🔰 1. What is the role of the Parliament in our democracy?

Answer:
The Parliament plays a central role in our democracy. It:

 Makes laws for the country.

 Controls the finances of the government.
 Holds the executive accountable through questions, motions, and debates.
 Represents the diverse opinions and interests of people from different parts of the country.
 Approves policies and decisions made by the government.

🔰 2. Explain the major powers and functions of the Prime Minister.

Answer:
The Prime Minister is the head of the government and holds the most powerful position in the country. Key powers:

 Leads the Lok Sabha and has the final say in the Cabinet.
 Allocates portfolios to ministers and reshuffles them.
 Represents the country nationally and internationally.
 Guides and coordinates the work of various ministries.
 Advises the President on the appointment of ministers.

🔰 3. What are the powers of the President of India?

Answer:
The President is the constitutional head of the state. Powers include:

 Appoints the Prime Minister, Governors, judges of the Supreme and High Courts, and other officials.
 Can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
 Gives assent to bills passed by Parliament.
 Can issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
 Acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

🔰 4. How is the Council of Ministers different from the Cabinet?

Answer:

 Council of Ministers includes all levels: Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers.
 Cabinet is a smaller group of senior ministers who take key decisions.
 Cabinet is the real decision-making body, while the full Council supports it.

🔰 5. What is the Judiciary’s role in a democratic government?

Answer:
The judiciary ensures that the laws are followed and protects the Constitution. Its main roles are:

 Dispute resolution between citizens, governments, and institutions.

 Judicial review to check if laws and actions are constitutional.
 Protecting Fundamental Rights of citizens.
 Acts as guardian of the Constitution.
🔰 6. Describe the procedure of making a law in Parliament.

Answer:

1. A bill is introduced in either House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).

2. It goes through three readings – introduction, discussion, and voting.
3. If passed in both Houses, it is sent to the President for approval.
4. Once the President signs it, the bill becomes a law.

🔰 7. What do you mean by 'independent judiciary'? Why is it important?

Answer:
An independent judiciary means that the courts are not under the control of the government or legislature. It's important because:

 Ensures fair judgment.

 Protects citizens from government overreach.
 Upholds the Constitution and democratic values.
 Builds trust in the legal system.

🔰 8. Why do we need institutions in a democracy?

Answer:
Institutions ensure that:

 Decisions are taken through proper procedures.

 Power is not concentrated in one person or group.
 There's a system of checks and balances.
 Public accountability is maintained.
 Democracy functions effectively with rule of law and order.

🔰 9. What is the Lok Sabha and what are its powers?

Answer:

 The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament.

 Directly elected by the people of India.
 It has more power than the Rajya Sabha, especially on money bills.
 It controls the Council of Ministers (executive).
 It passes laws, budgets, and motions of no-confidence.

🔰 10. What happens if there is a conflict between the two Houses of Parliament?

Answer:
If the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha disagree on a bill, a joint session of both Houses is held, presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Since Lok Sabha has more members, its opinion usually prevails.

🌟 Bonus: Short MCQ-style Q&A Practice

Q1. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?
→ The President

Q2. What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?

→ 5 years

Q3. Which is the highest court in India?

→ Supreme Court

Q4. What is an ordinance?

→ A law issued by the President when Parliament is not in session.

Q5. Who heads the Cabinet in India?

→ The Prime Minister

🔹 11. Who are Cabinet Ministers?

Answer:
Cabinet Ministers are senior leaders in the Council of Ministers. They head important ministries like Finance, Defence, Home, etc., and
take major decisions in the Cabinet meetings.

🔹 12. What is a ‘political executive’?

Answer:
Political executives are elected by the people and change with elections. They make important policy decisions and control the permanent
bureaucracy. Example: Prime Minister, Ministers.

🔹 13. What is a ‘permanent executive’?

Answer:
Permanent executives are civil servants who remain in office regardless of political changes. They carry out the day-to-day administration.
Example: IAS, IPS officers.

🔹 14. What do you mean by “no-confidence motion”?

Answer:
A no-confidence motion is passed in Lok Sabha to remove the Council of Ministers if it loses majority support. If passed, the Prime Minister
and ministers must resign.

🔹 15. What is the term of office for the President of India?

Answer:
The President is elected for a term of 5 years but can be re-elected.

