Topic 3: ASD
Factor of Safety – is a ratio of the failure load Ffail to the
allowable load Fallow.
F.S. is always greater than 1.
The allowable stress used in each of these equations is
determined either by applying a factor of safety to the
material’s normal or shear failure stress or by finding these
stresses directly from an appropriate design code.
A slight increase in stress above the elastic
limit will result in a breakdown of the material
and cause it to deform permanently. This
behavior is called yielding
Once the yield point is reached, the
specimen will continue to elongate without
any increase in load. When the material is in
this state, it is often referred to as being
perfectly plastic.
A steel bar serving as a vertical hanger to support heavy machinery in a factory is attached to a support by the
bolted connection shown. The main part of the hanger has a rectangular cross section with width b1 =38 mm
and thickness t =13 mm. At the connection, the hanger is enlarged to a width b2 =75 mm. The bolt, which
transfers the load from the hanger to the two gussets, has diameter d =25 mm. Determine the allowable value
of the tensile load P in the hanger based upon the following four considerations:
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger
is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross
section through the bolt hole is 75 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the
bolt is 180 MPa.
(d) The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 45 MPa.
F/A = Stressallow
(Stressallow)(Area) = Pallow
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part
of the hanger is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at
its cross section through the bolt hole is 75 MPa.
(110)(13)(38) = Pallow
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the
hanger and the bolt is 180 MPa. (75)(13)(75-25) = Pallow
(d) The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 45 (180)(25)(13) = Pallow
MPa.
(45)(2)(Area of Bolt) = Pallow
A steel bar serving as a vertical hanger to support heavy machinery in a factory is attached to a support by the
bolted connection shown. The main part of the hanger has a rectangular cross section with width b1 =38 mm
and thickness t =13 mm. At the connection, the hanger is enlarged to a width b2 =75 mm. The bolt, which
transfers the load from the hanger to the two gussets, has diameter d =25 mm. Determine the allowable value
of the tensile load P in the hanger based upon the following four considerations:
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger
is 110 MPa. P= 54,340 N
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross
section through the bolt hole is 75 MPa.
P=48,750 N
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the
bolt is 180 MPa. P=58,500 N
(d) The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 45 MPa.
P=44,178.646 N
A steel bar serving as a vertical hanger to support heavy machinery in a factory is attached to a support by the
bolted connection shown. The main part of the hanger has a rectangular cross section with width b1 =38 mm
and thickness t =13 mm. At the connection, the hanger is enlarged to a width b2 =75 mm. The bolt, which
transfers the load from the hanger to the two gussets, has diameter d =25 mm. Determine the allowable value
of the tensile load P in the hanger based upon the following four considerations:
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger
is 110 MPa. P= 54,340 N
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross
section through the bolt hole is 75 MPa.
P=48,750 N
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the
bolt is 180 MPa. P=58,500 N
(d) The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 45 MPa.
P=44,178.646 N
A steel bar serving as a vertical hanger to support
heavy machinery in a factory is attached to a
support by the bolted connection shown. Two clip
angles (thickness tc 9.5 mm) are fastened to an
upper support by bolts 1 and 2 each with a
diameter of 12 mm; each bolt has a washer with a
diameter of dw 28 mm. The main part of the
hanger is attached to the clip angles by a single
bolt (bolt 3) with a diameter of d = 25 mm. The
hanger has a rectangular cross section with a
width of b1 38 mm and thickness of t 13 mm, but
at the bolted connection, the hanger is enlarged to
a width of b2 75 mm. Determine the allowable
value of the tensile load P in the hanger based
upon the following considerations.
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross section through
the bolt 3 hole is 75 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the shank of
bolt 3 is 180 MPa.
(d) The allowable shear stress in bolt 3 is 45 MPa.
(e) The allowable normal stress in bolts 1 and 2 is 160 MPa.
(f) The allowable bearing stress between the washer and the clip angle at
either bolt 1 or 2 is 65 MPa.
(g) The allowable shear stress through the clip angle at bolts 1 and 2 is
35 MPa.
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross section through
the bolt 3 hole is 75 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the shank of
bolt 3 is 180 MPa.
(d) The allowable shear stress in bolt 3 is 45 MPa.
(e) The allowable normal stress in bolts 1 and 2 is 160 MPa.
(a) P = 54,340 N (f) The allowable bearing stress between the washer and the clip angle at
(b) P = 48,750 N either bolt 1 or 2 is 65 MPa.
