Q(1)a:
Q(1)b:
Proportionality
“The imposed strain (stress) yields a linear proportional change in the stress (strain)”
Boltzmann: An arbitrary loading condition can be divided in a series of individual loading steps and the reaction can be
represented as a sum over the responses of the separate steps”
• Suppose a polymeric material initially free of stress and strain is subjected to a strain Δγ(to) at to = 0 stress can be represented as,
Δσ1 = G(t - 0) Δγ(to)
• Let the strain is suddenly changed to Δγ(t1) at t1
Δσ2 = G(t - t1) Δγ(t1) similarly Δσ3 = G(t - t2) Δγ(t2)
• For the three steps
Δσ1 to 3 = G(t-0) Δγ(to) + G(t- t1) Δγ(t1) + G(t- t2) Δγ(t2) Hence for ‘n’ number of strain steps
where Δγ(ti)= γ(ti) - γ(ti-1) if σ(t) represent total stress then
We can make all the steps infinitesimally small and the summation is replaced by an integral
or
therefore,
• For the above equation it is assumed that the material was not subjected to a load for t΄ < 0,
For viscoelastic materials history at t΄ < 0 may have an influence on
the response at t > 0, therefore to include complete history lower limit
is extended to t = -α
Q(2)
Q(2)a:
Q(2)b:
Q3(a):
Importance of Rheology
• Mechanical properties of a polymer products are essential for manufacturer and user
What if the product could not be process faster, simple or easier and relatively low cost? i.e. Rheology (Flow) describes:
• Mechanical behavior of materials (viscosity, elasticity, time) = f (stress, strain, temperature, pressure,)
• Types and degree of orientation (notabily polymers)
• Flow properties in real processing (dynamic mechanical testing)
However the rheology of polymers is much more complex (non-ideal behavior)
Rheological properties of polymers = f (shear rate, molecular weight (entanglements!), MWD, structure of polymers
(structural branching) , types & concentration of additives, temperature, pressure, etc.)
Q3(b):
Region 2
Q4(a):
Power Law:
Advantages:
• Easy to calculate
• Widely used for high shear rate
Disadvantages:
• No Mw dependence
• No relaxation parameter
• Cannot describe 0 at low shear rate
Carreau Equation
Advantages:
• fits successfully almost all results for Viscosity vs. Shear rate
• contains material relaxation parameter ()
Disadvantages:
• five parameter to fit (simultaneously)
• can not predict Mw dependence of viscosity
• don’t predict well the behavior (material functions) in unsteady shear flows due to no time-dependence
Q4(b):