🔹 16. What is the relationship between the President and the Council of Ministers?

Answer:
The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers. He/she cannot act independently in most matters.
🔹 17. Name the two Houses of Parliament.

Answer:

1. Lok Sabha (Lower House)

2. Rajya Sabha (Upper House)

🔹 18. What is the composition of the Lok Sabha?

Answer:
Lok Sabha has a maximum of 550 elected members. Members are elected directly by the people from constituencies across India.

🔹 19. Who elects the President of India?

Answer:
The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members
of the Legislative Assemblies of the states and Union territories.

🔹 20. What is an ordinance and who issues it?

Answer:
An ordinance is a temporary law issued by the President when Parliament is not in session. It has the same effect as a law made by
Parliament.

🔹 21. What is meant by the term “executive”?

Answer:
The executive is the branch of government that implements laws and policies. It includes the President, Prime Minister, Council of
Ministers, and the bureaucracy.

🔹 22. Why is the Prime Minister considered the most powerful person in the government?

Answer:
Because the PM:

 Heads the government and the Cabinet

 Decides the policies and agenda
 Has control over ministers
 Represents India internationally
 Can advise the President to dissolve Lok Sabha

🔹 23. What is judicial review?

Answer:
Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine laws and executive orders and strike them down if they are unconstitutional.
🔹 24. What is meant by “bicameral legislature”?

Answer:
A bicameral legislature means a legislature with two Houses – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha – to ensure better representation and debate.

🔹 25. What is the difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in terms of power?

Answer:

 Lok Sabha has more power, especially over money bills.

 It controls the executive.
 Rajya Sabha is a permanent body but cannot remove the government.

🔹 26. What is the role of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha?

Answer:

 Conducts Lok Sabha meetings

 Maintains discipline and order
 Decides whether a bill is a money bill
 Represents Lok Sabha in all matters

🔹 27. How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed?

Answer:
The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and Chief Justice of India.

🔹 28. What do you understand by "accountable government"?

Answer:
An accountable government is one that is answerable to the people, especially through the Parliament. Ministers must explain their
actions and face questions or removal.

🔹 29. Why is the independence of the judiciary important?

Answer:
Because it ensures:

 Fair and unbiased decisions

 Protection of Fundamental Rights
 That the Constitution is upheld without political pressure

🔹 30. What is meant by the term “coalition government”?

Answer:
A coalition government is formed when no single party gets majority in the Lok Sabha. Multiple parties join hands to form the
government.
✅ Want these in PDF format with visuals or practice worksheets?
✅ Need map-based or case-based questions (CBQs) for this chapter?

Just tell me, and I’ll create it for you!

You said:
20 MORE LONG ANS

ChatGPT said:

Here are 20 Long Answer Questions with Answers from Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4 – “Working of Institutions” (Latest NCERT
Edition), perfect for 3 to 5-mark questions, CBSE-style.

🌟 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (With Answers)

🔹 1. Explain how the Prime Minister is appointed and what powers they enjoy.

Answer:

 The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.

 Usually, the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha is invited to become the PM.
 Powers:
o Head of the government and leader of the Cabinet
o Allocates work among ministers
o Decides policies and coordinates their implementation
o Represents India nationally and internationally
o Advises the President on key appointments and actions
o Can dissolve Lok Sabha on advice to the President

🔹 2. Describe the composition and functions of the Council of Ministers.

Answer:

 The Council of Ministers includes:

1. Cabinet Ministers (senior, policy makers)
2. Ministers of State (junior, assist Cabinet Ministers)
3. Deputy Ministers (assist further)
 Functions:

o Run various departments

o Propose and implement laws
o Responsible to the Lok Sabha
o Help the Prime Minister in administration

🔹 3. How is the President of India elected? Mention their main powers.

Answer:

 Elected indirectly by an Electoral College (elected MPs and MLAs).

 Powers:
 o Appoints Prime Minister, Governors, Judges of SC/HC
o Can dissolve Lok Sabha
o Can issue ordinances
o Signs bills into law
o Commander-in-Chief of armed forces
 Acts mostly on the advice of the Council of Ministers

🔹 4. What is the need for political institutions in a democracy?