(c) P = 58,500 N
(g) The allowable shear stress through the clip angle at bolts 1 and 2 is
(d) P = 44,178.647 N 35 MPa.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(Stressallow)(Area) = Pallow
(e) The allowable normal stress in bolts 1
and 2 is 160 MPa.
(160)(Area of bolt) = Pallow Pallow
(f) The allowable bearing stress between (160)(Area of bolt) = 2
the washer and the clip angle at either
bolt 1 or 2 is 65 MPa. Pallow
(65)(Area of washer – Area of inside diameter) = 2
(g) The allowable shear stress through the
clip angle at bolts 1 and 2 is 35 MPa. Pallow
(35)(piDt) = 2
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross section through
the bolt 3 hole is 75 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the shank of
bolt 3 is 180 MPa.
(d) The allowable shear stress in bolt 3 is 45 MPa.
(e) The allowable normal stress in bolts 1 and 2 is 160 MPa.
(a) P = 54,340 N (f) The allowable bearing stress between the washer and the clip angle at
(b) P = 48,750 N either bolt 1 or 2 is 65 MPa.
(c) P = 58,500 N
(g) The allowable shear stress through the clip angle at bolts 1 and 2 is
(d) P = 44,178.647 N 35 MPa.
(e) P = 36,191.147 N
(f) P = 65,345.127 N
(g) P = 58,496.455 N
(a) The allowable tensile stress in the main part of the hanger is 110 MPa.
(b) The allowable tensile stress in the hanger at its cross section through
the bolt 3 hole is 75 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing stress between the hanger and the shank of
bolt 3 is 180 MPa.
(d) The allowable shear stress in bolt 3 is 45 MPa.
(e) The allowable normal stress in bolts 1 and 2 is 160 MPa.
(a) P = 54,340 N (f) The allowable bearing stress between the washer and the clip angle at
(b) P = 48,750 N either bolt 1 or 2 is 65 MPa.
(c) P = 58,500 N
(g) The allowable shear stress through the clip angle at bolts 1 and 2 is
(d) P = 44,178.647 N 35 MPa.
(e) P = 36,191.147 N
(f) P = 65,345.127 N
(g) P = 58,496.455 N
If the eyebolt is made of a material having a yield stress of 250 MPa, determine the minimum
required diameter d of its shank. Apply a factor of safety F.S. = 1.5 against yielding.
Answer:
d = 15.319 mm
If the bar assembly is made of a material having a yield stress of 50 ksi, determine the minimum
required dimensions h1 and h2 to the nearest 1/8 in. Apply a factor of safety F.S. = 1.5 against
yielding. Each bar has a thickness of 0.5 in.
Answer:
7
h1 = 18 in
5
h2 = 38 in
The 50-kg flowerpot is suspended from wires AB and BC which have diameters of 1.5 mm and 2 mm,
respectively. If the wires have a normal failure stress of 350 MPa, determine the factor of safety of each wire.
Answer:
TAB = 359.07 N
TBC = 439.77 N
FS(AB) = 1.722
FS(BC) = 2.501
Topic 3b: Thin-walled Pressure Vessel
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure, subjected to tensile forces, which
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
Two types of Stress
1. Tangential Stress (Circumferential stress/Hoop stress)
2. Longitudinal Stress
Topic 3b: Thin-walled Pressure Vessel
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure, subjected to tensile forces, which
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
Two types of Stress
1. Tangential Stress (Circumferential stress/Hoop stress)
2. Longitudinal Stress
Cylindrical vessel
Cylindrical vessel
1. Tangential Stress (Circumferential stress/Hoop stress)
2. Longitudinal Stress
Spherical vessel
Spherical vessel
1. Tangential Stress (Circumferential stress/Hoop stress)
2. Longitudinal Stress
A spherical gas tank has an inner radius of r = 1.5m. (If it is subjected to an internal
pressure of p=300 kPa, determine its required thickness if the maximum normal
stress is not to exceed 12 MPa.
Answers:
18.8 mm
The cap of a cylindrical tank is bolted along the flanges. The tank has an inner diameter of 1.5 m and a
wall thickness of 18 mm. If the largest normal stress is not to exceed 150MPa, determine the maximum
pressure the tank can sustain.
Answers:
3.6 MPa
A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. A
gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate used to cap the end. a.) How
many 40-mm-diameter bolts must be used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa,
of which 55 MPa is the initial stress? b.) What circumferential stress is developed in the pipe?
