴𝐵

6. Solve the numerical

8|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
Identify the reaction order from the following rate constant
(i) k = 2.3 x 10-5 L mol s-1
(ii) k = 3.2 x 10-4 s-1

Important Questions
Chemical kinetics
1. Define chemical kinetics.
Factor affecting rate of a chemical reaction
2.. Name the factors which affect the rate of reaction
3. Discuss briefly the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.
4. Discuss briefly the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
5. Discuss briefly the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction.
6. What is the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction?
7. What is the effect of exposure to radiations on the rate of reaction?
Rate law expression
8. Differentiate between Rate Law and law of mass action.
9. Write the difference between rate of reaction and reaction rate constant.
Order of a reaction
10. Define order.
11. What are the differences between zero order and first order reaction?
12. Give an example of zero order and first order reaction.
13. Give the units of rate constant for zero order and first order reaction.
Molecularity of reaction
14. Define molecularity.
15. Reactions of high molecularity are rare. Comment.
16. Differentiate between order and molecularity.

Differences between order and molecularity

Order Molecularity
1. The sum of coefficients of reactant in rate 1. The number of reacting species involved
equation in collision.
2. It is experimental. 2. It is theoretical in nature.
3. It is derived from rate equation. 3. It is derived from mechanism of reaction.
4. It depends on pressure and temperature. 4. It is independent of pressure and
temperature.

Integrated rate expression

For a general reaction:
aA + bB → cC + dD
Rate = [A]p[B]q.
9|Vikas Edutech Institute(Batala) #7009433921
This equation is called differential rate equation.
It is not always convenient to determine the instantaneous rate. we can integrate the
differential rate equation to give a relation between directly measured experimental data, i.e.,
concentrations at different times and rate constant.
Integrated rate expression for zero order reaction
Consider the reaction,
R→P
Rate = -(𝑑[𝑅])/𝑑𝑡 = k[R]0
-(𝑑[𝑅])/𝑑𝑡 = k x 1 = k
d[R] = -k x dt
Integrating both sides
= -k

[R] = – k t + I ---------(1)
where, I is the constant of integration. At t = 0, the concentration of the reactant R = [R] 0,
where [R]0 is initial concentration of the reactant.
Substituting in equation (1)
[R]0 = –k × 0 + I
[R]0 = I
Substituting the value of I in the equation (1)
[R] = -kt + [R]0
-kt = [R] – [R]0
K = ([𝑅]0 −[𝑅])/𝑡
for reaction, R → P
initially a 0
After time t a-x x

K = (𝑎−(𝑎−𝑥))/𝑡 = 𝑥/𝑡
[R]0 = a; [R] = a-x

X = kt
The amount of substance reacted is directly proportional to time.

Graphical representation of zero order reaction

[R] = -kt + [R]0
The equation is linear of form y = mx + c
The plot of [R] vs time (t) is straight line. The slope of straight line is –k.

10 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
Time rate graph for zero order reaction:

Concentration rate graph for zero order reaction

Integrated rate expression for first order reaction

Consider the first order reaction
R→P
The rate of reaction is given by
Rate = -(𝑑[𝑅])/𝑑𝑡 = k[R]
Rearranging the equation
(𝑑[𝑅])/([𝑅]) = -k dt
Integrating both sides
∫(𝑑[𝑅])/([𝑅]) = -k∫𝑑𝑡

11 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
ln [R] = -kt + I ------(1)
The initial concentration of [R] = [R]0 at time t=0, then equation 1 becomes
ln [R]0 = k x 0 + I
I = ln [R]0
Put the value of I in eq (1)
ln [R] = -kt + ln [R]0
kt = ln[R]0 – ln[R]

kt = ln

k = ln

k= log

If the experiments are performed at two different times t1 and t2 having concentrations [R]1
and [R]2 respectively.
ln [R]1 = -kt1 + ln[R]0
ln [R]2 = -kt2 + ln[R]0
Subtracting we get,
ln[R]1 –ln[R]2 = -kt1 – (-kt2) = k(t2-t1)

ln = k(t2-t1)

k= ln

k= ln

Exponential form of integrated first order expression

kt = ln

ln = -kt

Taking antilog both sides

= 𝑒(−𝑘𝑡)