Answer:
Institutions are necessary because:

 They make and enforce laws

 Help take informed decisions
 Prevent misuse of power by any one person
 Ensure accountability and checks and balances
 Maintain order and stability
Examples: Parliament, Judiciary, Executive, Election Commission

🔹 5. Explain the powers and functions of the Indian Parliament.

Answer:

 Law-making body – passes laws for the country

 Controls the executive through debates, questions, motions
 Approves the budget and expenditure
 Amends the Constitution
 Represents the people’s voice
 Has two houses: Lok Sabha (more powerful) and Rajya Sabha

🔹 6. Describe the procedure of law-making in the Indian Parliament.

Answer:

1. A bill is introduced in either House.

2. Goes through three readings: Introduction, Discussion, Voting.
3. Passed by both Houses.
4. Sent to the President for assent.
5. Becomes law after President’s approval.

🔹 7. What are the differences between the political and permanent executive?

Answer:

Political Executive Permanent Executive

Elected by people Appointed (e.g. IAS)

Changes after elections Fixed tenure

Makes policies Implements policies

Example: Ministers Example: Civil servants

🔹 8. How does the Judiciary ensure justice in India?

Answer:

 Independent of the Legislature and Executive

 Settles disputes (civil, criminal, constitutional)
 Protects Fundamental Rights of citizens
 Checks the constitutionality of laws (judicial review)
 Upholds rule of law and equality before law

🔹 9. Explain the importance of an independent judiciary in a democracy.

Answer:

 Ensures fair trials

 Prevents government overreach
 Protects rights of minorities and individuals
 Maintains balance of power
 Ensures laws and actions are within the Constitution

🔹 10. What is the difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?

Answer:

Feature Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

Members Up to 550 250

Tenure 5 years Permanent body

Election Directly by people Indirectly by MLAs

Power More powerful Less powerful

Money bills Final authority Can only suggest changes

🔹 11. Describe the powers and role of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Answer:

 Presides over Lok Sabha meetings

 Maintains discipline and order
 Decides who speaks and for how long
 Can disqualify MPs under anti-defection law
 Decides whether a bill is a money bill

🔹 12. Explain the structure and functioning of the Supreme Court of India.

Answer:

 Highest court in India

 Chief Justice + other judges appointed by the President
  Has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction
 Hears cases from High Courts and tribunals
 Can review laws and protect fundamental rights

🔹 13. What is the role of opposition parties in Parliament?

Answer:

 Question the government’s actions

 Provide alternative viewpoints
 Help keep the ruling party accountable
 Participate in debates and policymaking
 Strengthen democracy by checking misuse of power

🔹 14. What are the three organs of government and their functions?

Answer:

1. Legislature – Makes laws (Parliament)

2. Executive – Implements laws (PM, Ministers, Bureaucracy)
3. Judiciary – Interprets laws (Courts)
→ All work together but are independent for checks and balance.

🔹 15. What is a money bill? Who has the final say over it?

Answer:

 A bill related to taxes, spending, and money matters.

 Can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.
 Rajya Sabha can suggest changes but Lok Sabha can reject them.
 Speaker decides if a bill is a money bill.
 President’s assent is required.

🔹 16. Describe the process of electing Members of Parliament.

Answer:

 Lok Sabha: Directly elected by citizens (18+) through universal adult franchise.
 Rajya Sabha: Elected by MLAs from State Legislative Assemblies through proportional representation.

🔹 17. Why is the Prime Minister called ‘first among equals’?

Answer:

 All ministers are equal in the Cabinet, but PM:

o Leads the government
o Has power to appoint or remove ministers
o Controls decision-making
o Represents the country
→ Hence, more influential but still part of a collective team.
🔹 18. What are the advantages of a Parliamentary form of government?

Answer:

 Close relationship between legislature and executive

 More accountability
 Quick decision-making in majority governments
 People’s voice is heard regularly
 Easier to change leadership if needed

🔹 19. How does Parliament control the Executive?

Answer:

 Question Hour – ministers answer MPs

 Zero Hour – urgent issues raised
 Debates and Motions – discuss government actions
 No-Confidence Motion – can remove the government
 Passing budget – government needs Lok Sabha approval

🔹 20. What are ordinances? When and why are they issued?