Answers:
a.) 17 bolts
b.) 75.25 MPa
Additional/Supplementary
Exercises
Find the maximum allowable value of P for the column. The cross-
sectional areas and working stresses are shown in the figure.
Answer:
24 kN
The two pieces of wood, 2 in. by 4 in., are glued together along the 40 degree joint. Determine the
maximum safe axial load P that can be applied if the shear stress in the glue is limited to 250 psi.
Answer:
4060 lb
The pin is made of a material having a failure shear stress of 100 MPa . Determine
the minimum required diameter of the pin to the nearest mm. Apply a factor of
safety of F.S. = 2.5 against shear failure.
Answer:
36 mm
The tension member is fastened together using two bolts, one on each side of the member as shown.
Each bolt has a diameter of 0.3 in. Determine the maximum load P that can be applied to the member
if the allowable shear stress for the bolts is 12 ksi and the allowable average normal stress is 20 ksi .
Answer:
3.26 kips
A steel pipe is supported on a circular base plate and concrete pedestal. If the thickness of the pipe
is t = 5 mm and the base plate has a radius of 150 mm, determine the factors of safety against failure
of the steel and concrete. The applied force is 500 kN, and the normal failure stresses for steel and
concrete are 350 MPa and 25 MPa, respectively.
Answers:
[Link] = 2.144
[Link] = 3.53
The 0.8-in-diameter steel bolt is placed in an aluminum sleeve. The nut is tightened until the
normal stress in the bolt is 12,000 psi. Determine the normal stress in the sleeve.
Answer:
13,653 psi
The beam is made from southern pine and is supported by base plates resting on brick work. If the allowable
bearing stresses for the materials are (σpine)allow = 2.81 ksi and (σbrick)allow = 6.70 ksi, determine the required length
of the base plates at A and B to the nearest 1/4 inch in order to support the load shown. The plates are 3 in. wide.
Answers:
LA = ½ inch
LB = ¾ inch
Determine the maximum allowable load P that can be safely supported by the frame if t = 1.25 in.
and b = 3.5 in. The wood has a normal failure stress of 6 ksi, and shear failure stress of 1.5 ksi.
Use a factor of safety against failure of 2. (Hint: Stress is also experienced at point B/C)
Answer:
P = 9.09 kips
If the allowable bearing stress for the material under the supports at A and B is σb=1.5 MPa, determine
the size of square bearing plates A and B required to support the load. Dimension the plates to the
nearest mm. The reactions at the supports are vertical. Take P = 100 kN.
Answer:
A’ = 130 mm x 130 mm
B’ = 300 mm x 300 mm
The cap of a cylindrical tank is bolted along the flanges. The tank has an inner diameter of 1.5 m and
a wall thickness of 18 mm. If the largest normal stress is not to exceed 150 MPa. compute the
number of bolts required to attach the cap to the tank if each bolt has a diameter of 20 mm, and the
allowable stress for each bolt is 180 MPa.
Answer:
113 bolts
A thin-walled hollow sphere 3.5 m in diameter holds helium gas at
1,700 kPa. Determine the minimum wall thickness of the sphere if
its allowable stress is 60 MPa.
Answer:
t = 24.79 mm
The tank shown is fabricated from 1/8-in steel plate. Calculate the maximum
longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 125 psi.
Answers:
σL = 6.57 ksi
σt = 21 ksi
A water tank 3 m in diameter and 6 m high is made from a steel having a thickness of 12
mm. If the circumferential stress is limited to 5 MPa, what is the maximum height of water
to which the tank maybe filled? (Hint: Pressure for fluid is Specific weight times height.)
Answer:
4.08 m
A vertical water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are 1/2 in. thick.
Find the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is
limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.
(Hint: Pressure for fluid is Specific weight times height.)
Answer:
52.45 ft
The gas storage tank is fabricated by bolting together two half cylindrical thin shells and two hemispherical shells
as shown. If the tank is designed to withstand a pressure of 3 MPa, determine the required minimum thickness of
the cylindrical and hemispherical shells and the minimum required number of longitudinal bolts per meter length
at each side of the cylindrical shell. The tank and the 25 mm diameter bolts are made from material having an
allowable normal stress of 150 MPa and 250 MPa, respectively. The tank has an inner diameter of 4 m.
Answers:
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 49 Bolts