12 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
[R] = [R]0 𝑒(−𝑘𝑡)

Example of first order reaction

𝐵𝑎 →42𝐻𝑒+ 86222𝑅𝑛
All natural and artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei take place by first order kinetics.
226
88

7. Solve the numerical

The initial concentration of N2O5 in the following first order reaction
N2O5(g) → 2 NO2(g) + 1/2O2 (g)
was 1.24 × 10–2 mol L–1 at 318 K. The concentration of N2O5 after 60 minutes was 0.20 × 10–2
mol L–1. Calculate the rate constant of the reaction at 318 K.

Integrated rate equation for gas phase reaction

Let us consider a typical first order gas phase reaction
A(g) → B(g) + C(g)
Let pi be the initial pressure of A and pt the total pressure at time ‘t’. Integrated rate equation
for such a reaction can be derived as Total pressure pt = pA + pB + pC
pA, pB and pC are the partial pressures of A, B and C, respectively. If x atm be the decrease in
pressure of A at time t and one mole each of B and C is being formed, the increase in pressure
of B and C will also be x atm each.
A(g) → B(g) + C(g)
At time t=0 pi 0 0
At time t pi-x x x
pt = (pi – x) + x + x = pi + x
x = pt – pi
where, pA = pi – x = pi – (pt – pi) = 2pi – pt
K=

K=

8. Solve the numerical

The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of N2O5(g) at
a constant volume:

2 N2O5(g) 2N2O4 + O2(G)

13 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
Calculate the rate constant.

Half life period of a reaction

The half-life of a reaction is the time in which the concentration of a reactant is reduced to one
half of its initial concentration. It is represented as t1/2.
For a zero order reaction, rate constant is given by

At t = 𝑡(1/2) , [R] = [R]0

k = ([𝑅]0 −[𝑅])/𝑡

The rate constant at t1/2

K=

K=

t1/2 =

Half life period for first order reaction

For the first order reaction,

k= log

At t = 𝑡(1/2) , [R] = 1/2[R]0

k= log

t1/2 = log 2

t1/2 =

t1/2 = 0.693/𝑘
Half life period of first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of reactant.

9. Solve the numerical

A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant, k = 5.5 × 10-14 s-1. Find the half-life of
the reaction

14 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
 [Link] the numerical
Calculate the half-life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below:
(i) 200 s-1
(ii) 2 min-1
(iii) 4 years-1

Important questions
Integrated rate expression
17. Derive the integrated form of rate equation for zero order reaction.

19. Derive K = 2.303/𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎/(𝑎−𝑥) for first order reaction.

18. Derive the integrated form of rate equation for first order reaction.

Pseudo chemical reactions

Some reactions are first order having two different reactants
A + B - Products
Rate = k[A][B]
The reactants which have high concentration has very little change in concentration. The
reaction behaves as first order but truly not first order is called pseudo first order reaction.
Example of pseudo first order reaction
Consider the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate which is a chemical reaction between ethyl acetate
and water. In reality, it is a second order reaction and concentration of both ethyl acetate and
water affect the rate of the reaction. But water is taken in large excess for hydrolysis,
therefore, concentration of water is not altered much during the reaction. Thus, the rate of
reaction is affected by concentration of ethyl acetate only.

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O ---H+- CH3COOH + C2H5OH

t=0 0.01 mol 10 mol 0 mol 0 mol
t 0 mol 9.99 mol 0.01 mol 0.01 mol
The concentration of water does not get altered much during the course of the reaction.