Answer:

 Ordinances are laws issued by the President when Parliament is not in session.
 Used for urgent matters
 Have same effect as laws
 Must be approved by Parliament within 6 weeks of reassembling
 Cannot be used to bypass democracy

🌟 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (Set 3)

(For CBSE-style answers with explanation + reasoning)

🔹 1. Why is the Prime Minister called the keystone of the Cabinet arch?

Answer:

 The Prime Minister holds the Cabinet together and gives it direction.
 Chairs Cabinet meetings, sets agenda, and ensures implementation.
 Represents the government in Parliament and to the public.
 Controls the distribution and reshuffling of portfolios.
 Without the PM’s leadership, the Cabinet may become disorganised or divided.
Hence, the PM is called the keystone of the Cabinet arch.

🔹 2. How does Parliament ensure that the government is accountable to the people?

Answer:

 Ministers must answer questions during Parliament sessions.

  Debates allow MPs to examine decisions.
 No-confidence motions can remove the government.
 Financial control: Budget cannot be spent without approval.
 This ensures that the executive is answerable to elected representatives, who in turn represent the people.

🔹 3. What are the constitutional provisions that ensure independence of the judiciary in India?

Answer:

 Judges are appointed by the President after consultation with senior judges.
 Judges cannot be removed easily (only by impeachment).
 Judiciary is not under control of the Legislature or Executive.
 Salaries and service conditions are protected.
 Judiciary has power of judicial review.
These provisions protect judges from political pressure.

🔹 4. Explain the impeachment process of the President of India.

Answer:

 Can be removed for violation of the Constitution.

 Requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
 The process:
o Charges must be signed by at least one-fourth of MPs.
o A 14-day notice is given.
o The motion must be passed by a two-thirds majority.
o Both Houses must agree.
This ensures that impeachment is not misused for political reasons.

🔹 5. What is collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers?

Answer:

 The entire Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

 If the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence motion, all ministers, including the PM, must resign.
 Even if one minister makes a mistake, the whole government is held accountable.
This ensures teamwork and accountability in governance.

🔹 6. How does the Indian Constitution maintain a balance between the three organs of government?

Answer:

 Legislature makes laws.

 Executive implements laws.
 Judiciary interprets laws.
 Each organ has independent powers and cannot interfere with others.
 Checks and balances prevent abuse of power.
This structure ensures smooth functioning of democracy.
🔹 7. Why do we have two Houses of Parliament? Give reasons.

Answer:

 To provide wider representation (Lok Sabha – people; Rajya Sabha – states).

 To allow for detailed discussion and avoid rushed decisions.
 To provide a check on one House’s decision.
 Helps maintain federal balance.
This bicameral legislature makes Indian democracy more inclusive and stable.

🔹 8. Describe the role of civil servants in the Indian administrative system.

Answer:

 Also known as permanent executive.

 Implement laws and government programs.
 Advise ministers based on their expertise.
 Ensure continuity during change in political leadership.
 Help run departments like Health, Education, Defence, etc.
They are crucial for efficient governance.

🔹 9. What are the powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer:

 Represents the states of India.

 Participates in law-making.
 Can delay or suggest changes to bills.
 Approves constitutional amendments.
 Can discuss national issues.
Although less powerful than Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha plays an important federal role.

🔹 10. Explain the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister in India.

Answer:

 The President is the constitutional head, while the Prime Minister is the real executive.
 The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by the PM.
 The PM keeps the President informed of all decisions.
This arrangement maintains democracy and constitutional order.

🔹 11. How does Parliament control public finance in India?

Answer:

 Budget is presented in Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister.

 No money can be spent without Parliament's approval.
 Public Accounts Committee reviews government expenditure.
 Money Bills must be passed by Lok Sabha.
This ensures the government spends only what Parliament allows.
🔹 12. What are the limitations on the powers of the Parliament?

Answer:

 Must work within the Constitution.

 Judicial review can strike down unconstitutional laws.
 Federal system limits power over state matters.
 Fundamental Rights cannot be violated.
 Public opinion and elections limit extreme actions.
These checks keep Parliament democratic and lawful.

🔹 13. Differentiate between Unitary and Federal government with respect to institutions.

Answer:

Aspect Unitary Government Federal Government

Power Centralized Divided between centre and states

Constitution Flexible Rigid

Courts Single system Dual system

Examples UK India, USA

India is federal but with a strong central government.

🔹 14. Describe how judicial review works in India.

Answer:

 Judiciary can examine laws and decisions.

