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Ankle and Foot Muscle Overview

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views55 pages

Ankle and Foot Muscle Overview

Uploaded by

jturner26
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 10

Ankle & Foot Joints


Ankle & Foot Joints

• 26 bones

• 19 large muscles

• Many small intrinsic muscles

• More than 100 ligaments


Ankle & Foot Joints

Support & Propulsion

• Foot Trouble/Pain: common ailment

• Poor foot mechanics leads to foot discomfort

• No substitute for adequate muscular


development, strength, & proper foot mechanics
Ankle & Foot Joints
Ankle & Foot Joints: Walking

Stance Phase

• Heel-strike occurs when landing on heel, foot should


be in supination

• Midstance immediately follows c/ foot moving into


pronation

• Toe-off follows midstance, foot returns to supination


prior to & during push off
Ankle & Foot Joints: Walking

Swing Phase

• Occurs when foot leaves ground & leg moves


forward to another point of contact
Ankle & Foot Joints

Problems
• Foot is too rigid & does not pronate adequately
• Foot remains in pronation past midstance

Walking
• One foot is always in contact c/ ground

Running
• A point when neither foot is in contact c/ ground
Bones

• Each foot has 26 bones forming an arch

• Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus &


calcaneus

• 5other bones in the rear foot & mid-foot, known as


the tarsals

• Navicular: btw/ talus & three cuneiform bones


Bones

• Cuboid: BTW/ calcaneus 4th & 5th metatarsals

• 5 Metatarsals: Anterior to tarsals

• 5 Phalanges: 3 phalanxes in each except 1st toe, which


contains two phalanxes

• 2 Sesamoids: Beneath 1st metatarsophalangeal joint


Bones
Bones
Bones
Pulley for Posterior Tendons

• Peroneus Brevis & Peroneus Longus: Immediately behind


lateral malleolus
• Base of 5th metatarsal serves as an insertion for peroneus
brevis & tertius
Bones

“Tom, Dick, & Harry” muscles immediately posterior to


medial malleolus

• Tibialis Posterior
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
Bones

• Tibialis Anterior inserts on inner surface of medial


cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal

• Peroneus Longus inserts on undersurface of medial


cuneiform & 1st metatarsal

• Tibialis Posterior: Multiple insertions on lower inner


surfaces of navicular, cuneiform, & 2nd through 5th
metatarsal bases
Bones

• Extensor Digitorum Longus inserts on top of 2nd


through 5th distal phalanxes bases

• Flexor Digitorum Longus inserts on undersurfaces of


2nd through 5th distal phalanxes bases

• Extensor Hallucis Longus inserts on top of 1st distal


phalanx base
Bones
• Flexor Hallucis Longus inserts on undersurface of 1st
distal phalanx base

Posterior Surface of Calcaneus

• Prominent & serves as a point of insertion for Achilles


Tendon
Tibiofibular Joint

• Syndesmotic
amphiarthrodial joint

• Joined at proximal &


distal tibiofibular joints

• Ligaments & strong, dense


interosseus membrane
btw/ tibia & fibula shafts
provide support
Tibiofibular Joint

Syndesmosis Joint Sprain

• “High Ankle Sprain”


primarily involves
anterior inferior
tibiofibular lig
Joints
• Most common ankle sprains result from excessive inversion cau/
damage to lateral ligamentous structures, primarily anterior
talofibular & calcaneofibular lig
Joints
Arches

2 Longitudinal Arches
• Medial Longitudinal Arch
• Lateral Longitudinal Arch

1 Transverse Arch

Jump to Joints, 5, Appendix


Arches
Joints

Plantar Fascia / Plantar Aponeurosis

• Assists in stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch & in


propelling body forward during latter part of stance
phase

Plantar Fasciitis

• Common painful condition involving the plantar fascia


Muscles
Muscle groups formed according to location & function

• Anterior Ankle & Foot: Dorsal Flexors

• Posteriorly: Plantar Flexors

• Laterally: Evertors

• Medially: Invertors
Lower Leg Muscles
Lower Leg: Divided into 4 compartments

• Dense Fascia: Tightly surrounds & binds each compartment


• Facilitates venous return & prevents excessive swelling of
muscles during exercise

• Anterior Compartment
• Dorsiflexor Group: Tibialis Anterior, Peroneus Tertius,
Extensor Digitorum Longus, & Extensor Hallucis Longus

• Lateral Compartment
• Peroneus Longus & Peroneus Brevis
Lower Leg Muscles

• Posterior Compartment – Superficial & Deep


• Gastrocnemius, Soleus, & Plantaris (Superficial)

• Deep Posterior Compartment


• Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus,
Popliteus, & Tibialis Posterior
Lower Leg Muscles
Compartment Syndrome
• Most common in anterior compartment

• May be acute or chronic

• Sx include sharp pain, particularly with increased movement


actively or passively, swelling, & weakness

• Depending on severity, emergency surgery may be indicated to


release fascia in order to prevent permanent tissue damage
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Function

Several ankle & foot muscles


produce more than one
movement
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Function

Plantar Flexors

• Gastrocnemius
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis
• Plantaris
• Soleus
• Tibialis Posterior
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Function

Evertors

• Peroneus / Fibularis Longus


• Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis
• Peroneus / Fibularis Tertius
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Function

Dorsiflexors

• Tibialis Anterior
• Peroneus / Fibularis Tertius
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
/ Extensor of Lesser Toes
• Extensor Hallucis Longus
/ Extensor of Great Toe
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Function

Invertors

• Tibialis Anterior
• Tibialis Posterior
• Flexor Digitorum
Longus / Flexor
of Lesser Toes
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
/ Flexor of Great Toe
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Compartment

Anterior Compartment

• Tibialis Anterior
• Extensor Hallucis Longus
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Tertius
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Compartment

Lateral Compartment

• Peroneus / Fibularis Longus


• Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis
Ankle & Foot Joint Muscles by Compartment

Deep Posterior Compartment


• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
• Tibialis Posterior

Superficial Posterior
Compartment
• Gastrocnemius / Medial Head
• Gastrocnemius / Lateral Head
• Soleus
Gastrocnemius Muscle

Plantar flexion of ankle


Flexion of knee
Soleus Muscle

Plantar flexion of ankle


Peroneus / Fibularis Longus Muscle
Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis Muscle
Peroneus / Fibularis Tertius Muscle
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle
Tibialis Anterior Muscle
Tibialis Posterior Muscle
Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle
Ankle Dorsiflexion

Agonists

• Tibialis Anterior
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Tertius
• Extensor Hallucis Longus
Ankle Plantar Flexion

Agonists

• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Longus
• Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis
• Plantaris
• Tibialis Posterior
Toe Flexion

Agonists

• Flexor Hallucis Longus


• Flexor Digitorum Longus
Toe Extension

Agonists

• Extensor Hallucis Longus


• Extensor Digitorum Longus
Sciatic Nerve

Tibial Division
• Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum
longus, and flexor hallucis longus

• Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves: Intrinsic foot muscles

• Medial Plantar Nerve


• Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, first
lumbrical, and flexor digitorum brevis
Sciatic Nerve

Tibial Division

• Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves: Intrinsic foot muscles

• Lateral Plantar Nerve


• Adductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, lumbricals 2,
3, and 4, dorsal interossei, plantar interossei,
abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi
Sciatic Nerve

Common Peroneal or Fibular Division

• Superficial Peroneal Nerve


• Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis

• Deep Peroneal Nerve


• Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor
hallucis longus, peroneus tertius, and extensor
digitorum brevis

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