Collision theory
According to this theory, the reactant molecules are assumed to be hard spheres and reaction is
postulated to occur when molecules collide with each other.
collision frequency
The number of collisions per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture is known as
collision frequency (Z).
Threshold energy
The collisions in which molecules collide with sufficient kinetic energy is called threshold
energy
15 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
Effective collision
Collisions which facilitate breaking of bonds between reacting species and formation of new
bonds to form products are called as effective collisions.
Activation energy
activation energy is the energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical
reaction. The activation energy (Ea) of a reaction is measured in joules per mole.
Activation energy = Threshold energy – average kinetic energy of reacting molecules.
Postulates of Collision theory
Collision theory is based on three postulates:
1. Chemical reactions in the gas phase are due to the collision of the reactant particles.
2. A collision results in a reaction only if certain threshold energy is exceeded.
3. A collision results in a reaction only if the colliding particles are correctly oriented to one
another.
Effect of catalyst
The action of the catalyst can be explained by intermediate complex theory. According to this
theory, a catalyst participates in a chemical reaction by forming temporary bonds with the
reactants resulting in an intermediate complex. This has a transitory existence and decomposes
to yield products and the catalyst.
It is believed that the catalyst provides an alternate pathway or reaction mechanism by
reducing the activation energy between reactants and products and hence lowering the
potential energy
Temperature dependence of rate of reaction
It has been found that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10°, the rate constant
is nearly doubled. The temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction can be
accurately explained by Arrhenius equation.

Arrhenius equation

16 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
Graph between ln K vs 1/T

At temperature T1 & T2 Arrhenius equation written as,

Some most important questions:

1. For which type of reactions, order and molecularity have the same value?
2. In a reaction if the concentration of reactant A is tripled, the rate of reaction becomes twenty
seven times. What is the order of reaction?
3. Why cannot be molecularity of any reaction be equal to zero?
4. Define the rate determining step of the reaction.
5. Why does the rate of a reaction not remain constant throughout the reaction process?
6. Express the rate of the following reaction in terms of disappearance of hydrogen in the
reaction:
3H2(g) + N2 (g) ---> 2NH3 (g).
7. What is the difference between law of mass action and rate law? ldentify the reaction order
from each of the following rate constants:
(i) k = 2.3 x 105 L mol-1 s-1
(ii) k = 3 x 10 s-1
8. Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has the rate expression
(a) Rate = k [A]1/2 [B]3/2
(b) Rate = - k [A]3/2 [B]-1
9. For a hypothetical reaction A+ 2B -> C, it is found that the rate = k [A][B]. What is the most
likely rate determining step?
10. If half life period of a first order reaction is x andth life period of same reaction is y,
how are x and y related to each other? [log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021]
17 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1
 11. Does catalyst alter Gibbs energy (ΔG) of a chemical reaction?
12. A first order reaction has rate constant k = 5.5 x 10-14s-1, Find the half-life of the reaction.
13. A reaction is 50% complete in 2 hours and 75% complete in 4 hours. What is the order of the
reaction?
14. Write the slope value obtained in the plot of log [R,]/ [R] Vs time for a first order reaction.
15. Read the following passage and answer the questions as follow:
The rate of reaction 1s sometimes altered by conditions. Consider a reaction between two substances
when one reactant is present in large excess. During hydrolysis of 0.01 mol of ethyl acetate with 10
moles of water, in presence of H', the rate law was determined by taking conc. after
30 min and conc. reduced from 0.85 to 0.80 in 30 min
(i) What will be the rate constant of reaction given in the passage?
a. Given: [log 17 = 1.2304, log 16= 1.2041]
(ii) What are the molecularity and order of the reaction respectively?
(iii) What will be order of reaction if ester is hydrolysed by using NaOH?
(iv) The rate of reaction does not remain constant throughout the course of reaction? Give
reason.
(v) Powdered sugar dissolves faster than crystalline sugar. Give reason

18 | V i k a s E d u t e c h I n s t i t u t e ( B a t a l a ) # 7 0 0 9 4 3 3 9 2 1