 If they go against the Constitution, the Supreme Court or High Court can strike them down.
 Protects democracy and citizens' rights.
 Makes sure that no law violates the Basic Structure of the Constitution.

🔹 15. How is the Prime Minister different from the President in India?

Answer:

Role Prime Minister President

Position Head of Government Head of State

Powers Real executive Nominal executive

Appointment Elected indirectly via Lok Sabha Elected by Electoral College

Functions Runs government Signs bills, appointments

India follows parliamentary system, so PM is more powerful.

🔹 16. Explain the difference between majority and coalition governments.

Answer:

 Majority Government: One party wins over 50% seats. (Stable, unified decisions)
 Coalition Government: Several parties join to form government (Compromises, shared power)
 India has had both types at different times.

🔹 17. What is the role of the Cabinet in policy-making?

Answer:

 Top decision-making body.

 Discusses and approves laws, reforms, and plans.
 Led by the Prime Minister.
 Responsible for national defence, economy, education, etc.
All policies of the government reflect Cabinet decisions.

🔹 18. Explain the process of appointment of judges in the Supreme Court.

Answer:

 Appointed by the President of India.

 Consults the Chief Justice and senior judges.
 No political approval needed.
 Ensures judges are qualified and impartial.
This process maintains judicial independence.

🔹 19. Why can’t the Parliament function without the Council of Ministers?

Answer:

 Parliament passes laws, but executive implements them.

 Ministers explain and defend government actions.
 Without ministers, decision-making stops.
 Parliamentary government depends on joint functioning of both.

🔹 20. How does the Indian Constitution ensure checks and balances among organs?

Answer:

 Separation of powers: Each organ has distinct roles.

 Judicial review controls the other two.
 Parliament questions the executive.
 Executive implements laws made by legislature.
 No organ can dominate permanently.
This prevents dictatorship and ensures democracy.

Would you like:

  📝 Chapter 4 Mock Test with Answers?
 📚 A Condensed Revision Notes PDF for this chapter?
 📊 Diagram on Organs of Government & Their Roles?

Just let me know and I’ll make it!

You said:
30 Exam-Oriented Questions AND 15 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and 15 Assertion-Reason / Case-Based Questions – based on the
latest NCERT + CBSE 2025 syllabus:

ChatGPT said:

Here is a complete set of 30 Exam-Oriented Questions from Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4 – “Working of Institutions”, as per the
latest NCERT + CBSE 2025 Syllabus, along with:

 ✅ 15 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

 ✅ 15 Assertion-Reason / Case-Based Questions

📘 30 Exam-Oriented Questions

(Short + Long Answers, 2–5 marks, CBSE Board Pattern)

🔹 Very Short/Short Answer Questions (2–3 Marks)

1. Define the term executive in the context of government.

2. What is the difference between the political and permanent executive?
3. Who appoints the Prime Minister and how?
4. What do you mean by ‘Council of Ministers’?
5. Why is the judiciary independent in India?
6. What is a money bill and who decides it?
7. What is the role of the President in the law-making process?
8. Define ordinance. Who issues it and when?
9. What is meant by Judicial Review?
10. What is a no-confidence motion and what is its impact?

🔹 Short Answer Questions (3–4 Marks)

11. Explain any three powers of the Prime Minister.

12. Describe the composition of the Parliament of India.
13. What are the functions of the Cabinet?
14. How is the President of India elected?
15. Write any three functions of the judiciary in India.
16. Differentiate between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
17. Explain how the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
18. Describe the powers of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
19. Why do we need political institutions in a democracy?
20. Explain any three differences between a majority and coalition government.

🔹 Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

21. Describe in detail the role and powers of the Parliament in India.
22. Discuss the major functions and significance of the Prime Minister.
23. Explain the steps involved in the process of law-making in Parliament.
24. “The Indian Judiciary is independent and impartial.” Justify the statement.
25. What are the checks and balances in the Indian political system? Explain with examples.
 26. Describe the importance of institutions in decision-making in a democratic country.
27. Explain how Parliament controls the Executive.
28. How does the President work on the advice of the Council of Ministers?
29. What is the importance of bicameral legislature in India?
30. Why is the independence of judiciary crucial for Indian democracy? Give reasons.

