Unit 5:Feedback Amplifiers
Q1. Derive the expression of voltage gain for theNegative Feedback Amplifier.
Ans.
● This is the voltage gain of a negative feedback amplifier.
● Negative feedbackreduces gainbutimproves stability, bandwidth, and
linearity.
Q2. List the generalcharacteristics of a negative feedback amplifierand briefly
discuss each characteristic. .
Ans.
General Characteristics of a Negative Feedback Amplifier
1. Stability
Negative feedback improves the stability of the amplifier by reducing
variations in gain caused by temperature changes, transistor parameters, or
power supply fluctuations.
2. Gain Reduction
The overall gain of the amplifier decreases due to feedback. However, this
reduced gain is more predictable and stable.
3. Distortion Reduction
Negative feedback reduces nonlinear distortion by correcting the output signal
and making it more faithful to the input.
4. Noise Reduction
Feedback reduces the effect of noise introduced within the amplifier,
improving the signal-to-noise ratio.
5. Increased Bandwidth
The bandwidth (range of frequencies over which the amplifier operates
effectively) increases as negative feedback flattens the frequency response.
6. Improved Input and Output Impedance
○ Input impedance usually increases, making the amplifier less loading on
the previous stage.
○ Output impedance usually decreases, making the amplifier better at
driving loads.
[Link] the concept of theVoltage series amplifierin detail.
Ans.
Avoltage series feedback amplifieris a type of negative feedback amplifier where:
● Voltageis sampled from theoutput.
● The feedback isconnected in serieswith theinputsignal.
This configuration is commonly used in voltage amplifiers wherehigh input impedance
andlow output impedanceare desired.
Feedback Results:-
Voltage-Series Feedback (Series-Shunt)
● Input Type: Voltage (series connection)
● Output Type: Voltage (shunt sampling)
● Input Impedance (Z_in): Increases
● Output Impedance (Z_out): Decreases
● Voltage Gain: Decreases but becomes stable
● Bandwidth: Increases
● Distortion & Noise: Reduced
Working Principle:-
Applications:-
● Audio amplifiers
● Operational amplifier circuits
● High-fidelity systems
Q4. Explain the operation of avoltage-shunt (shunt-shunt) feedback amplifier.
What are the advantages and limitations of voltage-shunt feedback?
Ans.
1. Operation
In avoltage-shunt feedback amplifier:
● Theoutput voltageVoV_oVoissampled.
● A portion of this output isfed backin parallel (shunt) into the input current
path.
● This feedbackreduces both input and output impedance.
Feedback Results:-
Voltage-Shunt Feedback (Shunt-Shunt)
● Input Type: Voltage (shunt connection)
● Output Type: Voltage (shunt sampling)
● Input Impedance (Z_in): Decreases
● Output Impedance (Z_out): Decreases
● Voltage Gain: Decreases and stabilizes
● Bandwidth: Increases
● Distortion & Noise: Reduced
Advantages
● Improved gain stability
● Lower input and output impedance
● Higher bandwidth
● Reduced distortion and noise
● Less sensitiveto component variation
Disadvantages.
● Overallgain is reduced
● Design becomes complex forhigh-impedance sources
● Not ideal forvoltage-sensitive inputs
Q5. Discuss the concept of thecurrent series amplifierin detail
Ans.
1. Concept and Operation
In acurrent-series feedback amplifier:
● Theoutput currentIoI_oIoissampled.
● A proportionalvoltageis developed from this currentusing aresistor, and this
voltage isfed back in serieswith the input signal.
● The feedback opposes the input signal, thus formingnegative feedback.
Feedback Results:-
Current-Series Feedback (Series-Series)
● Input Type: Current (series connection)
● Output Type: Current (series sampling)
● Input Impedance (Z_in): Increases
● Output Impedance (Z_out): Increases
● Current Gain: Decreases but stable
● Bandwidth: Increases
● Distortion & Noise: Reduced
Why is it Called "Current-Series"?
● Current: Because theoutput currentis the feedback source.
● Series: Because thefeedback voltageis appliedin serieswith the input signal.
Acurrent-series feedback amplifieris a configuration where:
● Output currentis taken (sampled) from theload/output.
● This current is passed through aresistor(or sensing element) to produce a
voltage.
● This voltage is thenfed back in serieswith the input signal.
Q6. Describe thecurrent-shunt feedback amplifierconfiguration in brief.
Ans.
Acurrent-shunt feedback amplifieris a configuration where:
● Theoutput currentissampled(taken) as the feedbacksignal.
● This current isfed back in parallel (shunt)withtheinput current.
It is called"current-shunt"because:
● Currentfrom theoutputis used for feedback.
● It isshunted (connected in parallel)with the inputcurrent.
Working Principle:
1. Theoutput currentis passed through a feedback network (usually a resistor).
2. This feedback current isinjected backat theinput sideinparallel.
3. It opposes the input current → hence, it acts asnegative feedback.
Effects of Feedback:
● Input Type: Current (shunt connection)
● Output Type: Current (series sampling)
● Input Impedance (Z_in): Decreases
● Output Impedance (Z_out): Increases
● Current Gain: Decreases and becomes stable
● Bandwidth: Increases
● Distortion & Noise: Reduced
Q7. How doesnegative feedback affect the gain of an amplifier?
Ans.
Negative Feedback and Amplifier Gain
Definition:
Negative feedback is when a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input in the
opposite phase, reducing the input signal.
Effect on Gain:
Negative feedbackreduces the overall gainof theamplifier but improves its stability
and performance.
Formula:
If
● A = open-loop gain (without feedback)
● β = feedback factor (fraction of output fed back)
● A_f = closed-loop gain (with feedback)
Then,
A_f = A / (1 + Aβ)
Since the term (1 + Aβ) is greater than 1, the gain decreases.
Importance:
● Gain becomes more stable and less sensitive to component changes.
● Bandwidth and linearity improve.
● Distortion and noise are reduced.