🧠 15 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

(Choose the correct option)

1. Who is the real executive in India?

a) President
b) Prime Minister
c) Chief Justice
d) Speaker
✅ Answer: b) Prime Minister
2. The upper house of the Parliament is called:
a) Lok Sabha
b) Vidhan Sabha
c) Rajya Sabha
d) Panchayat
✅ Answer: c) Rajya Sabha
3. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court?
a) Prime Minister
b) Vice-President
c) President
d) Speaker
✅ Answer: c) President
4. The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is:
a) 250
b) 500
c) 545
d) 552
✅ Answer: d) 552
5. The term of the Lok Sabha is:
a) 4 years
b) 5 years
c) 6 years
d) Unlimited
✅ Answer: b) 5 years
6. Ordinances are issued by the:
a) Supreme Court
b) Speaker
c) President
d) Chief Minister
✅ Answer: c) President
7. Who presides over the joint session of Parliament?
a) Vice-President
b) Chief Justice
c) Prime Minister
d) Speaker
✅ Answer: d) Speaker
8. Which House is more powerful in terms of money bills?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) Both equal
d) None
✅ Answer: a) Lok Sabha
9. Judiciary protects:
a) Election process
b) Fundamental Rights
c) Budget
d) Ministers
✅ Answer: b) Fundamental Rights
 10. Which of the following is NOT a function of the executive?
a) Implementing laws
b) Making laws
c) Administering policies
d) Maintaining law and order
✅ Answer: b) Making laws
11. Which of these is a part of the permanent executive?
a) IAS officers
b) MPs
c) Cabinet Ministers
d) Governors
✅ Answer: a) IAS officers
12. The Supreme Court has how many judges (excluding CJI)?
a) 33
b) 30
c) 34
d) 28
✅ Answer: a) 33
13. Who decides whether a bill is a money bill or not?
a) President
b) Speaker of Lok Sabha
c) Vice-President
d) Prime Minister
✅ Answer: b) Speaker of Lok Sabha
14. Who is the commander-in-chief of the Indian armed forces?
a) Prime Minister
b) President
c) Chief of Army
d) Home Minister
✅ Answer: b) President
15. Which body in Parliament ensures that laws are followed properly?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) Judiciary
d) Executive
✅ Answer: c) Judiciary

🔍 15 Assertion-Reason / Case-Based Questions

🔹 Assertion & Reason Type (A-R)

(Choose: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A, b) A is true but R is false, etc.)

1.

Assertion (A): The Prime Minister is the head of the state.

Reason (R): The PM is elected directly by the people.
✅ Answer: b) A is false but R is true

2.

A: The President of India is a nominal executive.

R: The President exercises powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
✅ Answer: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

3.

A: Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

R: Lok Sabha can pass money bills without approval of Rajya Sabha.
✅ Answer: a)
 4.

A: Judiciary in India is under the control of the Parliament.

R: Judges are appointed by the President with advice from Parliament.
✅ Answer: d) Both A and R are false

5.

A: The Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.

R: It has the power of judicial review.
✅ Answer: a)

🔹 Case-Based (CBQ)

(Read the passage and answer the questions)

Case 1:
The President of India issued an ordinance on education reform in the absence of Parliament session. When Parliament met, the
ordinance was replaced by a bill.

6. Why was an ordinance issued instead of a bill initially?

✅ Answer: Because Parliament was not in session.
7. What is the maximum validity of an ordinance?
✅ Answer: 6 weeks after Parliament reconvenes.
8. Who has the power to issue ordinances?
✅ Answer: President

Case 2:
In 2023, a bill was passed by Lok Sabha but Rajya Sabha delayed it. The government called for a joint session.

9. Who presides over the joint session of Parliament?

✅ Answer: Speaker of Lok Sabha
10. Which house usually has more influence in a joint session?
✅ Answer: Lok Sabha (has more members)
11. Can Rajya Sabha reject a money bill?
✅ Answer: No, it can only make recommendations.

Case 3:
The judiciary declared a state law unconstitutional as it violated the Fundamental Rights.

12. What power did the judiciary exercise?

✅ Answer: Judicial Review
13. Which article protects Fundamental Rights in India?
✅ Answer: Articles 12–35
14. Which court has final authority on interpretation of the Constitution?
✅ Answer: Supreme Court
15. Who can move the court in case of rights violation?
✅ Answer: Any citizen of India